EP0314667B1 - Process and apparatus for manufacturing thin wires, rods, pipes or sections made of steels or alloys with a low deformability, particularly of hardenable steels - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for manufacturing thin wires, rods, pipes or sections made of steels or alloys with a low deformability, particularly of hardenable steels Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0314667B1
EP0314667B1 EP88890265A EP88890265A EP0314667B1 EP 0314667 B1 EP0314667 B1 EP 0314667B1 EP 88890265 A EP88890265 A EP 88890265A EP 88890265 A EP88890265 A EP 88890265A EP 0314667 B1 EP0314667 B1 EP 0314667B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
deformation
temperature
rolling
section
basic material
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EP88890265A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0314667B2 (en
EP0314667A1 (en
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Hans Dipl.-Ing. Lösch
Johann Eilmer
Franz Rischka
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Boehler Edelstahl alpha Edelstahl Gmbh boehle GmbH
Boehler GmbH Germany
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Boehler GmbH
Boehler GmbH Germany
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
    • C21D9/62—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with direct resistance heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section
    • B21B1/166—Rolling wire into sections or flat ribbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section
    • B21B1/18—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section in a continuous process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B45/00—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
    • B21B45/004—Heating the product
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B9/00—Measures for carrying out rolling operations under special conditions, e.g. in vacuum or inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation of work; Special measures for removing fumes from rolling mills

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for shaping wire and rod-shaped primary material of small thickness from metals and alloys with low deformability and / or high deformation resistance at room temperature, in particular hardenable steels and high-speed steels, the primary material being at a temperature of at least 400 ° C.
  • a device for deforming wire or rod-shaped primary material of small thickness from metals and alloys with low deformability and / or high deformation resistance consisting essentially of a heating device, optionally a temperature control and guiding device and a deformation device, in particular for carrying out the method.
  • Wires, rods, tubes and profiles with a small diameter or with a small wall thickness are produced by cold rolling or cold drawing after the hot forming of the primary material and, if necessary, after soft annealing.
  • the primary material usually has a thickness of less than 10 mm.
  • the material solidifies, whereby with decreasing ductility or increasing resistance to deformation, higher degrees of hardening are given and the deformability of the material is exhausted at low degrees of deformation.
  • Materials with high ductility at room temperature and thus high cold-forming properties can be highly deformed by cold rolling and cold drawing, and cross-sectional reductions of, for example, 10: 11 or 90% and higher are possible. If the material solidifies in the course of the change in shape due to the low cold forming capacity, so that further processing to the desired final dimension is not possible and cracks and fractures occur due to exhausted deformation capacity, softening by heating to higher temperatures or an intermediate annealing must be switched on. With this intermediate heat treatment, the solidifications in the material are broken down.
  • this intermediate heat treatment can be a soft annealing treatment.
  • long-term annealing is usually carried out for softening, possibly below the austenitizing temperature or below the AC 1 point of the alloy.
  • Pre-material with low cold forming ability and with a small thickness can usually not be deformed to the final dimension in the hot, ductile state, because the energy loss due to radiation from the surface, which increases with the 4th power of the temperature, leads to low temperatures in the zone near the surface and In the case of hardenable steels and alloys, structural changes or hardening of the material also take place. The rapid cooling occurs because the heat content of the material is low due to the small cross section.
  • Drawing has proven to be advantageous for the deformation process at elevated temperature, because the energy input is caused by the friction in the drawing cavity and by the main deformation in the zone near the surface and the radiation losses are thereby largely compensated for.
  • the improved temperature distribution across the cross-section makes it possible to use larger cross-sectional reductions depending on the deformation step and to achieve a reduction in the number of pulls and the intermediate softening treatments with a large decrease in the initial cross-section.
  • the pulling speed at an elevated temperature of the material must, however, be kept low, for example at 0.2 to 2 m / sec, because at higher values the die wear becomes too great due to the tearing off of the lubricating film and the time for the preliminary heating and softening of the material is long and therefore requires uneconomical warm-up sections.
  • a soft annealed high-speed steel wire (material DIN No. 1.3343) with a diameter of 5.5 mm can be continuously drawn off a reel in a lead bath with a length of 10 m and a lead bath temperature of 700 ° C for a throughput time of 20 seconds be, whereupon a deformation in the drawing die to a diameter of 4.7 mm at a speed of 0.5 m / sec, after which the wire is rewound.
  • the deformation in this case is approx. 27%.
  • seven further steps carried out in the same way optionally with four intermediate softening anneals with oxidation protection at a temperature of approx. 800 C and a heating time of approx. 1 hour, the wire is brought to a diameter of 1.6 mm, the heating up to temperature and the rest The consolidation in the lead baths is broken down before the respective deformation.
  • the object of the invention was to avoid the above disadvantages and to create a method and a device with which overall large cross-sectional reductions can be carried out in one work step and the desired final cross-section can be achieved with largely any dimensions.
  • This object is achieved according to the invention in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that the heating of the primary material is carried out as continuous rapid heating by means of direct current passage and after the continuous rapid heating of the primary material and before the first deformation step, a period of at least 0.5 seconds for temperature compensation, is provided, and then an at least two-stage deformation by rolling is carried out with an inlet speed of the primary material of at least 0.2 m / sec and with a cross-sectional reduction of at least 10% per deformation stage and a total of at least 40%.
  • the primary material is heated by means of continuous rapid heating with direct current passage with a variable heating section and the electrical power, which is influenced by the cross-sectional area of the mean specific heat and the density of the material, is proportional to the quotient formed from the heat material speed and the heating section, is regulated. It is particularly advantageous and of economic importance if the primary material is deformed by rolling and the total cross-section is reduced by at least 60%. The rolling deformation in the individual passes should be carried out in such a way that a reduction in cross-section of at least 15% or a decrease in height of at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, is carried out on the rolling stock.
  • the cooling of the rolling stock which is possibly to be used advantageously is to be regulated in the order of magnitude in accordance with the deformation performance of the preceding pass or passages converted into heat. Furthermore, the method can be used particularly well and economically if the feed speed of the primary material into the first roller caliber is at least 0.5 m / sec. If necessary, the deformation of the primary material can advantageously also take place in a multi-roller mill.
  • the invention consists in a device for deforming wire or rod-shaped primary material of low thickness from metals and alloys with low deformability and / or high deformation resistance at room temperature, in particular hardenable steels and high-speed steels, consisting essentially of a heating device, optionally a temperature control and guide device and a deformation device for carrying out the method, in the direction of the material flow essentially after the heating device 3 for setting the temperature of at least 400 ° C and at most 1100 ° C or at most up to the AC 1 temperature or the transition temperature into the Gamma joining of the storage of the primary material 1, which is designed as a rapid heating device with a direct current passage through the primary material or rolling stock, and a device serving as a guide and / or temperature compensation section 4, for example compensation tunnel 41, are arranged according to which (which) at least one deformation device 5 is arranged for at least two-stage deformation by rolling.
  • the electrical heating device is advantageously designed as a device with a direct passage of current through the heating material with a variable heating section, the guide and / or the temperature compensation device with a protective gas atmosphere to prevent oxidation, and the two- or multi-stand rolling mill, designed as a cassette rolling mill, and optionally adjustable cooling devices between the rolling stands arranged.
  • the device has proven to be advantageous if the device for temperature compensation and for guiding raw materials can be heated and in which one Protective gas atmosphere is adjustable.
  • a closed caliber shape is advantageously used in all rolling stands.
  • cooling devices are arranged between the roll stands, by means of which cooling medium can be regulated in a controllable manner on the roll surfaces and / or the rolling stock.
  • a particularly high level of economy is also provided if the rolls are made of hard metal or tempered high-speed steel and optionally have a hard material layer which is formed from oxide and / or nitride and / or carbide and / or their compound, for example oxycarbonitride.
  • the device advantageously has a multi-roller mill as a deformation unit.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a rolling mill mounted on a foundation A for producing a wide flat profile with the dimensions of 8 mm ⁇ 1 mm from round wire primary material with a diameter of 3.8 mm.
  • a supply reel 2 from a drum 21, which is rotatably fastened in a support device 22 by means of bolts 23 primary material 1 is drawn off, heated in a rapid heating device 3, fed by a temperature compensation and guide device 4 to a two-stand deformation device 5 and thus rolled, whereupon in a final reel 7, the dimensionally accurate flat profile tape is wound on a drum 71, which is driven by a shaft 73 and is rotatably mounted in a support 72.
  • the contact roller stand 31 which is slidably connected to a support 33, is brought into a position 31 'and close to a contact roller stand 32, thereby shortening the heating distance.
  • the wire-shaped primary material 1 with a diameter of 3.8 mm is, for example, a high-speed steel, material no. 1.3343, in the soft-annealed state and is passed through the gap of contact rollers 311 or 311 'in the position 31' until it has an electrically conductive connection with a pair of contact rollers 322 or 322 ', whereupon the terminals 34 are supplied with power.
  • the passage of current through the primary material heats it up and, when a temperature of 800 C is reached, while the contact roller frame 31 is displaced and thus the heating section is extended, the wire is inserted into a guide and temperature compensation tunnel 41 which can be preheated via a connecting pipe 42 and supplied with inert gas.
  • the wire feed can be carried out by a separate pair of rollers, not shown, or by the contact rollers of the contact roller frame (s).
  • the primary material which has a temperature of 500 ° C., has a diameter of 3.8 mm in a first roll stand 51 to a thickness of 2 mm and a medium thickness Width of 5.3 mm deformed. The deformation takes place, as shown in FIG.
  • the number 1 represents the initial cross section of the primary material and 1 'the rolled cross section.
  • the material deformed in the caliber of the first stand 51 is deformed in a second closed caliber of a rolling stand 52, which is shown in FIG. 3, to the desired cross-sectional dimension of 1 ⁇ 8 mm.
  • An upper roller 521 and a lower roller 522 leave the roll gap of 1 mm free, side rollers 523 and 524 being placed on the sides of the upper and lower rollers and thereby preventing the rolling stock from spreading beyond the desired dimension of 8 mm.
  • the height decrease is approx. 50%, the width approx. 51% and the area decrease approx. 25%.
  • the inlet speed of the primary material which has a temperature of 800 ° C., is 0.8 m / sec
  • the outlet speed from the roll stand 52, with which the high-speed steel strip is subsequently wound up is approximately 1.13 m / sec, with immediate a rolling stock temperature of 810 ° C is present after the last rolls.
  • the degree of deformation achieved in one operation with two-stage rolling is approximately 30% in total.
  • Fig. 4 shows schematically a device mounted on a foundation A for producing a round wire with a diameter of 1.8 mm from a round, with a diameter of 5.5 mm, raw material, wherein a twelve-stand mill or a cassette mill is used.
  • the primary material 1 is drawn off from the reel 2 with the drum 21 rotatably supported in a support 22 by means of a bolt 23, brought to a temperature of 780 ° C. in a rapid heating system 3, conveyed through the temperature compensation and guide device 4 and a cassette rolling mill 5 deformed, whereupon in the end reel 7 the winding of the wire deformed to the final dimension takes place on the drum 71, which rests on the support 72 and is driven by the shaft 73.
  • the roll stand 51 of the shaping device 5 can have, for example, a three-roll triangular caliber, as is shown schematically in FIG. 5.
  • the working surfaces of the rollers 511, 512, 513 result in a roller cross section 11 which has a convexly convex triangular shape.
  • Three rollers can also be used in an associated follower mill stand 51 ', as shown in FIG. 6, the shape of the working surfaces of the rollers 511', 512 ', 513' providing a circular rolling cross section 12.
  • the roll stands 52 and 52 ', 53 and 53', 54 and 54 ', 55 and 55', 56 and 56 ' can have rolls with the same caliber sequences and a decreasing caliber cross section.
  • the triangular caliber does not have to be completely filled during rolling, however, with the round caliber, a complete caliber filling is required due to the required product dimensions or dimensional tolerances.
  • Pre-material for example made of material no. 1.3247, in the soft-annealed condition with a diameter of 5.5 mm, is rolled to a diameter of 1.8 mm in a device described in principle above.
  • a speed of 0.5 m / min in the rapid heating device 3 with direct current passage heating to a temperature of 780 ° C. takes place, a power of approximately 45 kW being taken from the power supply 34 for this purpose.
  • the electrical power required to achieve different primary material temperatures is proportional to the quotient, formed from the speed of the material being heated and the heating section, so that readjustment can easily be carried out when parameters change.
  • the deformation device 5 When passing through the temperature equalization and guide tunnel 41, which is charged with inert combustion gas and has a length of 2 mm, there is no noticeable reduction in temperature.
  • the deformation device 5 or in the twelve-stand cassette rolling mill for example, the deformation is carried out with a calibration and a respective degree of deformation according to Table 1.
  • the round wire emerges from the last caliber at a speed of approx. 4.7 m / sec, the total cross-sectional deformation being approx. 89%.
  • the respective cross-sections which are available due to the calibration after the individual passes, can be seen by means of cross-sections of the rolling stock from FIG.
  • Cooling devices 5 can be arranged between the roll stands. Such cooling devices are shown in principle in FIG. 8, a cooling element 61 being positioned between the rollers 511 or 512 and 521.
  • the cooling elements consist, as shown on the upper cooling element, for example of a connection 611, a cooling medium supply line 612 and a nozzle head 613.
  • the rollers 511 and 521 can be acted upon by cooling medium, the rays of the nozzle 614 being directed onto the Rolled material are directed.
  • the individual flows of the cooling media can be designed to be separately controllable, the regulations not being shown in the sketch.

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  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

Abstract

In the process and equipment for deformation of steels, metals and alloy of low deformability and/or deformation resistance at room temperature from raw material of small thickness, the raw material is heated, preferably by continuous rapid heating, to a temperature of at least 400 DEG C and at most up to the AC1 temperature of the alloy, and a two-stage or multi-stage deformation with an altogether large reduction in cross-section is carried out. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Verformung von draht- und stabförmigem Vormaterial geringer Dicke aus Metallen und Legierungen mit geringem Formänderungsvermögen und/oder hoher Formänderungsfestigkeit bei Raumtemperatur, insbesondere von härtbaren Stählen und Schnellstählen, wobei das Vormaterial auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 400°C und höchstens 1100°C oder höchstens bis zur AC 1- Temperatur bzw. der Umwandlungstemperatur in das Gammagefüge der Legierung erwärmt und verformt wird sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Verformung von draht- oder stabförmigem Vormaterial geringer Dicke aus Metallen und Legierungen mit geringem Formänderungsvermögen und/oder hoher Formänderungsfestigkeit bei Raumtemperatur, insbesondere von härtbaren Stählen und Schnellstählen, bestehend im wesentlichen aus einer Erwärmungseinrichung, gegebenenfalls einer Temperaturregelungs- und Führungseinrichtung und einer Verformungseinrichtung, insbesondere zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for shaping wire and rod-shaped primary material of small thickness from metals and alloys with low deformability and / or high deformation resistance at room temperature, in particular hardenable steels and high-speed steels, the primary material being at a temperature of at least 400 ° C. and at most 1100 ° C or at most up to the AC 1 temperature or the transformation temperature into the gamma structure of the alloy is heated and deformed, and a device for deforming wire or rod-shaped primary material of small thickness from metals and alloys with low deformability and / or high deformation resistance Room temperature, in particular of hardenable steels and high-speed steels, consisting essentially of a heating device, optionally a temperature control and guiding device and a deformation device, in particular for carrying out the method.

Drähte, Stäbe, Rohre und Profile mit geringem Durchmesser Dzw. mit geringer Wandstärke werden hergestellt, indem nach dem Warmverformen des Vormaterials und gegebenenfalls nach einem Weichglühen ein Kaltwalzen oxer Kaltziehen erfolgt. Das Vormaterial weist dabei meist eine Dicke von unter 10 mm auf.Wires, rods, tubes and profiles with a small diameter or with a small wall thickness are produced by cold rolling or cold drawing after the hot forming of the primary material and, if necessary, after soft annealing. The primary material usually has a thickness of less than 10 mm.

Bei der Kaltumformung verfestigt sich das Material, wobei mit sinkender Duktilität bzw. steigender Formänderungsfestigkeit prozentuell höhere Verfestigungsgrade gegeben sind und das Verformungsvermögen des Werkstoffes bei geringen Umformgraden erschöpft ist. Werkstoffe mit hoher Duktilität bei Raumtemperatur und somit hohem Kaltverformungsvermögen können durch Kaltwalzen und Kaltziehen hoch veformt werden und es sind Querschnittsabnahmen von beispielsweise 10:1 1 bzw. 90% und höher möglich. Verfestigt sich das Material im Zuge der Formänderung auf Grund des geringen Kaltumformvermögens so stark, daß die Weiterverarbeitung auf das gewünschte Endmaß nicht möglich ist und Risse und Brüche durch erschöpftes Verformungsvermögen auftreten, so muß eine Entfestigung durch Erwärmen auf höhere Temperaturen oder ein Zwischenglühen eingschaltet werden. Bei dieser Zwischenwärmebehandlung werden die Verfestigungen im Werkstoff abgebaut. Für härtbare Stähle, insbesondere Lufthärter, wie Werkzeugstähle und Schnellstähle kann diese Zwischenwärmebehandlung eine Weichglühbehandlung sein. Aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen wird meist jedoch zur Entfestigung ein Langzeitglühen, gegebenenfalls unter der Austenitisierungstemperatur bzw. unter dem AC 1- Punkt der Legierung, durchgeführt.During the cold forming process, the material solidifies, whereby with decreasing ductility or increasing resistance to deformation, higher degrees of hardening are given and the deformability of the material is exhausted at low degrees of deformation. Materials with high ductility at room temperature and thus high cold-forming properties can be highly deformed by cold rolling and cold drawing, and cross-sectional reductions of, for example, 10: 11 or 90% and higher are possible. If the material solidifies in the course of the change in shape due to the low cold forming capacity, so that further processing to the desired final dimension is not possible and cracks and fractures occur due to exhausted deformation capacity, softening by heating to higher temperatures or an intermediate annealing must be switched on. With this intermediate heat treatment, the solidifications in the material are broken down. For hardenable steels, in particular air hardeners, such as tool steels and high-speed steels, this intermediate heat treatment can be a soft annealing treatment. For economic reasons, however, long-term annealing is usually carried out for softening, possibly below the austenitizing temperature or below the AC 1 point of the alloy.

Vormaterial mit geringem Kaltumformvermögen und mit geringer Dicke kann meist nicht im schmiedeheißen duktilen Zustand bis auf das Endmaß verformt werden, weil der Energieverlust durch Abstrahlung von der Oberfläche , der mit der 4. Potenz der Temperatur steigt, zu niedrigen Temperturen in der oberflächennahen Zone führt und bei härtbaren Stählen und Legierungen auch Gefügeumwandlungen bzw. Härtung des Materials erfolgen. Die rasche Abkühlung entsteht deshalb, weil auf Grund des geringen Querschnittes der Wärmegehalt des Materials niedrig ist.Pre-material with low cold forming ability and with a small thickness can usually not be deformed to the final dimension in the hot, ductile state, because the energy loss due to radiation from the surface, which increases with the 4th power of the temperature, leads to low temperatures in the zone near the surface and In the case of hardenable steels and alloys, structural changes or hardening of the material also take place. The rapid cooling occurs because the heat content of the material is low due to the small cross section.

Weiters ist nach einer Verformung von z.B. härtbaren Legierungen im schmiedeheißen Zustand eine Weichglühbehandlung durchzuführen.Furthermore, after a deformation of e.g. hardenable alloys in the forging hot state to carry out a soft annealing treatment.

Um gegebenenfalls eine Härtung oder eine an die Verformung anschließende Wärmebehandlung zu vermeiden und trotzdem eine Erhöhung des Verformungsvermögens und damit eine Vergrößerung der Querschnittsabnahme zu erreichen, wurde vorgeschlagen, das Verformen bei erhöhter Temperatur, gegebenenfalls jedoch unterhalb der Austenitisierungstemperatur bzw. unterhalb des AC 1-Punktes der Legierung,durchzuführen. Dabei darf jedoch die eingebrachte Verformungsenergie in keinem Querschnittsbereich zu einer Temperaturerhöhung über den AC 1- Punkt führen.In order to avoid hardening or a subsequent heat treatment after the deformation and still achieve an increase in the deformability and thus an increase in the cross-sectional decrease, it was proposed to deform at an elevated temperature, but possibly below the austenitizing temperature or below the AC 1 point of the alloy. However, the deformation energy introduced must not lead to a temperature increase above the AC 1 point in any cross-sectional area.

Das Ziehen hat sich für den Verformungsprozeß bei erhöhter Temperatur als vorteilhaft erwiesen, weil die Energieeinbringung durch die Reibung im Ziehhohl und durch die Hauptverformung in der oberflächennahen Zone erfolgt und dadurch die Abstrahlverluste weitgehend kompensiert werden. Die verbesserte Temperaturverteilung über den Querschnitt ermöglicht, dabei auch größere Querschnittsabnahmen je nach Verformungsschritt anzuwenden und bei insgesamt hoher Abnahme des Ausgangsquerschnittes durch mehrmaliges Ziehen eine Verringerung der Anzahl der Züge und der dazwischenliegenden Entfestigungsbehandlungen zu erreichen. Aus der US-A- 2 400 866 ist ein Verfahren zum Ziehen von Draht aus härtbaren Legierungen bekannt geworden, bei welchem das Vormaterial in einer Induktionsspule oder einem Ofen auf eine Temperatur von über 482°C, jedoch unterhalb des AC 1- Punktes erwärmt, mit einer Oberflächenbeschichtung aus Graphit als Schmiermittel versehen und durch ein feststehendes Werkzeug bzw. einen Ziehstein gezogen wird. Zur Verbesserung der Erwärmungsverhältnisse wurde vorgeschlagen (DE-B- 1 104 915), daß nach dem Einbau des Ziehgutes in die Ziehbank zunächst durch den im ruhenden Zustand in der Heizzone befindlichen Gutabschnitt Strom geleitet und dieser erwärmt wird, sodann mit gleichbleibender Stromstärke und geringer Ziehgeschwindigkeit bis zur Einstellung eines konstanten Temperaturgefälles über die Erwärmungsstrecke gezogen und schließlich die Stromstärke und die Ziehgeschwindigkeit gesteigert werden. Die Ziehgeschwindigkeit bei erhöhter Temperatur des Materials muß jedoch niedrig, beispielsheise bie 0,2 bis 2 m/sec gehalten werden, weil bei höheren Werten der Ziehsteinverschleiß durch das Abreißen des Schmierfilmes zu groß wird und die Zeit für die vorherige Durchwärmung und Entfestigung des Materials lange ist und deshalb unwirtschaftliche Aufwärmstrecken erfordert.Drawing has proven to be advantageous for the deformation process at elevated temperature, because the energy input is caused by the friction in the drawing cavity and by the main deformation in the zone near the surface and the radiation losses are thereby largely compensated for. The improved temperature distribution across the cross-section makes it possible to use larger cross-sectional reductions depending on the deformation step and to achieve a reduction in the number of pulls and the intermediate softening treatments with a large decrease in the initial cross-section. From US-A-2 400 866 a method for drawing wire from hardenable alloys is known, in which the primary material is heated in an induction coil or an oven to a temperature of over 482 ° C., but below the AC 1 point, provided with a surface coating made of graphite as a lubricant and pulled through a stationary tool or drawing die. In order to improve the heating conditions, it has been proposed (DE-B-1 104 915) that, after the drawing material has been installed in the drawing bench, current is first passed through the section of material in the heating zone when it is at rest and is heated, then with a constant current intensity and low drawing speed until a constant temperature gradient is reached over the heating section and finally the current intensity and the drawing speed are increased. The pulling speed at an elevated temperature of the material must, however, be kept low, for example at 0.2 to 2 m / sec, because at higher values the die wear becomes too great due to the tearing off of the lubricating film and the time for the preliminary heating and softening of the material is long and therefore requires uneconomical warm-up sections.

Beispielsweise kann ein weichgeglühter Schnellstahldraht (Werkstoff DIN Nr. 1.3343) mit einem Durchmesser von 5,5 mm kontinuierlich von einer Haspel abgezogen in einem Bleibad mit einer Länge von 10 m und einer Bleibadtemperatur von 700°C während einer Durchlaufzeit von 20 sec erwärmt und entspannt werden, worauf eine Verformung im Ziehstein auf einen Durchmesser von 4,7 mm mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 0,5 m/sec erfolgt, wonach der Draht wieder aufgehaspelt wird. Die Verformung beträgt in diesem Falle ca. 27%. In sieben weiteren gleich durchgeführten Schritten mit gegebenenfalls vier dazwischenliegenden Entfestigungsglühungen bei Oxidationsschutz mit einer Temperatur von ca. 800 C und einer Glühdauer von ca. 1 Stunde wird der Draht auf einen Durchmesser von 1,6 mm gebracht, wobei das Aufwärmen auf Temperatur und der weitere Abbau der Verfestigung in den Bleibädern vor der jeweiligen Verformung erfolgen.For example, a soft annealed high-speed steel wire (material DIN No. 1.3343) with a diameter of 5.5 mm can be continuously drawn off a reel in a lead bath with a length of 10 m and a lead bath temperature of 700 ° C for a throughput time of 20 seconds be, whereupon a deformation in the drawing die to a diameter of 4.7 mm at a speed of 0.5 m / sec, after which the wire is rewound. The deformation in this case is approx. 27%. In seven further steps carried out in the same way, optionally with four intermediate softening anneals with oxidation protection at a temperature of approx. 800 C and a heating time of approx. 1 hour, the wire is brought to a diameter of 1.6 mm, the heating up to temperature and the rest The consolidation in the lead baths is broken down before the respective deformation.

Als Nachteile der Verformung durch Ziehen bei erhöhter Temperatur von Stählen und Legierungen, insbesondere von härtbaren Stählen, mit geringen Vormaterialdicken sind die erforderliche aufwendige Verarbeitung in mehreren Schritten mit dazwischenliegenden Entfestigungsglühungen, die geringe Ziehgeschwindigkeit und die Probleme mit den Hochtemperaturziehmitteln sowie der Ziehsteinverschleiß zu sehen.The disadvantages of deformation due to drawing at elevated temperatures of steels and alloys, in particular hardenable steels, with small starting material thicknesses are the complex processing required in several steps with intermediate softening annealing, the low drawing speed and the problems with the high-temperature drawing agents and the wear of the drawing block.

Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik lag der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, obige Nachteile zu vermeiden und ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zu schaffen, mit welchen in einem Arbeitsgang insgesamt hohe Querschnittsabnahmen vorgenommen und der gewünschte Endquerschnitt mit weitgehend beliebigen Abmessungen erreicht werden können.Starting from this prior art, the object of the invention was to avoid the above disadvantages and to create a method and a device with which overall large cross-sectional reductions can be carried out in one work step and the desired final cross-section can be achieved with largely any dimensions.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die Erwärmung des Vormateriales als kontinuierliche Schnellerwärmung mittels direkten Stromdurchganges durchgeführt wird und nach der kontinuierlichen Schnellerwärmung des Vormateriales und vor dem ersten Verformungsschritt eine Zeitspanne von mindestens 0,5 sec zwecks Temperaturausgleichs, vorgesehen ist, und anschließend eine mindestens zweistufige Verformung durch Walzen mit einer Einlaufgeschwindigkeit des Vormateriales von mindestens 0,2 m/sec und mit einer Querschnittsverminderung von mindestens 10 % je Verformungsstufe und insgesamt von mindestens 40 % durchgeführt wird. Bevorzugt ist es, wenn die Erwärmung des Vormaterials mittels kontinuierlicher Schnellerwärmung mit direktem Stromdurchgang bei veränderbarer Erwärmungsstrecke erfolgt und die elektrische Leistung, die von der Querschnittsfläche der mittleren spezifischen Wärme und der Dichte des Materiales beeinflußt wird, proportional dem Quotienten, gebildet aus Wärmgutgeschwindigkeit und Erwärmungsstrecke, geregelt wird. Besonders vorteilhaft und von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung ist es, wenn die Verformung des Vormateriales durch Walzen erfolgt und eine Querschnittsabnahme von insgesamt mindestens 60 %, vorgenommen wird. Die Walzverformung in den einzelnen Stichen soll dabei derart erfolgen, daß eine Querschnittsabnahme von mindestens 15 %, oder eine Höhenabnahme von mindestens 20 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 30 %, am Walzgut vorgenommen wird. Die gegebenenfalls vorteilhaft anzuwendende Kühlung des Walzgutes soll größenordnungsmäßig entsprechend der in Wärme umgesetzten Verformungsleistung des vorangegangenen Stiches bzw. der vorangegangenen Stiche geregelt werden. Weiters ist das Verfahren besonders gut und wirtschaftlich einsetzbar, wenn die Einlaufgeschwindigkeit des Vormateriales in das erste Walzenkaliber mindestens 0,5 m/sec beträgt. Gegebenenfalls kann die Verformung des Vormateriales vorteilhaft auch in einem Mehrrollenwalzwerk erfolgen. Weiters besteht die Erfindung in einer Vorrichtung zur Verformung von draht- oder stabförmigen Vormaterial geringer Dicke aus Metallen und Legierungen mit geringem Formänderungsvermögen und/oder hoher Formänderungsfestigkeit bei Raumtemperatur, insbesondere von härtbaren Stählen und Schnellstählen, bestehend im wesentlichen aus einer Erwärmungseinrichtung, gegebenenfalls einer Temperaturregelungs- und Führungseinrichtung und einer Verformungseinrichtung, zur Durchführung des Verfahrens , wobei in Richtung des Materialdurchlaufes im wesentlichen nach der Erwärmungseinrichtung 3 zur Einstellung der Temperatur von mindestens 400°C und höchstens 1100°C oder höchstens bis zur AC 1- Temperatur bzw. der Umwandlungstemperatur in das Gammafüge der Liegerung des Vormateriales 1, welche als Schnellerwärmungseinrichtung, mit direktem Stromdurchgang durch das Vormaterial bzw. Walzgut ausgebildet ist, sowie eine als Leit-und/oder als Temperaturausgleichsstrecke dienende Einrichtung 4, z.B. Ausgleichstunnel 41, angeordnet sind/ist, nach welchen (welchem) zumindest eine Verformungseinrichtung 5 für eine mindestens zweistufige Verformung durch Walzen angeordnet ist. Vorteilhaft sind die elektrische Erwärmungseinrichtung als Einrichtung mit direktem Stromdurchgang durch das Wärmgut mit variierbarer Erwärmungsstrecke, die Leit- und/oder die Temperaturausgleichseinrichtung mit Schutzgasatmosphäre zur Verhinderung der Oxidation und das zwei- oder mehrgerüstige Walzwerk, als Kassettenwalzwerk ausgebildet, und gegebenenfalls regelbare Kühleinrichtungen zwischen den Walzgerüsten angeordnet. Als vorteilhaft einsetzbar hat sich die Vorrichtung dann erwiesen, wenn die Einrichtung zum Temperaturausgleich und zur Vormaterialführung beheizbar ist und in welcher eine Schutzgasatmosphäre einstellbar ist. Um besonders gute Walzergebnisse zu erreichen, ist es für Flachprodukte und Profile vorteilhaft, eine abwechselnd offene und geschlossene Kaliberfolge anzuwenden, wobei das letzte Kaliber ein geschlossenes Kaliber zur Maßkalibrierung ist. Bei der Herstellung von Erzeugnissen mit rundem Querschnitt, beispielsweise Drähten, ist vorteilhafterweise in allen Walzgerüsten eine geschlossene Kaliberform einzusetzen. Besonders gute Ergebnisse verbunden mit hoher Wirtschaftlichkeit sind dann erreichbar, wenn zwischen den Walzgerüsten jeweils Kühleinrichtung angeordnet sind, durch welche regelbar die Walzenoberflächen und/oder das Walzgut mit Kühlmedium beaufschlagbar sind. Besonders hohe Wirtschaftlichkeit ist auch dann gegeben, wenn die Walzen aus Hartmetall oder aus vergütetem Schnellstahl bestehen und gegebenenfalls eine Hartstoffschicht besitzen, die aus Oxid und/oder Nitrid und/oder Karbid und/oder deren Verbindung, beispielsweise Oxikarbonitrid, gebildet ist. Für bestimmte Querschnittsformen der Produkte weist die Vorrichtung vorteilhafterweise ein Mehrrollenwalzwerk als Verformungseinheit auf.This object is achieved according to the invention in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that the heating of the primary material is carried out as continuous rapid heating by means of direct current passage and after the continuous rapid heating of the primary material and before the first deformation step, a period of at least 0.5 seconds for temperature compensation, is provided, and then an at least two-stage deformation by rolling is carried out with an inlet speed of the primary material of at least 0.2 m / sec and with a cross-sectional reduction of at least 10% per deformation stage and a total of at least 40%. It is preferred if the primary material is heated by means of continuous rapid heating with direct current passage with a variable heating section and the electrical power, which is influenced by the cross-sectional area of the mean specific heat and the density of the material, is proportional to the quotient formed from the heat material speed and the heating section, is regulated. It is particularly advantageous and of economic importance if the primary material is deformed by rolling and the total cross-section is reduced by at least 60%. The rolling deformation in the individual passes should be carried out in such a way that a reduction in cross-section of at least 15% or a decrease in height of at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, is carried out on the rolling stock. The cooling of the rolling stock which is possibly to be used advantageously is to be regulated in the order of magnitude in accordance with the deformation performance of the preceding pass or passages converted into heat. Furthermore, the method can be used particularly well and economically if the feed speed of the primary material into the first roller caliber is at least 0.5 m / sec. If necessary, the deformation of the primary material can advantageously also take place in a multi-roller mill. Furthermore, the invention consists in a device for deforming wire or rod-shaped primary material of low thickness from metals and alloys with low deformability and / or high deformation resistance at room temperature, in particular hardenable steels and high-speed steels, consisting essentially of a heating device, optionally a temperature control and guide device and a deformation device for carrying out the method, in the direction of the material flow essentially after the heating device 3 for setting the temperature of at least 400 ° C and at most 1100 ° C or at most up to the AC 1 temperature or the transition temperature into the Gamma joining of the storage of the primary material 1, which is designed as a rapid heating device with a direct current passage through the primary material or rolling stock, and a device serving as a guide and / or temperature compensation section 4, for example compensation tunnel 41, are arranged according to which (which) at least one deformation device 5 is arranged for at least two-stage deformation by rolling. The electrical heating device is advantageously designed as a device with a direct passage of current through the heating material with a variable heating section, the guide and / or the temperature compensation device with a protective gas atmosphere to prevent oxidation, and the two- or multi-stand rolling mill, designed as a cassette rolling mill, and optionally adjustable cooling devices between the rolling stands arranged. The device has proven to be advantageous if the device for temperature compensation and for guiding raw materials can be heated and in which one Protective gas atmosphere is adjustable. In order to achieve particularly good rolling results, it is advantageous for flat products and profiles to use an alternately open and closed caliber sequence, the last caliber being a closed caliber for dimensional calibration. When manufacturing products with a round cross section, for example wires, a closed caliber shape is advantageously used in all rolling stands. Particularly good results combined with high cost-effectiveness can be achieved if cooling devices are arranged between the roll stands, by means of which cooling medium can be regulated in a controllable manner on the roll surfaces and / or the rolling stock. A particularly high level of economy is also provided if the rolls are made of hard metal or tempered high-speed steel and optionally have a hard material layer which is formed from oxide and / or nitride and / or carbide and / or their compound, for example oxycarbonitride. For certain cross-sectional shapes of the products, the device advantageously has a multi-roller mill as a deformation unit.

Durchaus überraschend hat sich gezeigt, daß die beim Walzprozeß auftretende tiefreichende Verformung nur eine geringe Temperaturerhöhung im Kern des Materials hervorruft, sodaß z.B. bei härtbaren Stählen ein Überschreiten der AC 1- Temperatur, insbesondere im Zentrum, nicht eintritt. Dieser Effekt ist auch bei Walztemperaturen knapp unterhalb der AC 1-Temperatur der Legierung gegeben, wobei die Durchlaufgeschwindigkeit des Materials durch die Walzen wesentlich größer sein kann als jene durch den Ziehstein. Es konnte auch nicht angenommen werden, daß durch mehrgerüstiges Walzen in einem Arbeitsgang und/oder bei größerer Verformungsgeschwindigkeit, gegebenenfalls bei Oberflächenkühlung, zwischen den Walzschritten die Temperaturverteilung im Walzgut derart einstellbar ist, daß in keinem Bereich ein Überschreiten der gewünschten Temperatur, z.B. der AC 1-Temperatur, eintritt. Auch weitere Vorurteile der Fachwelt und zwar, daß bei mehrmaligem Walzen hintereinander in einem Arbeitsgang eine Materialverfestigung eintritt sowie das Verformungsvermögen erschöpft wird, und daß die Zeit zwischen den Einzelwalzverformungen auf Grund der mit abnehmendem Querschnitt sich erhöhenden Walzgeschwindigkeit nicht ausreicht, um Entfestigungsvorgänge im Werkstoff ablaufen zu lassen, konnten keine Bestätigung finden.Quite surprisingly, it has been shown that the deep deformation occurring during the rolling process only causes a slight increase in temperature in the core of the material, so that e.g. in the case of hardenable steels, the AC 1 temperature, particularly in the center, is not exceeded. This effect is also given at rolling temperatures just below the alloy's AC 1 temperature, whereby the material's throughput speed through the rolls can be significantly higher than that through the drawing die. It could also not be assumed that multi-stand rolling in one operation and / or at a higher rate of deformation, possibly with surface cooling, between the rolling steps allows the temperature distribution in the rolling stock to be set such that the desired temperature, e.g. the AC 1 temperature. Also other prejudices of the professional world, namely that with repeated rolling one after the other in one work step material solidification occurs and the deformation capacity is exhausted, and that the time between the individual roll deformations is insufficient due to the increasing cross-section rolling speed to allow softening processes to take place in the material could not find any confirmation.

Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung sind der nachfolgenden Beschreibung , den Unteransprüchen und den Zeichnungen zu entnehmen.Preferred embodiments of the invention can be found in the following description, the subclaims and the drawings.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand der Zeichnungen näher erklärt. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 bis 3 eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Flachprofiles aus Rundmaterial, wobei in der
  • Fig. 1 schematisch ein zweigerüstiges Walzwerk mit vorgeschalteter Erwärmungs-und Temperaturausgleichseinrichtung dargestellt ist und in
  • Fig. 2 der erste Stich mit freier Breitung, in
  • Fig. 3 der zweite Stich im geschlossenen Kaliber, in
  • Fig. 4 eine Walzstraße für Rundprofile mit Kassettenwalzwerk, in
  • Fig. 5 ein Dreiwalzen-Dreikantkaliber, in
  • Fig. 6 ein Dreiwalzen-Rundkaliber, in
  • Fig. 7 Querschnittsformen des Walzgutes in einer zwölfgerüstigen Walzenstraße und in
  • Fig. 8 eine Kühlvorrichtung für Walzen und Walzgut schematisch dargestellt sind.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings. Show it:
  • 1 to 3 a device for producing a flat profile from round material, in which
  • 1 schematically shows a two-stand rolling mill with upstream heating and temperature compensation device and in
  • Fig. 2 the first stitch with free width, in
  • Fig. 3 the second stitch in the closed caliber, in
  • Fig. 4 is a rolling mill for round profiles with cassette rolling mill, in
  • Fig. 5 is a three-roll triangular caliber, in
  • Fig. 6 is a three-roll round caliber, in
  • Fig. 7 cross-sectional shapes of the rolling stock in a twelve-stand mill and in
  • Fig. 8 schematically shows a cooling device for rolls and rolling stock.

In Fig. 1 ist schematisch ein auf einem Fundament A montiertes Walzwerk zur Erzeugung eines Breitflachprofiles mit den Abmessungen von 8 mm x 1 mm aus Runddraht-Vormaterial mit einem Durchmesser von 3,8 mm dargestellt. Dabei wird aus einer Vorratshaspel 2 von einer Trommel 21, welche drehbar mittels Bolzen 23 in einer Trageinrichtung 22 befestigt ist, Vormaterial 1 abgezogen, in einer Schnellerwärmungseinrichtung 3 erwärmt, durch eine Temperaturausgleichs- und Führungseinrichtung 4 einer zweigerüstigen Verformungseinrichtung 5 zugeführt und damit gewalzt, worauf in einer Endhaspel 7 das maßgerechte Flachprofilband auf einer Trommel 71 , welche mittels einer Welle 73 angetrieben und drehbar in einer Abstützung 72 gelagert ist, aufgewickelt wird.1 schematically shows a rolling mill mounted on a foundation A for producing a wide flat profile with the dimensions of 8 mm × 1 mm from round wire primary material with a diameter of 3.8 mm. Here, from a supply reel 2 from a drum 21, which is rotatably fastened in a support device 22 by means of bolts 23, primary material 1 is drawn off, heated in a rapid heating device 3, fed by a temperature compensation and guide device 4 to a two-stand deformation device 5 and thus rolled, whereupon in a final reel 7, the dimensionally accurate flat profile tape is wound on a drum 71, which is driven by a shaft 73 and is rotatably mounted in a support 72.

Beim Beginn der Walzung wird das Kontaktrollengerüst 31, welches verschiebbar mit einer Auflage 33 verbunden ist, in eine Position 31' und nahe einem Kontaktrollengerüst 32 gebracht, wodurch die Erwärmungsstrecke verkürzt ist. Das drahtförmige Vormaterial 1 mit einem Durchmesser von 3,8 mm ist beispielsweise ein Schnellarbeitsstahl, Werkstoff Nr. 1.3343, in weichgeglühtem Zustand und wird durch den Spalt von Kontaktrollen 311 bzw. 311' in der Position 31'durchgeführt, bis dieses eine elektrisch leitende Verbindung mit einem Kontaktrollenpaar 322 bzw. 322' herstellt, worauf die Stromversorgung von Klemmen 34 erfolgt. Der Stromdurchgang durch das Vormaterial erwärmtdieses und bei Erreichen einer Temperatur von 800 Cwird bei gleichzeitiger Verschiebung des Kontaktrollengerüstes 31 und damit der Verlängerung der Erwärmungsstrecke der Draht in einen Führungs-und Temperaturausgleichstunnel 41, der über ein Anschlußrohr42 vorgeheizt und mit Inertgas versorgt werden kann, eingeschoben. Der Drahtvorschub kann durch ein eigenes nicht dargestelltes Walzenpaar oder durch die Kontaktrollen des/der Kontaktrollengerüstes/e erfolgen. Nach dem Austreten aus dem Tunnel bzw. aus der Tunnelführung wird das eine Temperatur von 500°C aufweisende Vormaterial mit einem Durchmesser von 3,8 mm in einem ersten Walzgerüst 51 auf eine Dicke von 2 mm und eine mittlere Breite von 5,3 mm verformt. Die Verformung erfolgt, wie in Fig. 2 dargestellt, bei freier Breitung zwischen Walzen 511 und 512, wobei eine Höhenabnahme von ca. 47% , eine Breitung von ca. 40% bei einem Verformungsgrad bzw. einer Verminderung der Querschnittsfläche von ca. 6% gegeben sind. Dabei stellen in Fig. 2 die Ziffer 1 den Ausgangsquerschnitt des Vormaterials und 1' den gewalzten Querschnitt dar.At the start of rolling, the contact roller stand 31, which is slidably connected to a support 33, is brought into a position 31 'and close to a contact roller stand 32, thereby shortening the heating distance. The wire-shaped primary material 1 with a diameter of 3.8 mm is, for example, a high-speed steel, material no. 1.3343, in the soft-annealed state and is passed through the gap of contact rollers 311 or 311 'in the position 31' until it has an electrically conductive connection with a pair of contact rollers 322 or 322 ', whereupon the terminals 34 are supplied with power. The passage of current through the primary material heats it up and, when a temperature of 800 C is reached, while the contact roller frame 31 is displaced and thus the heating section is extended, the wire is inserted into a guide and temperature compensation tunnel 41 which can be preheated via a connecting pipe 42 and supplied with inert gas. The wire feed can be carried out by a separate pair of rollers, not shown, or by the contact rollers of the contact roller frame (s). After emerging from the tunnel or from the tunnel guide, the primary material, which has a temperature of 500 ° C., has a diameter of 3.8 mm in a first roll stand 51 to a thickness of 2 mm and a medium thickness Width of 5.3 mm deformed. The deformation takes place, as shown in FIG. 2, with free spreading between rollers 511 and 512, a decrease in height of approx. 47%, a spreading of approx. 40% with a degree of deformation or a reduction in the cross-sectional area of approx. 6% given are. 2, the number 1 represents the initial cross section of the primary material and 1 'the rolled cross section.

Unmittelbar nach diesem ersten Stich wird das im Kaliber des ersten Gerüstes 51 verformte Material in einem zweiten geschlossenen Kaliber eines Walzgerüstes 52, welches in Fig. 3 dargestellt ist, auf das gewünschte Querschnittsmaß von 1 x 8 mm verformt. Eine Oberwalze 521 und eine Unterwalze 522 lassen dabei den Walzspalt von 1 mm frei, wobei Seitenwalzen 523 und 524 auf die Seiten der Ober-und Unterwalzen angestellt sind und dadurch die Breitung des Walzgutes über das gewünschte Maß von 8 mm verhindern. Bei diesem Fertigstich bzw. Kalibrierungsstich beträgt die Höhenabnahme ca. 50%, die Breitung ca.51% und die Flächenabnahme ca. 25%. Die Einlaufgeschwindigkeit des Vormaterials, welches eine Temperatur 800°C aufweist, beträgt 0,8 m/sec, die Auslaufgeschwindigkeit aus dem Walzgerüst 52 , mit der in weiterer Folge das Schnellstahlband aufgehaspelt wird, ist ca. 1,13 m/sec, wobei unmittelbar nach den letzten Walzen eine Walzguttemperatur von 810°C vorliegt.Immediately after this first stitch, the material deformed in the caliber of the first stand 51 is deformed in a second closed caliber of a rolling stand 52, which is shown in FIG. 3, to the desired cross-sectional dimension of 1 × 8 mm. An upper roller 521 and a lower roller 522 leave the roll gap of 1 mm free, side rollers 523 and 524 being placed on the sides of the upper and lower rollers and thereby preventing the rolling stock from spreading beyond the desired dimension of 8 mm. With this finish stitch or calibration stitch, the height decrease is approx. 50%, the width approx. 51% and the area decrease approx. 25%. The inlet speed of the primary material, which has a temperature of 800 ° C., is 0.8 m / sec, the outlet speed from the roll stand 52, with which the high-speed steel strip is subsequently wound up, is approximately 1.13 m / sec, with immediate a rolling stock temperature of 810 ° C is present after the last rolls.

Der in einem Arbeitsgang bei zweistufiger Walzung erreichte Verformungsgrad beträgt insgesamt ca. 30%. Die an dem Produkt, welches nach obigem Verfahren kontinuierlich bzw. ohne Unterbrechung hergestellt wurde, durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergaben, daß überdie gesamte Länge des Breitflachbandes die geforderten Abmessungen mit den entsprechenden Toleranzen vorlagen und Scharfkantigkeit ohne jegliche Kantenbrüche gegeben war.The degree of deformation achieved in one operation with two-stage rolling is approximately 30% in total. The tests carried out on the product, which was produced continuously or without interruption by the above process, showed that the required dimensions with the corresponding tolerances were present over the entire length of the wide flat strip and sharp edges were present without any edge breaks.

Versuche mit Vormaterialtemperaturen von unter 400 C bzw. bei Raumtemperatur haben ergeben, daß bei der Walzung von z.B. härtbaren Stählen, insbesondere von Schnellstählen, in diesem Temperaturbereich die Legierung so stark verfestigt, daß das Umformvermögen zumindest stellenweise erschöpft ist, wodurch zusätzlich zu erhöhtem Walzenverschleiß Brüche bzw. Materialtrennungen, insbesondere im Bereich der Kanten des Bandes, entstehen. Weitere Versuche haben auch gezeigt, daß bei Temperaturen des Vormateriales von knapp unterhalb der AC 1-Temperatur der Legierung die Temperaturausgleichseinrichtung verkürzt, gegebenenfalls auch weggelassen werden kann, wobei nur eine Führung den gewünschten Drahteinlauf in das erste Walzgerüst sicherstellt.Experiments with raw material temperatures below 400 C or at room temperature have shown that when e.g. hardenable steels, especially high-speed steels, the alloy solidifies so strongly in this temperature range that the forming capacity is exhausted at least in places, whereby in addition to increased roller wear, fractures or material separations, particularly in the area of the edges of the strip, occur. Further tests have also shown that at temperatures of the primary material of just below the AC 1 temperature of the alloy, the temperature compensation device can be shortened, if necessary also omitted, with only one guide ensuring the desired wire entry into the first roll stand.

Die Fig. 4 zeigt schematisch eine auf einem Fundament A montierte Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Runddrahtes mit einem Durchmesser von 1,8 mm aus einem runden, einen Durchmesser von 5,5 mm aufweisenden Vormaterial, wobei eine zwölfgerüstige Walzenstraße bzw. ein Kassettenwalzwerk eingesetzt wird. Von der Haspel 2 mit der in einer Abstützung 22 drehbar mittels eines Bolzens 23 gelagerten Trommel 21 wird das Vormaterial 1 abgezogen, in einer Schnellerwärmungsanlage 3 auf eine Temperatur von 780°C gebracht, durch die Temperaturausgleichs-und- Führungseinrichtung 4 gefördert und einem Kassettenwalzwerk 5 verformt, worauf in der Endhaspel 7 das Aufwickeln des auf Endabmessung verformten Drahtes auf die Trommel 71, welche auf der Abstützung 72 ruht und von der Welle 73 angetrieben ist, erfolgt. Das Walzgerüst 51 der Verformungseinrichtung 5 kann beispielsweise ein Dreiwalzen-Dreikantkaliber aufweisen, wie dies in Fig. 5 schematisch dargestellt ist. Dabei ergeben die Arbeitsflächen der Walzen 511, 512, 513 einen Walzquerschnitt 11, der eine konvex bombierte Dreiecksform aufweist. In einem zugehörigen Folgewalzgerüst 51' können ebenfalls drei Walzen eingesetzt werden, wie dies in Fig.6 dargestellt ist, wobei die Form der Arbeitsflächen der Walzen 511', 512', 513' einen kreisrunden Walzquerschnitt 12 erbringt. Die Walzgerüste 52 und 52', 53 und 53', 54 und 54', 55 und 55', 56 und 56' können Walzen mit den gleichen Kaliberfolgen und abnehmenden Kaliberquerschnitt aufweisen. Bei der Walzung muß das Dreiecks-Kaliber nicht vollkommen gefüllt sein, hingegen ist beim Rundkaliber wegen der geforderten Produktabmessungen bzw. Abmessungstoleranzen eine vollkommene Kaliberfüllung erforderlich.Fig. 4 shows schematically a device mounted on a foundation A for producing a round wire with a diameter of 1.8 mm from a round, with a diameter of 5.5 mm, raw material, wherein a twelve-stand mill or a cassette mill is used. The primary material 1 is drawn off from the reel 2 with the drum 21 rotatably supported in a support 22 by means of a bolt 23, brought to a temperature of 780 ° C. in a rapid heating system 3, conveyed through the temperature compensation and guide device 4 and a cassette rolling mill 5 deformed, whereupon in the end reel 7 the winding of the wire deformed to the final dimension takes place on the drum 71, which rests on the support 72 and is driven by the shaft 73. The roll stand 51 of the shaping device 5 can have, for example, a three-roll triangular caliber, as is shown schematically in FIG. 5. The working surfaces of the rollers 511, 512, 513 result in a roller cross section 11 which has a convexly convex triangular shape. Three rollers can also be used in an associated follower mill stand 51 ', as shown in FIG. 6, the shape of the working surfaces of the rollers 511', 512 ', 513' providing a circular rolling cross section 12. The roll stands 52 and 52 ', 53 and 53', 54 and 54 ', 55 and 55', 56 and 56 'can have rolls with the same caliber sequences and a decreasing caliber cross section. The triangular caliber does not have to be completely filled during rolling, however, with the round caliber, a complete caliber filling is required due to the required product dimensions or dimensional tolerances.

Vormaterial, beispielsweise aus Werkstoff Nr. 1.3247, im weichgeglühten Zustand mit einem Durchmesser von 5,5 mm, wird in einer oben prinzipiell beschriebenen Vorrichtung auf einen Durchmesser von 1,8 mm gewalzt. Dabei erfolgt bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 0,5 m/min in der Schnellerwärmungseinrichtung 3 mit direktem Stromdurchgang eine Erwärmung auf eine Temperatur von 780°C, wobei dafür eine Leistung von ca. 45 kW dem Stromnetz 34 entnommen wird. Die für das Erreichen unterschiedlicher Vormaterialtemperaturen erforderliche elektrische Leistung ist dabei proportional dem Quotienten, gebildet aus Wärmgutgeschwindigkeit und Erwärmungsstrecke, so daß ein Nachregeln bei geänderten Parametern problemlos vorgenommen werden kann.Pre-material, for example made of material no. 1.3247, in the soft-annealed condition with a diameter of 5.5 mm, is rolled to a diameter of 1.8 mm in a device described in principle above. In this case, at a speed of 0.5 m / min in the rapid heating device 3 with direct current passage, heating to a temperature of 780 ° C. takes place, a power of approximately 45 kW being taken from the power supply 34 for this purpose. The electrical power required to achieve different primary material temperatures is proportional to the quotient, formed from the speed of the material being heated and the heating section, so that readjustment can easily be carried out when parameters change.

Beim Durchlaufen des Temperaturausgleichs-und-Führungstunnels 41, der mit inertem Verbrennungsgas beaufschlagt ist und eine Länge von 2 mm aufweist, wird keine merkliche linderung der Temperaturfestgestellt. In derVerformungseinrichtung 5 bzw. im zwölfgerüstigen Kassettenwalzwerkwird z.B. die Verformung mit einer Kalibrierung und einem jeweiligen Verformungsgrad gemäß der Tabelle 1 vorgenommen.

Figure imgb0001
Aus dem letzten kaliber tritt der Runddraht mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ca. 4,7 m/sec aus, wobei die Gesamtquerschnittsverformung ca. 89 % beträgt. Die jeweiligen Querschnitte, die auf Grund der Kalibrierung nach den einzelnen Stichen vorliegen, sind anhand von Querschliffen des Walzgutes aus Fig. 7 ersichtlich, wobei im Bild rechts oben der Ausgangsquerschnitt von 5,5 mm Durchmesser und links unten der Endquerschnitt von 1,8 mm Durchmesser dargestellt sind. Untersuchungen des Walzmaterials zeigten eine vollkommene Maßhaltigkeit und gute Oberflächenqualität der Runddrähte über die gesamte Walzlänge, was auf den Erhalt des Umformvermögens des Materials bei Temperaturen von mindestens 400°C und höchstens 1100°C, vorzugsweise höchstens 950°C, gegebenenfalls höchstens bis zur AC 1- Temperatur, bei der Walzverformung auch mit hohen Querschnittsabnahmen hinweist.When passing through the temperature equalization and guide tunnel 41, which is charged with inert combustion gas and has a length of 2 mm, there is no noticeable reduction in temperature. In the deformation device 5 or in the twelve-stand cassette rolling mill, for example, the deformation is carried out with a calibration and a respective degree of deformation according to Table 1.
Figure imgb0001
 The round wire emerges from the last caliber at a speed of approx. 4.7 m / sec, the total cross-sectional deformation being approx. 89%. The respective cross-sections, which are available due to the calibration after the individual passes, can be seen by means of cross-sections of the rolling stock from FIG. 7, with the initial cross-section of 5.5 mm in diameter at the top right and the final cross-section of 1.8 mm at the bottom left Diameters are shown. Examinations of the rolled material showed perfect dimensional accuracy and good surface quality of the round wires over the entire length of the roll, which indicates that the formability of the material is maintained at temperatures of at least 400 ° C and at most 1100 ° C, preferably at most 950 ° C, possibly at most up to AC 1 - Temperature at which roll deformation indicates even with large cross-sectional decreases.

Zwischen den Walzgerüsten können Kühleinrichtungen 5 angeordnet sein. In Fig. 8 sind derartige Kühleinrichtungen prinzipiell dargestellt, wobei zwischen den Walzen 511 bzw. 512 und 521 ein Kühlelement 61 positioniert ist. Die Kühlelemente bestehen , wie am oberen Kühlelement dargestellt ist, beispielsweise aus einem Anschluß 611, einer Kühlmediumszuleitung 612 und einem Düsenkopf 613. Mittels der Düsen 615 und 614 können die Walzen 511 und 521 mit Kühlmedium beaufschlagt werden, wobei die Strahlen der Düse 614 auf das Walzgut gerichtet sind. Die einzelnen Ströme der Kühlmedien können getrennt regelbar ausgeführt sein, wobei die Regelungen in der Skizze nicht dargestellt sind.Cooling devices 5 can be arranged between the roll stands. Such cooling devices are shown in principle in FIG. 8, a cooling element 61 being positioned between the rollers 511 or 512 and 521. The cooling elements consist, as shown on the upper cooling element, for example of a connection 611, a cooling medium supply line 612 and a nozzle head 613. By means of the nozzles 615 and 614, the rollers 511 and 521 can be acted upon by cooling medium, the rays of the nozzle 614 being directed onto the Rolled material are directed. The individual flows of the cooling media can be designed to be separately controllable, the regulations not being shown in the sketch.

Eine Verwendung von Hartmetall oder vergütetem Schnellstahl als Walzenwerkstoff hat sich aus wirtschaftlichen und technischen Gründen als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Die Aufbringung von Hartstoffschichten auf Walzenarbeitsflächen zur Verminderung von Walzenverschleiß wurde von der Fachwelt als nicht zielführend bzw. als den Walzenprozeß behindernd angesehen, weil Hartstoffschichten die Reibung zwischen Walzenarbeitsfläche und Walzgutoberfläche verringert und deshalb kein Einzug des Walzgutes in das Kaliber erfolgen kann. Überraschenderweise hat sich jedoch gezeigt, daß bei einer Vorrichtung mit mindestens zwei Walzgerüsten hintereinander in Walzrichtung angeordnet und mit jeweils zwei oder mehreren Arbeitswalzen eine Hartstoffbeschichtung der Walzenarbeitsflächen zu keiner Beeinträchtigung des Walzprozesses führt, daß jedoch eine wesentliche Verlängerung der Walzenstandzeit bei verbesserter Walzgutqualität gegeben ist.The use of hard metal or tempered high-speed steel as the roller material has proven to be advantageous for economic and technical reasons. The application of hard material layers on roller work surfaces to reduce roller wear was not considered to be expedient by the experts or hindered the roller process, because hard material layers reduced the friction between the roller work surface and the surface of the rolling material and therefore the rolling stock could not be drawn into the caliber. Surprisingly, however, it has been shown that in the case of a device with at least two roll stands arranged one behind the other in the rolling direction and with two or more work rolls, a hard material coating of the roll work surfaces does not impair the rolling process, but that there is a substantial extension of the roll service life with improved rolling stock quality.

Claims (17)

1. Process for forming wire- and rod-like basic material of a low thickness from metals and alloys having a low deformability and/or a high mean tensile strength at room temperature, in particular hardenable steels and high-speed steels, wherein the basic material is heated to a temperature of at least 400°C and at most 1100°C or at most up to the Ac 1 temperature or temperature of transformation into the gamma structure of the alloy and is deformed, with the proviso that heating of the basic material is effected as continuous rapid heating by means of direct current passage and, after continuous rapid heating of the basic material and prior to the first deformation stage, an interval of at least 0.5 seconds is provided for temperature equalisation and then an at least two-stage deformation is effected by rolling at a run-in speed of the basic material of at least 0.2 m/sec and with a reduction in cross-section of at least 10% per deformation stage and, in total, of at least 40%.
2. Process according to claim 1, characterised in that rapid heating of the basic material is effected in a known manner by means of direct passage of current through the heated material and the heating section or the spacing of the electric contact elements is varied, with the electrical energy required to increase the temperature to at least 400°C, but at most to 1100°C or at most to the Ac 1 temperature, being regulated in proportion to the quotient formed from the speed of the heated material and the heating section and with the end preheating of the basic material for the start of the deformation process being effected with a short heating section.
3. Process according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterised in that deformation of the basic material is effected by rolling with a total reduction in cross-section of at least 60%.
4. Process according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that rolling deformation is carried out in a plurality of stages or passes each with a reduction in cross-section of at least 15% and/or a reduction in height of at least 20%, preferably at least 30%.
5. Process according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that cooling of the roll surface and/or of the rolled material is effected after each rolling deformation or after a plurality of rolling deformations, with the order of magnitude of the cooling capacity of the rolled material being regulated according to the deformation energy converted into heat of the preceding pass(es).
6. Process according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that rolling of the basic material is effected in the first pass at a run-in speed of at least 0.5 m/sec.
7. Process according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the two- or multi-stage deformation is effected with a large reduction in cross-section in a multi-roll rolling mill.
8. Apparatus for forming wire- or rod-like basic material of a low thickness from metals and alloys having a low deformability and/or a high mean tensile strength at room temperature, in particular hardenable steels and high-speed steels, substantially comprising a heating device, possibly a temperature control and guide device and a deformation device, for effecting the process according to one of claims 1 to 7, with the proviso that a device (4) serving as a guide section and/ortemperature equalising section, e.g. a temperature equalising tunnel (41), is disposed, viewed in the through direction of the material, substantially downstream of the rapid heating device (3) for adjusting the temperature of at least 400°C and at most 1100°C or at most up to the Ac 1 temperature or the temperature of transformation into the gamma structure of the alloy of the basic material (1) and has, disposed downstream thereof, at least one deformation device (5) for an at least two-stage deformation by rolling, and that the rapid heating device (3) takes the form of a device with direct passage of current through the basic material or rolled material (1).
9. Apparatus according to claim 8, characterised in that the rapid heating device (3) is additionally designed with a variable heating section.
10. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 or 9, characterised in that the guide and/or temperature equalising device (4) is heatable and/or a protective gas atmosphere may be established therein.
11. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 10, characterised in that, for deformation, at least two roll stands (51) and (52) or (51) and (51'), possibly up to (56'), each having two or more working rolls (511, 512, 521, 522, 523, 524) are disposed one behind the other in rolling direction.
12. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 11, characterised in that in through direction the rolls alternately have an open and a closed groove form, with the last groove being a closed groove, possibly a sizing groove.
13. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 12, characterised in that the working rolls in preferably all of the roll stands, particularly in the last roll stand, have a closed groove form.
14. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 13, characterised in that the rolls in the roll stands may be driven individually with corresponding speed control or jointly with corresponding speed ratios and groove form sequences.
15. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 14, characterised in that the roll stands are fixed independently of one another and are connected to the drive device, with the multiple-stand rolling mill preferably taking the form of a cassette-type rolling mill.
16. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 15, characterised in that there is disposed between the roll stands a controllable cooling device (61, 62) by means of which coolant may be applied onto the roll surfaces and/or onto the rolled material.
17. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 to 16, characterised in that the rolls are made of hard metal or quenched and tempered high-speed steel and possibly have a hard material coating.
EP88890265A 1987-10-29 1988-10-24 Process and apparatus for manufacturing thin wires, rods, pipes or sections made of steels or alloys with a low deformability, particularly of hardenable steels Expired - Lifetime EP0314667B2 (en)

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AT2846/87 1987-10-29
AT2846/87A AT393361B (en) 1987-10-29 1987-10-29 Method and device for producing thin wires, rods, tubes and profiles from steels and alloys with low dimensional change, in particular from hardenable steels.

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EP0314667B1 true EP0314667B1 (en) 1992-04-08
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AT394670B (en) * 1990-02-13 1992-05-25 Boehler Gmbh METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR ROLLING WIRE AND ROD MATERIAL
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EP0817687B1 (en) 1995-03-31 1999-06-09 Fintube Limited Partnership Process for making a strip from a hot rolled rod
EP1607147A1 (en) * 2004-06-17 2005-12-21 PLANSEE Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus to produce a thin sheet or a foil of metallic material by rolling
DE102004048443B3 (en) * 2004-10-02 2005-12-01 C.D. Wälzholz-Brockhaus GmbH Method for rolling technical deformation of wire and rod-shaped starting material, apparatus for carrying out the method and produced by the method flat profile
PL220324B1 (en) * 2011-08-25 2015-10-30 Termetal Piotr Glaner Spółka Komandytowa Method and system for fabrication grate, especially steel bars facade, steel grating, steel stair treads, staircase landings
CN111957756A (en) * 2020-07-27 2020-11-20 衡阳市华南电线有限公司 Aluminum wire processing wire drawing machine

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AT393361B (en) 1991-10-10
DE3869902D1 (en) 1992-05-14
EP0314667B2 (en) 1995-12-13
EP0314667A1 (en) 1989-05-03
ATE74624T1 (en) 1992-04-15

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