EP0309311B1 - Overcurrent circuit-breaker - Google Patents

Overcurrent circuit-breaker Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0309311B1
EP0309311B1 EP88402271A EP88402271A EP0309311B1 EP 0309311 B1 EP0309311 B1 EP 0309311B1 EP 88402271 A EP88402271 A EP 88402271A EP 88402271 A EP88402271 A EP 88402271A EP 0309311 B1 EP0309311 B1 EP 0309311B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
opening
circuit breaker
contacts
contact bridge
arcing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88402271A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0309311A1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Barnel
François Lindeperg
Jean-Pierre Nebon
Philippe Perrier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merlin Gerin SA
Original Assignee
Merlin Gerin SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merlin Gerin SA filed Critical Merlin Gerin SA
Publication of EP0309311A1 publication Critical patent/EP0309311A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0309311B1 publication Critical patent/EP0309311B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H3/00—Mechanisms for operating contacts
    • H01H3/22—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism
    • H01H3/222—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using electrodynamic repulsion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0072—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00 particular to three-phase switches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit breaker-limiter with rapid opening control of contacts by Thomson effect, comprising, by pole, a movable element having a movable main contact bridge forming a main circuit with a pair of fixed main contacts connected to pads current supply, a movable arcing contact bridge forming with a pair of fixed arcing contacts an arcing circuit connected in parallel on the main circuit, a mechanism for controlling the moving equipment, for the opening of the main circuit and of the arc circuit, comprising a Thomson-effect propellant, a device for locking the moving element in the open position of the contacts and an unlocking control device, the main contact bridge being arranged between the fixed main contacts and the Thomson effect propellant, the mobile assembly comprising a drive rod secured to the main contact bridge, the Th effect propellant omson comprising an annular opening coil surrounding said rod and an opening disc arranged opposite the opening coil.
  • the opening disc is movable relative to said rod
  • the Thomson effect propellant member comprising an annular piston integral with the drive rod, springs being arranged between the opening disc and the piston , so that the current supply to the opening coil causes the opening disc and the piston to repel and the drive rod to move to the contact opening position, said springs bringing the disc back opening in the rest position opposite the opening coil at the end of the opening stroke.
  • the circuit breaker comprises two breaking chambers arranged on either side of the arcing circuit, the circuit breaker housing being constituted by the assembly of an intermediate housing containing the breaking chambers and an assembly contact comprising the movable contacts and their drive members, a lower housing on the rear face of which the power supply pads protrude and carrying the fixed contacts, and a cover protecting the elements of the control mechanism of the moving part, arranged in the upper part of the housing.
  • circuit breaker-limiter The maintenance of the circuit breaker-limiter is facilitated by the provision of a contact sub-assembly, of molded plastic material, with movable contact bridges and which can be removed as a whole from the circuit-breaker-limiter after removal of the lower housing constituting the bottom of the device.
  • a pole of a circuit breaker-limiter comprises a pair of fixed main contacts connected to pads 10, 12 of protruding current supply, on the rear face of the circuit-breaker-limiter, outside of a lower housing 14.
  • the fixed main contacts cooperate with a main contact bridge 16, possibly constituted by several elements 17 arranged in parallel, belonging to a contact sub-assembly 18, shown in more detail, in exploded view, on Figure 5, an operating rod 20 controlling the opening of the contacts.
  • the operating rod 20 is biased towards the open position, represented in FIG. 2, by a Thomson effect actuating member, disposed in the upper part of the circuit breaker and constituted by an annular opening coil 22 opposite which is arranged an annular opening disc 24, of conductive material.
  • a Thomson effect actuating member disposed in the upper part of the circuit breaker and constituted by an annular opening coil 22 opposite which is arranged an annular opening disc 24, of conductive material.
  • the supply of the opening coil by an electric discharge, for example from a capacitor bank (not shown), results in the creation of currents induced in the opening disc, causing, by Thomson effect, a sudden repulsion of the disc.
  • the opening disc 24 is associated with an annular piston 26, made of conductive material, secured to the operating rod 20.
  • the command to open causes the opening disc 24 to move simultaneously upwards. , of the piston 26 and of the operating rod 20, thus causing the opening of the contacts.
  • the upper end of the operating rod is integral with a hooking ring 28 which cooperates with a hooking device, of the half-moon type 30, so as to automatically lock the operating rod in position opening (fig. 2).
  • the hooking ring 28 could possibly be replaced by a wider part forming an integral part of the drive rod.
  • the two-part solution shown in the figures, is preferred because it facilitates both maintenance and assembly.
  • the rod and the piston remain locked in the open position, while the opening disc 24 , which is not secured to the operating rod, returns, under the action of springs, not shown, arranged between the disc and the piston, to its initial position facing the opening coil 22.
  • An arcing circuit is connected in parallel to the terminals of the main circuit and comprises two fixed arcing contacts 32, connected to the pads 10, 12 and the upper ends of which are arranged in arcing horns, these fixed arcing contacts cooperating with a movable arcing contact bridge 34, possibly constituted by several elements 35 in parallel (FIG. 5).
  • the contact sub-assembly 18 is arranged so that the upward movement of the operating rod 20 first causes the displacement of the main contact bridge 16 and the switching of the current in the arcing circuit, then the opening of the arc circuit by moving the arc contact bridge 34 upwards.
  • Two breaking chambers 36 of conventional type, arranged on either side of the operating rod 20, ensure the extinction of the two arcs coupled in series when the arc circuit is opened.
  • the movable arcing contacts consist of two sub-groups of movable arcing contact bridges 35, arranged on either side of the operating rod 20, so as to obtain the formation of two arcs in series in the plane of Figure 1, these two arcs being in parallel on two other arcs, themselves in series in a plane parallel to the previous one.
  • Four breaking chambers are then arranged so as to extinguish the four arcs.
  • the circuit breaker includes an unlocking device allowing the contacts to return to the closed position under the action of return springs 38 and 40 acting respectively on the main contact bridge 16 and on the arcing contact bridge 34.
  • the unlocking device intended to break the blocking of the hooking ring 28 by the half-moon 30, preferably uses the Thomson effect.
  • a closing coil 42 causes, when it is supplied by an electric discharge, for example by means of capacitors (not shown), the sudden repulsion of a closing disc 44 which is normally biased in position for approaching the coil by springs not shown in the figures.
  • the upward movement of the closing disc 44 causes the pivoting of a closing bar 46, causing the displacement of a closing rod 48.
  • the latter acts on the half-moon 30 so as to unlock the hooking ring 28.
  • a signaling element 50 is mounted on a fixed bearing 52, so as to be able to pivot under the action of torsion springs, from a closed position (fig. 1), where one of the ends of the element is biased downwards by the operating rod 20, to a position opening (fig. 2).
  • An electrical contact (not shown), arranged so as to be actuated by the operating rod 20 at the same time as the signaling element 50, also makes it possible to obtain an electrical signaling of the position of the circuit breaker.
  • the bearing 52 also serves as a guide element for the hooking ring 28, the piston 26, the opening disc 24, and the half-moon 30.
  • the elements 35 of the arcing contact bridge 34 are arranged on either side of the operating rod, and positioned relative to each other using covers 62 and a spacer 64, the springs 40 reminder resting on the bottom of the contact box.
  • the interrupting chambers and the contact sub-assembly are arranged inside an intermediate housing 66.
  • the bearing 52 is fixed to the outside, on the upper wall of the housing intermediate, which also supports the opening and closing coils.
  • the circuit breaker housing consists of the assembly of the intermediate housing 66, the lower housing 14 and a cover 68 disposed at the upper part of the circuit breaker.
  • the latter of course comprises a transparent part allowing the visualization of the exterior of the signaling element 50.
  • all the elements of the breaking part of the circuit breaker, breaking chambers and contact sub-assembly, are arranged in the intermediate box, in the central part of the circuit breaker.
  • the control elements for opening and closing are arranged in the upper part of the housing and protected by the cover 68, while the current supply areas are arranged in the lower part of the housing.
  • a current sensor 70 is arranged in the lower housing around one of the current supply ranges.
  • a connector 72 mounted on the upper face of the intermediate housing, is intended to provide the electrical connections between the opening and closing coils and a trip unit, not shown, intended to control the circuit breaker.
  • the connector 72 also transmits the information from the current sensors 70 and the electrical signaling contacts.
  • the device according to the invention operates as follows: In the closed position of the circuit breaker (fig. 1), the main contact bridge 16 is biased by the springs 38 in the direction of the fixed main contacts, the arcing contact bridge 34 being biased by the springs 40 in the direction of the fixed arcing contacts 32. The current flows in areas 10, 12 and the main contact bridge 16.
  • the current sensor 70 supplies the trip device, not shown, with a current measurement.
  • the opening and closing coils 22 and 42 are not supplied and the opening and closing discs 26 and 44 are in the rest position near the corresponding coils.
  • the trigger Upon detection of a fault current or of the opening command, the trigger causes the opening coil 22 to feed and the upward repulsion of the assembly constituted by the opening disc 24 and the piston 26, driving the operating rod 20 upwards.
  • the latter being secured to the stirrup 56, itself secured to the cage 58 carrying the main contact bridge 16, the latter is pulled upwards, against the force of the return springs 38. It the main circuit is opened and the current is switched to the arc circuit.
  • the upper part of the cage 58 comes into contact with the lower part of the elements 35 of the arcing contact bridge 36 and drives the latter upwards against the force of the return springs 40 , also opening the arc circuit. There is then formation of arcs in series in the arc circuit, these arcs being quickly extinguished in the breaking chambers 36.
  • the hooking ring 28 releases the half-moon 30 which pivots and ensures the locking of the hooking ring, and consequently of the operating rod and of the contacts, in the open position.
  • the opening disc 24 then returns to the rest position, as shown in FIG. 2, while the piston 26 secured to the operating rod remains in the high position.
  • the closing of the circuit breaker is controlled by the supply of the closing coil 42, which pushes the closing disc upwards, causing the unlocking of the ring. attachment by rotating the half-moon 30 in the opposite direction by means of the bar 46 and the closing rod 48. Under the action of the return springs 38 and 40, the contact bridges, the cage, the bearing, the operating rod, the coupling ring and the piston are returned to the closed position shown in FIG. 1.
  • each of the poles has an independent opening mechanism, with its own opening coil and its independent half-moon locking mechanism. There is thus good security, the failure of one of the opening mechanisms does not prevent the opening of the other two poles.
  • the three-pole circuit breaker has a single closing system, simultaneously controlling the unlocking of the three poles.
  • the single closing coil 42 is preferably arranged in the central pole and controls, via the single closing disc 44, the closing bar common to the three poles, which actuates a closing rod 48 per pole, for simultaneous unlocking of the three half-moons 30.
  • the mass of the elements of the unlocking mechanism being low, it is thus possible to obtain a very rapid response time to an order to close the circuit breaker, by means of a single mechanism with Thomson effect.
  • the signaling elements 50 of the three poles are preferably coupled by means of a bar 74, so that the opening of the circuit breaker can only be signaled when the three poles are open. Indeed, as long as one of the poles is closed, the corresponding operating rod 20 pushes down the associated end of the corresponding signaling element 50, preventing the pivoting of the bar, and consequently, the pivoting of the elements other poles, even if these are in the open position.
  • the structure of the circuit breaker described above allows easy access to the different parts of the circuit breaker.
  • the elements of the control mechanism are easily accessible by simple removal of the cover 68.
  • the removal of the lower housing 14 carrying the fixed contact pads gives access to the contact sub-assembly 18, which forms a removable sub-assembly which can be checked or exchanged if necessary.
  • the interrupting chambers 36 can, for their part, be inspected or modified by sliding them in the intermediate housing 66 after removing the fixing screws 67.

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  • Breakers (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Description

L'invention concerne un disjoncteur-limiteur à commande d'ouverture rapide des contacts par effet Thomson, comportant, par pôle, un équipage mobile ayant un pont de contact principal mobile formant un circuit principal avec une paire de contacts principaux fixes reliés à des plages d'amenée de courant, un pont de contact d'arc mobile formant avec une paire de contacts d'arc fixes un circuit d'arc connecté en parallèle sur le circuit principal, un mécanisme de commande de l'équipage mobile, pour l'ouverture du circuit principal et du circuit d'arc, comportant un organe propulseur à effet Thomson, un dispositif de verrouillage de l'équipage mobile en position d'ouverture des contacts et un dispositif de commande de déverrouillage, le pont de contact principal étant disposé entre les contacts principaux fixes et l'organe propulseur à effet Thomson, l'équipage mobile comportant une tige d'entraînement solidaire du pont de contact principal, l'organe propulseur à effet Thomson comportant une bobine d'ouverture annulaire entourant ladite tige et un disque d'ouverture disposé en regard de la bobine d'ouverture.The invention relates to a circuit breaker-limiter with rapid opening control of contacts by Thomson effect, comprising, by pole, a movable element having a movable main contact bridge forming a main circuit with a pair of fixed main contacts connected to pads current supply, a movable arcing contact bridge forming with a pair of fixed arcing contacts an arcing circuit connected in parallel on the main circuit, a mechanism for controlling the moving equipment, for the opening of the main circuit and of the arc circuit, comprising a Thomson-effect propellant, a device for locking the moving element in the open position of the contacts and an unlocking control device, the main contact bridge being arranged between the fixed main contacts and the Thomson effect propellant, the mobile assembly comprising a drive rod secured to the main contact bridge, the Th effect propellant omson comprising an annular opening coil surrounding said rod and an opening disc arranged opposite the opening coil.

Un tel disjoncteur limiteur est connu du document US-A-3.302.144.Such a limiting circuit breaker is known from document US-A-3,302,144.

On connaît par ailleurs (cf. le document FR-A-2.377.087) un disjoncteur-limiteur dans lequel le mécanisme de commande à effet Thomson est disposé dans la partie inférieure de l'appareil, du côté opposé aux chambres de coupure, entre les conducteurs d'amenée de courant repliés en équerre. Dans ce second type de dispositif, la tige de manoeuvre, solidaire du disque d'ouverture de l'organe propulseur, passe entre les contacts fixes et repousse le pont de contact mobile pour l'éloigner des contacts fixes. Par contre, dans le disjoncteur du premier type considéré, la tige de manoeuvre entraînée par le disque d'ouverture exerce une force de traction sur le pont de contact mobile.
L'invention a pour but de perfectionner un disjoncteur du premier type considéré, de manière à rendre son fonctionnement plus fiable tout en réalisant une structure compacte à un coût minimum.We also know (see document FR-A-2,377,087) a circuit breaker-limiter in which the Thomson effect control mechanism is arranged in the lower part of the device, on the side opposite to the switching chambers, between the current supply conductors folded at right angles. In this second type of device, the operating rod, integral with the opening disc of the propellant member, passes between the fixed contacts and pushes the movable contact bridge away from the fixed contacts. On the other hand, in the circuit breaker of the first type considered, the operating rod driven by the opening disc exerts a pulling force on the movable contact bridge.
The invention aims to improve a circuit breaker of the first type considered, so as to make its operation more reliable while achieving a compact structure at minimum cost.

Selon l'invention, le disque d'ouverture est mobile par rapport à ladite tige, l'organe propulseur à effet Thomson comportant un piston annulaire solidaire de la tige d'entraînement, des ressorts étant disposés entre le disque d'ouverture et le piston, de manière à ce que l'alimentation en courant de la bobine d'ouverture provoque la répulsion du disque d'ouverture et du piston et le déplacement de la tige d'entraînement en position d'ouverture des contacts, lesdits ressorts ramenant le disque d'ouverture en position de repos en regard de la bobine d'ouverture à la fin de la course d'ouverture.According to the invention, the opening disc is movable relative to said rod, the Thomson effect propellant member comprising an annular piston integral with the drive rod, springs being arranged between the opening disc and the piston , so that the current supply to the opening coil causes the opening disc and the piston to repel and the drive rod to move to the contact opening position, said springs bringing the disc back opening in the rest position opposite the opening coil at the end of the opening stroke.

Dans un mode de réalisation préférentiel, le disjoncteur comporte deux chambres de coupure disposées de part et d'autre du circuit d'arc, le boîtier du disjoncteur étant constitué par l'assemblage d'un boîtier intermédiaire contenant les chambres de coupure et un ensemble de contact comportant les contacts mobiles et leurs organes d'entraînement, d'un boîtier inférieur de la face arrière duquel font saillie les plages d'amenée de courant et portant les contacts fixes, et d'un capot protégeant les éléments du mécanisme de commande de l'équipage mobile, disposés dans la partie supérieure du boîtier.In a preferred embodiment, the circuit breaker comprises two breaking chambers arranged on either side of the arcing circuit, the circuit breaker housing being constituted by the assembly of an intermediate housing containing the breaking chambers and an assembly contact comprising the movable contacts and their drive members, a lower housing on the rear face of which the power supply pads protrude and carrying the fixed contacts, and a cover protecting the elements of the control mechanism of the moving part, arranged in the upper part of the housing.

L'entretien du disjoncteur-limiteur est facilité par la provision d'un sous-ensemble de contact, en matière plastique moulée, comportant les ponts de contact mobiles et pouvant être retiré en bloc du disjoncteur-limiteur après enlèvement du boîtier inférieur constituant le fond de l'appareil.The maintenance of the circuit breaker-limiter is facilitated by the provision of a contact sub-assembly, of molded plastic material, with movable contact bridges and which can be removed as a whole from the circuit-breaker-limiter after removal of the lower housing constituting the bottom of the device.

D'autres avantages et caractéristiques de l'invention ressortiront plus clairement de l'exposé qui va suivre d'un mode de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, donné à titre d'exemple non limitatif et représenté aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'un pôle d'un disjoncteur-limiteur selon l'invention, en position de fermeture des contacts;
  • la figure 2 est une vue selon la fig. 1, en position d'ouverture des contacts;
  • la figure 3 représente un disjoncteur-limiteur tripolaire selon l'invention en vue avant, en perspective, après enlèvement du capot;
  • la figure 4 représente un disjoncteur-limiteur tripolaire selon l'invention en vue arrière, en perspective, après enlèvement du capot; et
  • la figure 5 est une vue éclatée d'un sous-ensemble de contact du disjoncteur-limiteur selon l'invention.
Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge more clearly from the description which follows of an embodiment of the invention, given by way of nonlimiting example and represented in the appended drawings, in which:
  • Figure 1 is a sectional view of a pole of a circuit breaker-limiter according to the invention, in the closed position of contacts;
  • FIG. 2 is a view according to FIG. 1, in the open position of the contacts;
  • FIG. 3 represents a three-pole circuit breaker-limiter according to the invention in front view, in perspective, after removal of the cover;
  • FIG. 4 represents a three-pole circuit breaker-limiter according to the invention in rear view, in perspective, after removal of the cover; and
  • Figure 5 is an exploded view of a contact sub-assembly of the circuit breaker-limiter according to the invention.

Sur les figures 1 et 2, un pôle d'un disjoncteur-limiteur comporte une paire de contacts principaux fixes reliés à des plages 10, 12 d'amenée de courant faisant saillie, sur la face arrière du disjoncteur-limiteur, à l'extérieur d'un boîtier inférieur 14. Les contacts principaux fixes coopèrent avec un pont de contact principal 16, éventuellement constitué par plusieurs éléments 17 disposés en parallèle, appartenant à un sous-ensemble de contact 18, représenté plus en détail, en vue éclatée, sur la figure 5, une tige 20 de manoeuvre commandant l'ouverture des contacts.In FIGS. 1 and 2, a pole of a circuit breaker-limiter comprises a pair of fixed main contacts connected to pads 10, 12 of protruding current supply, on the rear face of the circuit-breaker-limiter, outside of a lower housing 14. The fixed main contacts cooperate with a main contact bridge 16, possibly constituted by several elements 17 arranged in parallel, belonging to a contact sub-assembly 18, shown in more detail, in exploded view, on Figure 5, an operating rod 20 controlling the opening of the contacts.

La tige 20 de manoeuvre est sollicitée vers la position d'ouverture, représentée sur la figure 2, par un organe d'actionnement à effet Thomson, disposé dans la partie supérieure du disjoncteur et constitué par une bobine d'ouverture annulaire 22 en regard de laquelle est disposé un disque d'ouverture 24 annulaire, en matériau conducteur. De manière connue, l'alimentation de la bobine d'ouverture par une décharge électrique, par exemple à partir d'une batterie de condensateurs (non représentée), a pour conséquence la création de courants induits dans le disque d'ouverture, provoquant, par effet Thomson, une répulsion brusque du disque.The operating rod 20 is biased towards the open position, represented in FIG. 2, by a Thomson effect actuating member, disposed in the upper part of the circuit breaker and constituted by an annular opening coil 22 opposite which is arranged an annular opening disc 24, of conductive material. In known manner, the supply of the opening coil by an electric discharge, for example from a capacitor bank (not shown), results in the creation of currents induced in the opening disc, causing, by Thomson effect, a sudden repulsion of the disc.

Selon l'invention, le disque d'ouverture 24 est associé à un piston 26 annulaire, en matériau conducteur, solidaire de la tige de manoeuvre 20. La commande de l'ouverture provoque le déplacement simultané vers le haut du disque d'ouverture 24, du piston 26 et de la tige de manoeuvre 20, provoquant ainsi l'ouverture des contacts. L'extrémité supérieure de la tige de manoeuvre est solidaire d'une bague d'accrochage 28 qui coopère avec un dispositif d'accrochage, du type à demi-lune 30, de manière à assurer automatiquement un verrouillage de la tige de manoeuvre en position d'ouverture (fig. 2). La bague d'accrochage 28 pourrait éventuellement être remplacée par une partie plus large faisant partie intégrante de la tige d'entraînement. Cependant la solution en deux parties, représentée sur les figures, est préférée car elle facilite à la fois la maintenance et le montage.According to the invention, the opening disc 24 is associated with an annular piston 26, made of conductive material, secured to the operating rod 20. The command to open causes the opening disc 24 to move simultaneously upwards. , of the piston 26 and of the operating rod 20, thus causing the opening of the contacts. The upper end of the operating rod is integral with a hooking ring 28 which cooperates with a hooking device, of the half-moon type 30, so as to automatically lock the operating rod in position opening (fig. 2). The hooking ring 28 could possibly be replaced by a wider part forming an integral part of the drive rod. However, the two-part solution, shown in the figures, is preferred because it facilitates both maintenance and assembly.

A la fin de la course d'ouverture de l'ensemble constitué par le disque d'ouverture, le piston et la tige de manoeuvre, la tige et le piston restent verrouillés en position d'ouverture, tandis que le disque d'ouverture 24, qui n'est pas solidaire de la tige de manoeuvre, revient, sous l'action de ressorts non représentés disposés entre le disque et le piston, à sa position initiale en regard de la bobine d'ouverture 22.At the end of the opening stroke of the assembly consisting of the opening disc, the piston and the operating rod, the rod and the piston remain locked in the open position, while the opening disc 24 , which is not secured to the operating rod, returns, under the action of springs, not shown, arranged between the disc and the piston, to its initial position facing the opening coil 22.

Un circuit d'arc est connecté en parallèle aux bornes du circuit principal et comporte deux contacts d'arc fixes 32, connectés aux plages 10, 12 et dont les extrémités supérieures sont agencées en cornes d'arc, ces contacts d'arc fixes coopérant avec un pont de contact d'arc mobile 34, éventuellement constitué par plusieurs éléments 35 en parallèle (fig. 5).An arcing circuit is connected in parallel to the terminals of the main circuit and comprises two fixed arcing contacts 32, connected to the pads 10, 12 and the upper ends of which are arranged in arcing horns, these fixed arcing contacts cooperating with a movable arcing contact bridge 34, possibly constituted by several elements 35 in parallel (FIG. 5).

Le sous-ensemble 18 de contact est agencé de manière à ce que le déplacement vers le haut de la tige de manoeuvre 20 provoque d'abord le déplacement du pont de contact principal 16 et la commutation du courant dans le circuit d'arc, puis l'ouverture du circuit d'arc par déplacement vers le haut du pont de contact d'arc 34.The contact sub-assembly 18 is arranged so that the upward movement of the operating rod 20 first causes the displacement of the main contact bridge 16 and the switching of the current in the arcing circuit, then the opening of the arc circuit by moving the arc contact bridge 34 upwards.

Deux chambres de coupure 36, de type classique, disposées de part et d'autre de la tige de manoeuvre 20, assurent l'extinction des deux arcs couplés en série lors de l'ouverture du circuit d'arc.Two breaking chambers 36, of conventional type, arranged on either side of the operating rod 20, ensure the extinction of the two arcs coupled in series when the arc circuit is opened.

Dans un mode de réalisation préférentiel, représenté sur la figure 5, les contacts d'arc mobiles sont constitués par deux sous-groupes de ponts de contact d'arc mobiles 35, disposés de part et d'autre de la tige de manoeuvre 20, de manière à obtenir la formation de deux arcs en série dans le plan de la figure 1, ces deux arcs étant en parallèle sur deux autres arcs, eux-mêmes en série dans un plan parallèle au précédent. Quatre chambres de coupure sont alors disposées de manière à assurer l'extinction des quatre arcs.In a preferred embodiment, shown in FIG. 5, the movable arcing contacts consist of two sub-groups of movable arcing contact bridges 35, arranged on either side of the operating rod 20, so as to obtain the formation of two arcs in series in the plane of Figure 1, these two arcs being in parallel on two other arcs, themselves in series in a plane parallel to the previous one. Four breaking chambers are then arranged so as to extinguish the four arcs.

Le disjoncteur comporte un dispositif de déverrouillage permettant le retour des contacts vers la position de fermeture sous l'action de ressorts de rappel 38 et 40 agissant respectivement sur le pont de contact principal 16 et sur le pont de contact d'arc 34.The circuit breaker includes an unlocking device allowing the contacts to return to the closed position under the action of return springs 38 and 40 acting respectively on the main contact bridge 16 and on the arcing contact bridge 34.

Le dispositif de déverrouillage, destiné à rompre le blocage de la bague d'accrochage 28 par la demi-lune 30, utilise de préférence l'effet Thomson. Une bobine de fermeture 42 provoque, lorsqu'elle est alimentée par une décharge électrique, par exemple au moyen de condensateurs (non représentés), la répulsion brusque d'un disque de fermeture 44 qui est normalement sollicité en position de rapprochement de la bobine par des ressorts non représentés sur les figures. Le déplacement vers le haut du disque de fermeture 44 provoque le pivotement d'un barreau de fermeture 46, entraînant le déplacement d'une bielle de fermeture 48. Cette dernière agit sur la demi-lune 30 de manière à déverrouiller la bague d'accrochage 28.The unlocking device, intended to break the blocking of the hooking ring 28 by the half-moon 30, preferably uses the Thomson effect. A closing coil 42 causes, when it is supplied by an electric discharge, for example by means of capacitors (not shown), the sudden repulsion of a closing disc 44 which is normally biased in position for approaching the coil by springs not shown in the figures. The upward movement of the closing disc 44 causes the pivoting of a closing bar 46, causing the displacement of a closing rod 48. The latter acts on the half-moon 30 so as to unlock the hooking ring 28.

Un élément 50 de signalisation est monté sur un palier 52 fixe, de manière à pouvoir pivoter sous l'action de ressorts de torsion, d'une position de fermeture (fig. 1), où l'une des extrémités de l'élément est sollicitée vers le bas par la tige de manoeuvre 20, à une position d'ouverture (fig. 2). Un contact électrique (non représenté), disposé de manière à être actionné par la tige de manoeuvre 20 en même temps que l'élément de signalisation 50, permet d'obtenir également une signalisation électrique de la position du disjoncteur. Comme représenté sur les figures, le palier 52 sert également d'élément de guidage à la bague d'accrochage 28, au piston 26, au disque d'ouverture 24, et à la demi-lune 30.A signaling element 50 is mounted on a fixed bearing 52, so as to be able to pivot under the action of torsion springs, from a closed position (fig. 1), where one of the ends of the element is biased downwards by the operating rod 20, to a position opening (fig. 2). An electrical contact (not shown), arranged so as to be actuated by the operating rod 20 at the same time as the signaling element 50, also makes it possible to obtain an electrical signaling of the position of the circuit breaker. As shown in the figures, the bearing 52 also serves as a guide element for the hooking ring 28, the piston 26, the opening disc 24, and the half-moon 30.

Le sous-ensemble de contact 18, représenté en vue éclatée sur la figure 5, forme un sous-ensemble facilement démontable, ce qui en facilite l'entretien ou le remplacement. Toutes les pièces de ce sous-ensemble, à l'exception des ponts de contact, des ressorts, et de la tige 20, sont réalisées en matière plastique moulée. Il comporte une boîte à contact 54 dans laquelle sont logés les ressorts 40 de rappel du pont de contact d'arc. La tige de manoeuvre 20 traverse la boîte à contact et est solidaire d'un étrier 56 venant s'emboîter dans une cage 58 dans laquelle sont montés les éléments 17 constituant le pont de contact principal 16. Les ressorts 38 de rappel du pont de contact principal prennent appui sur une barrette 60 qui est fixe par rapport au boîtier du disjoncteur. Pour ne pas compliquer inutilement la figure les moyens de fixation de la barrette au boîtier n'ont pas été représentés.The contact sub-assembly 18, shown in exploded view in FIG. 5, forms an easily removable sub-assembly, which facilitates maintenance or replacement. All the parts of this sub-assembly, except for the contact bridges, the springs, and the rod 20, are made of molded plastic. It comprises a contact box 54 in which are housed the return springs 40 of the arcing contact bridge. The operating rod 20 passes through the contact box and is integral with a stirrup 56 which fits into a cage 58 in which are mounted the elements 17 constituting the main contact bridge 16. The springs 38 for returning the contact bridge main support on a bar 60 which is fixed relative to the circuit breaker housing. In order not to unnecessarily complicate the figure, the means of fixing the bar to the housing have not been shown.

Les éléments 35 du pont de contact d'arc 34 sont disposés de part et d'autre de la tige de manoeuvre, et positionnés les uns par rapport aux autres à l'aide de caches 62 et d'une entretoise 64, les ressorts 40 de rappel prenant appui dans le fond de la boîte à contact.The elements 35 of the arcing contact bridge 34 are arranged on either side of the operating rod, and positioned relative to each other using covers 62 and a spacer 64, the springs 40 reminder resting on the bottom of the contact box.

Les chambres de coupure et le sous-ensemble de contact sont disposés à l'intérieur d'un boîtier intermédiaire 66. Le palier 52 est fixé à l'extérieur, sur la paroi supérieure du boîtier intermédiaire, qui supporte également les bobines d'ouverture et de fermeture.The interrupting chambers and the contact sub-assembly are arranged inside an intermediate housing 66. The bearing 52 is fixed to the outside, on the upper wall of the housing intermediate, which also supports the opening and closing coils.

Le boîtier du disjoncteur est constitué par l'assemblage du boîtier intermédiaire 66, du boîtier inférieur 14 et d'un capot 68 disposé à la partie supérieure du disjoncteur. Ce dernier comporte bien entendu une partie transparente permettant la visualisation de l'extérieur de l'élément de signalisation 50. Comme représenté sur les figures, tous les éléments de la partie coupure du disjoncteur, chambres de coupure et sous-ensemble de contact, sont disposés dans le boîtier intermédiaire, dans la partie centrale du disjoncteur. Les éléments de commande de l'ouverture et de la fermeture sont disposés dans la partie supérieure du boîtier et protégés par le capot 68, tandis que les plages d'amenée du courant sont disposées dans la partie inférieure du boîtier. On obtient ainsi une séparation pratiquement totale du mécanisme de commande, des organes de coupure et des éléments de raccordement électrique.The circuit breaker housing consists of the assembly of the intermediate housing 66, the lower housing 14 and a cover 68 disposed at the upper part of the circuit breaker. The latter of course comprises a transparent part allowing the visualization of the exterior of the signaling element 50. As shown in the figures, all the elements of the breaking part of the circuit breaker, breaking chambers and contact sub-assembly, are arranged in the intermediate box, in the central part of the circuit breaker. The control elements for opening and closing are arranged in the upper part of the housing and protected by the cover 68, while the current supply areas are arranged in the lower part of the housing. There is thus obtained an almost total separation of the control mechanism, the cut-off members and the electrical connection elements.

Un capteur de courant 70 est disposé dans le boîtier inférieur autour de l'une des plages d'amenée du courant.A current sensor 70 is arranged in the lower housing around one of the current supply ranges.

Un connecteur 72, monté sur la face supérieure du boîtier intermédiaire, est destiné à assurer les liaisons électriques entre les bobines d'ouverture et de fermeture et un déclencheur, non représenté, destiné à commander le disjoncteur. Le connecteur 72 transmet également les informations issues des capteurs de courant 70 et des contacts de signalisation électrique.A connector 72, mounted on the upper face of the intermediate housing, is intended to provide the electrical connections between the opening and closing coils and a trip unit, not shown, intended to control the circuit breaker. The connector 72 also transmits the information from the current sensors 70 and the electrical signaling contacts.

Le dispositif selon l'invention fonctionne de la manière suivante :
En position de fermeture du disjoncteur (fig. 1), le pont de contact principal 16 est sollicité par les ressorts 38 en direction des contacts principaux fixes, le pont de contact d'arc 34 étant sollicité par les ressorts 40 en direction des contacts d'arc fixes 32. Le courant circule dans les plages 10, 12 et le pont de contact principal 16. Le capteur de courant 70 fournit au déclencheur, non représenté, une mesure du courant. Les bobines 22 et 42 d'ouverture et de fermeture ne sont pas alimentées et les disques 26 et 44 d'ouverture et de fermeture sont en position de repos à proximité des bobines correspondantes.The device according to the invention operates as follows:
In the closed position of the circuit breaker (fig. 1), the main contact bridge 16 is biased by the springs 38 in the direction of the fixed main contacts, the arcing contact bridge 34 being biased by the springs 40 in the direction of the fixed arcing contacts 32. The current flows in areas 10, 12 and the main contact bridge 16. The current sensor 70 supplies the trip device, not shown, with a current measurement. The opening and closing coils 22 and 42 are not supplied and the opening and closing discs 26 and 44 are in the rest position near the corresponding coils.

Lors de la détection d'un courant de défaut ou de la commande d'ouverture, le déclencheur provoque l'alimentation de la bobine d'ouverture 22 et la répulsion vers le haut de l'ensemble constitué par le disque d'ouverture 24 et le piston 26, entraînant la tige de manoeuvre 20 vers le haut. Celle-ci étant solidaire de l'étrier 56, lui-même solidaire de la cage 58 portant le pont de contact principal 16, celui-ci est tiré vers le haut, à l'encontre de la force des ressorts de rappel 38. Il ya ouverture du circuit principal et commutation du courant sur le circuit d'arc. Après une course prédéterminée, la partie supérieure de la cage 58 vient en contact avec la partie inférieure des éléments 35 du pont de contact d'arc 36 et entraîne celui-ci vers le haut à l'encontre de la force des ressorts de rappel 40, ouvrant également le circuit d'arc. Il y a alors formation d'arcs en série dans le circuit d'arc, ces arcs étant éteints rapidement dans les chambres de coupure 36.Upon detection of a fault current or of the opening command, the trigger causes the opening coil 22 to feed and the upward repulsion of the assembly constituted by the opening disc 24 and the piston 26, driving the operating rod 20 upwards. The latter being secured to the stirrup 56, itself secured to the cage 58 carrying the main contact bridge 16, the latter is pulled upwards, against the force of the return springs 38. It the main circuit is opened and the current is switched to the arc circuit. After a predetermined stroke, the upper part of the cage 58 comes into contact with the lower part of the elements 35 of the arcing contact bridge 36 and drives the latter upwards against the force of the return springs 40 , also opening the arc circuit. There is then formation of arcs in series in the arc circuit, these arcs being quickly extinguished in the breaking chambers 36.

A la fin de la course d'ouverture de la tige de manoeuvre, la bague d'accrochage 28 libère la demi-lune 30 qui pivote et assure le verrouillage de la bague d'accrochage, et en conséquence de la tige de manoeuvre et des contacts, en position d'ouverture.At the end of the opening stroke of the operating rod, the hooking ring 28 releases the half-moon 30 which pivots and ensures the locking of the hooking ring, and consequently of the operating rod and of the contacts, in the open position.

Le disque d'ouverture 24 revient alors en position de repos, comme représenté sur la figure 2, tandis que le piston 26 solidaire de la tige de manoeuvre reste en position haute.The opening disc 24 then returns to the rest position, as shown in FIG. 2, while the piston 26 secured to the operating rod remains in the high position.

La fermeture du disjoncteur est commandée par l'alimentation de la bobine de fermeture 42, qui repousse le disque de fermeture vers le haut, entraînant le déverrouillage de la bague d'accrochage en faisant pivoter en sens inverse la demi-lune 30 par l'intermédiaire du barreau 46 et de la bielle de fermeture 48. Sous l'action des ressorts de rappel 38 et 40, les ponts de contact, la cage, le palier, la tige de manoeuvre, la bague d'accrochage et le piston sont ramenés dans la position de fermeture représentée sur la figure 1.The closing of the circuit breaker is controlled by the supply of the closing coil 42, which pushes the closing disc upwards, causing the unlocking of the ring. attachment by rotating the half-moon 30 in the opposite direction by means of the bar 46 and the closing rod 48. Under the action of the return springs 38 and 40, the contact bridges, the cage, the bearing, the operating rod, the coupling ring and the piston are returned to the closed position shown in FIG. 1.

Un jeu très faible sépare latéralement le piston 26 du disque d'ouverture 24, permettant un échappement contrôlé d'air. Ainsi, lors de la fermeture du disjoncteur, la descente du piston de la tige de manoeuvre et des contacts est freinée (effet "dash-pot"), évitant ainsi un matage trop important des contacts.A very small clearance laterally separates the piston 26 from the opening disc 24, allowing a controlled exhaust of air. Thus, when the circuit breaker closes, the descent of the piston from the operating rod and from the contacts is braked ("dash-pot" effect), thus avoiding excessive matting of the contacts.

Le retour rapide du disque d'ouverture 24 en position de repos, à la fin de la course d'ouverture, permet, dans le cas où un ordre de fermeture serait suivi très rapidement d'un nouvel ordre d'ouverture, avant que le piston 26 n'ait retrouvé sa position finale de repos, d'assurer néanmoins l'ouverture du disjoncteur. En effet, pour assurer la répulsion du disque il est nécessaire que le jeu séparant celui-ci de la bobine soit le plus faible possible au moment où la bobine est alimentée. Le disque étant repoussé vers le haut, il arrêtera la descente du piston et de la tige de manoeuvre et les entraînera dans son mouvement vers le haut, interrompant ainsi la fermeture du disjoncteur et assurant sa réouverture.The rapid return of the opening disc 24 to the rest position, at the end of the opening stroke, makes it possible, in the event that a closing order is followed very quickly by a new opening order, before the piston 26 has not returned to its final rest position, nevertheless ensuring the opening of the circuit breaker. Indeed, to ensure the repulsion of the disc it is necessary that the clearance separating it from the coil is as small as possible when the coil is supplied. The disc being pushed upwards, it will stop the descent of the piston and the operating rod and will drive them in its upward movement, thus interrupting the closing of the circuit breaker and ensuring its reopening.

Dans le cas d'un disjoncteur tripolaire, chacun des pôles comporte un mécanisme d'ouverture indépendant, avec sa bobine d'ouverture propre et son mécanisme de verrouillage à demi-lune indépendant. On a ainsi une bonne sécurité, la défaillance de l'un des mécanismes d'ouverture n'empêchant pas l'ouverture des deux autres pôles.In the case of a three-pole circuit breaker, each of the poles has an independent opening mechanism, with its own opening coil and its independent half-moon locking mechanism. There is thus good security, the failure of one of the opening mechanisms does not prevent the opening of the other two poles.

Par contre, dans le mode de réalisation préférentiel représenté sur les figures 3 et 4, le disjoncteur tripolaire comporte un seul système de fermeture, commandant simultanément le déverrouillage des trois pôles. La bobine de fermeture unique 42 est de préférence disposée dans le pôle central et commande, par l'intermédiaire du disque de fermeture unique 44, le barreau de fermeture commun aux trois pôles, qui actionne une bielle de fermeture 48 par pôle, pour un déverrouillage simultané des trois demi-lunes 30. La masse des éléments du mécanisme de déverrouillage étant faible, il est ainsi possible d'obtenir un temps de réponse très rapide à un ordre de fermeture du disjoncteur, au moyen d'un seul mécanisme à effet Thomson.By cons, in the preferred embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4, the three-pole circuit breaker has a single closing system, simultaneously controlling the unlocking of the three poles. The single closing coil 42 is preferably arranged in the central pole and controls, via the single closing disc 44, the closing bar common to the three poles, which actuates a closing rod 48 per pole, for simultaneous unlocking of the three half-moons 30. The mass of the elements of the unlocking mechanism being low, it is thus possible to obtain a very rapid response time to an order to close the circuit breaker, by means of a single mechanism with Thomson effect.

Sur la figure 3, on voit que les éléments de signalisation 50 des trois pôles sont de préférence couplés au moyen d'un barreau 74, de manière à ce que l'ouverture du disjoncteur ne puisse être signalée que lorsque les trois pôles sont ouverts. En effet, tant que l'un des pôles est fermé, la tige de manoeuvre 20 correspondante repousse vers le bas l'extrémité associée de l'élément de signalisation 50 correspondant, empêchant le pivotement du barreau, et en conséquence, le pivotement des éléments de signalisation des autres pôles, même si ceux-ci sont en position d'ouverture.In FIG. 3, it can be seen that the signaling elements 50 of the three poles are preferably coupled by means of a bar 74, so that the opening of the circuit breaker can only be signaled when the three poles are open. Indeed, as long as one of the poles is closed, the corresponding operating rod 20 pushes down the associated end of the corresponding signaling element 50, preventing the pivoting of the bar, and consequently, the pivoting of the elements other poles, even if these are in the open position.

La structure du disjoncteur décrit ci-dessus permet un accès aisé aux différentes parties du disjoncteur. Les éléments du mécanisme de commande sont facilement accessibles par simple retrait du capot 68. Le retrait du boîtier inférieur 14 portant les plages de contact fixes donne accès au sous-ensemble de contact 18, qui forme un sous-ensemble amovible pouvant être vérifié ou échangé si nécessaire. Les chambres de coupure 36 peuvent, quant à elles, être inspectées ou modifiées en les faisant glisser dans le boîtier intermédiaire 66 après avoir oté les vis de fixation 67.The structure of the circuit breaker described above allows easy access to the different parts of the circuit breaker. The elements of the control mechanism are easily accessible by simple removal of the cover 68. The removal of the lower housing 14 carrying the fixed contact pads gives access to the contact sub-assembly 18, which forms a removable sub-assembly which can be checked or exchanged if necessary. The interrupting chambers 36 can, for their part, be inspected or modified by sliding them in the intermediate housing 66 after removing the fixing screws 67.

Claims (7)

  1. A limiting circuit breaker with high-speed contact opening by Thomson effect, comprising, per pole, a movable assembly having a movable main contact bridge (16) forming a main circuit with a pair of stationary main contacts connected to current terminals (10,12), a movable arcing contact bridge (34) forming with a pair of stationary arcing contacts (32) an arcing circuit connected in parallel to the main circuit, a movable assembly operating mechanism for opening of the main circuit and arcing circuit, comprising a Thomson effect propelling part (22,24,26), a device (28,30) for locking the movable assembly in the open position of the contacts and an unlocking control device (42,44,46,48), the main contact bridge (16) being disposed between the stationary main contacts (10,12) and the Thomson effect propelling part (22,24,26), the movable assembly comprising a drive rod (20) securedly united to the main contact bridge (16), the Thomson effect propelling part comprising an annular opening coil (22) surrounding said rod and an opening disk (24) disposed facing the opening coil, a limiting circuit breaker characterized in that the opening disk (24) is movable in relation to said rod, the Thomson effect propelling part comprising an annular piston (26) securedly united to the drive rod (20), springs being disposed between the opening disk (24) and the piston (26), in such a way that a curent supply to the opening coil (22) causes repulsion of the opening disk (24) and piston (26) and movement of the drive rod (20) to the open position of the contacts, said springs returning the opening disk (24) to the rest position facing the opening coil (22) at the end of the opening travel.
  2. The limiting circuit breaker according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises two breaking chambers (36) disposed on either side of the arcing circuit and that the circuit breaker case is formed by assembly of an intermediate case (66) containing the breaking chambers (36) and a contact assembly (18) comprising the movable contacts (16,34) and their drive parts (20,56,38,40), a bottom case (14) from the rear face of which the current terminals (10,12) protrude out and which supports the stationary contacts, and a cover (68) protecting the movable assembly operating mechanism parts, disposed in the upper part of the case.
  3. The limiting circuit breaker according to either of the claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the locking device of the movable assembly in the open position of the contacts comprises a half-moon (30) capable of pivoting after movement of an operating rod (20) of the movable assembly, in such a way as to prevent movement of the latter in the opposite direction.
  4. The limiting circuit breaker according to claim 3, characterized in that the unlocking control device is formed by a closing coil (42) repelling by Thomson effect a closing disk (44) making the half-moon pivot to the unblocked position of the operating rod, the contacts then being returned to the closed position by the action of return springs (38,40).
  5. The limiting circuit breaker according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises a contact sub-assembly (18) comprising a contact box (54), made of molded plastic material, through which an operating rod (20) passes securedly united to a tunnel (58) made of molded plastic material, in which the main contact bridge (16,17) is fixed, return springs (40) taking their bearing on the backplate of the contact box and on the arcing contact bridge (34) formed by parts (35) disposed on either side of the operating rod, a small bar (60) designed to be fixed to the circuit breaker case being disposed inside the tunnel (58) and acting as bearing point for return springs (38) of the main contact bridge (16), in such a way that the movement of the operating rod when a circuit breaker opening order occurs first causes movement of the tunnel and of the main contact bridge against the force of the associated return springs (38), followed, when the tunnel comes into contact with the arcing contact bridge (34), by subsequent movement of the arcing contact bridge against the force of the associated return springs (40).
  6. The limiting circuit breaker according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized in that each pole comprises an independent opening operating mechanism and an independent device for locking the movable assembly in the open position, the unlocking control device being common to all the poles of the limiting circuit breaker and comprising a single closing coil (42) and a single closing disk (44) connected to a closing bar (46) actuating a plurality of closing rods (48) associated with the different poles and bringing about unlocking of the corresponding pole.
  7. The limiting circuit breaker according to one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises one indicating part (50) per pole, said part being moved to the closed position by the movable assembly drive device (20), and pivoting to the open position by the action of torsion springs, the indicating parts of the different poles being connected by a bar (74) so as to only be able to pivot to the open position when all the poles are in the open position.
EP88402271A 1987-09-25 1988-09-09 Overcurrent circuit-breaker Expired - Lifetime EP0309311B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8713484A FR2621170A1 (en) 1987-09-25 1987-09-25 BREAKER-LIMIT
FR8713484 1987-09-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0309311A1 EP0309311A1 (en) 1989-03-29
EP0309311B1 true EP0309311B1 (en) 1992-12-09

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88402271A Expired - Lifetime EP0309311B1 (en) 1987-09-25 1988-09-09 Overcurrent circuit-breaker

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US (1) US4952897A (en)
EP (1) EP0309311B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH01157015A (en)
DE (1) DE3876567D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2621170A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4952897A (en) 1990-08-28
FR2621170A1 (en) 1989-03-31
DE3876567D1 (en) 1993-01-21
JPH01157015A (en) 1989-06-20
EP0309311A1 (en) 1989-03-29

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