EP0307020B1 - Motor with cross-crank mechanism - Google Patents

Motor with cross-crank mechanism Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0307020B1
EP0307020B1 EP88201713A EP88201713A EP0307020B1 EP 0307020 B1 EP0307020 B1 EP 0307020B1 EP 88201713 A EP88201713 A EP 88201713A EP 88201713 A EP88201713 A EP 88201713A EP 0307020 B1 EP0307020 B1 EP 0307020B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
pins
cross
crank
slide
piston
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EP88201713A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0307020A1 (en
Inventor
Normann Wendel
Kurt Dönitz
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Albek & Partner GmbH
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Albek & Partner GmbH
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01BMACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
    • F01B9/00Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding groups
    • F01B9/04Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding groups with rotary main shaft other than crankshaft
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H25/00Gearings comprising primarily only cams, cam-followers and screw-and-nut mechanisms
    • F16H25/08Gearings comprising primarily only cams, cam-followers and screw-and-nut mechanisms for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion
    • F16H25/14Gearings comprising primarily only cams, cam-followers and screw-and-nut mechanisms for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion with reciprocation perpendicular to the axis of rotation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a motor with a cross crank drive, with the aid of which a linear reversing movement can be generated using a rotary drive and vice versa from a linear rotary movement.
  • DE-C 409 919 relates thereby on a two-stroke internal combustion engine with two opposite cylinders, in which pump rooms are provided, in which the fuel-air mixture is precompressed.
  • the pump rooms are separated from the housing housing the crank loop, the inlet to the pump room as well as the overflow and exhaust duct are controlled by the piston.
  • An increase in piston travel is only possible by increasing the crank radius, which would lead to corresponding unbalance and enlarged housing.
  • the present invention has therefore set itself the task of creating engines with such push rod drives, which allow longer piston paths without having to increase a crank path, which should also have the advantage of reducing unbalance, inertia and vibration problems, in to provide the cylinder spaces above and below the piston with more free space for (pre) compression and any necessary internals.
  • gearbox is a cross-crank drive with a rotatable crank in a frame, which engages with pins in operation in slots of a carriage which is guided in scenes, the crank two at an angle of 90 ° to Crank axis of rotation arranged pins, wherein the carriage has two intersecting slots at an angle of 90 °, each extending at an angle of 45 ° to the direction of thrust of the slide, and in operation in the first slot and the second pin in the second slot is led.
  • the function of the invention is that the pins bear against the slot flanks arranged at 45 ° to the direction of slide movement and shift them during rotation and, conversely, when pressed on the pins set them in a circular motion.
  • the pins remain in the slots arranged at 90 ° to each other, i.e. they do not change them, which results in a decisive advantage of the present invention, which is that at least one pin always remains connected to the slots, especially when the other passes through the open crossing point.
  • top and bottom dead centers occur at the moment when the connecting line of the pins intersects the direction of movement of the carriage at 90 °.
  • pivot bearings e.g. Ball bearings are provided, which roll on the flanks, or the pins can themselves be rotatably mounted.
  • flanks and pins can also be toothed with one another, as a result of which the device runs particularly smoothly.
  • the slots can be open flanks which are arranged on one side and are arranged in an X-shape with respect to one another, since the pins only abut against them while maintaining the direction of rotation.
  • an embodiment as intersecting slots is preferred, in which the slots are symmetrically opposite one another. It is also possible in principle to make the slots open in such a way that the flanks form two opposite angles in a V-shape, leaving a distance between their tips which is necessary for the passage of the pins, but not constantly both pins or vice versa Drive flanks.
  • the slots run out in semicircular shells, the diameter of which is slightly larger than that of the pins or of the ball bearings possibly running on them, so that the slots have sufficient clearance with them.
  • the piston drives mentioned at the outset can advantageously be produced, the slides being connected to pistons assigned to them.
  • the piston can be arranged in a particularly advantageous manner rigidly on the slide since connecting rod bearings are no longer required.
  • the slide can also be arranged between two disks connected by the pins and optionally a shaft. The pins are guided in the carriage or its slots, as described above, the disks being able to be attached by means of the pins alone.
  • the shaft is also to serve as a connecting link, it is proposed to provide the slide with an axial opening which extends in the direction of movement and which leaves play on all sides with respect to the axis.
  • the pins and, if appropriate, the flywheel are assigned to the center axis, which overcome the dead centers with the aid of their moment of inertia.
  • the different required cycle times are easy to achieve by arranging the adjacent pins offset by the desired angle.
  • the cross-crank drive according to the invention shows simple and thus controllable sine curves with respect to the cross-slide speed with respect to the cross-slide speed and the cross-slide acceleration.
  • the stroke is over 40% higher. Because of the missing pendulum movement of the connecting rod, there are no disturbing vibrations. In addition, no higher order mass forces have to be taken into account, which are responsible for resonance phenomena in the higher speed range in the thrust crank mechanism, from which a better vibration behavior is derived. Higher harmonic components are therefore eliminated, which favors the smooth running of the transmission.
  • h R ⁇ (sin ⁇ + cos ⁇ -1), where ⁇ represents the angle of rotation of the flywheel.
  • the piston is rigidly connected to the slide via a push rod.
  • the piston and cylinder on the one hand and the slide drive on the other hand can be spatially separated from one another and kinematically connected by the push rod.
  • a particularly simple construction of such motors can be derived from this.
  • the passage of the push rod through the cylinder cover and the gear housing are simple sliding seals, the cylinder and gear thus form separate units that can also be serviced separately.
  • crankshaft that is usually used conventionally allows the extremely simple manufacture of engines and the like, which is of particular importance for smaller workshops without special tools.
  • an engine manufactured according to the invention can be regulated within wide limits with regard to compression. Since the cylinder-piston unit and the gearbox do not have to be surrounded by a common housing, the adjustment of the push rod length can be carried out easily from the outside, for example with the aid of a threaded rod and lock nuts, without opening a housing.
  • FIGS 1 to 10 serve only to explain the subject of the invention.
  • Fig. 1-8 the positions of the pins 5 and 6 are shown at intervals of 45 ° with rotation about the axis 4.
  • the capital letters A to D show the end positions of the pins 5 and 6 in the slots 11, 11 ', 12 and 12' arranged perpendicular to each other.
  • the vertical dashed line indicates that the axis 4 remains stationary in each case, the auxiliary circle 16 shows the circular path of the pins 5 and 6.
  • the slots 11, 11 ', 12 and 12' are part of a carriage (FIG. 9), the direction of movement of which, as indicated by the upper arrow, when the pins 5, 6 run clockwise about the axis 4 up to the angular position 180 ° (FIG. 5) runs to the right and reverses up to 360 °, the position at 315 ° being shown in FIG. 8.
  • flank spacing is to be designed slightly larger than the pin diameter or, if a pivot bearing is to be arranged on it, as its diameter.
  • the same necessarily applies to the half-shells 13 located at positions A, B, C, D.
  • FIGS. 1-8 it is also indicated that the shaft 4 with its axis of rotation, about which the pins 5, 6 rotate, can pass through the slide or its slots, since this extends along the central axis (FIG. 9, Pos. 14) of the slide relatively relocated.
  • Fig. 1 and Fig. 5 represent opposite dead centers of the sled. If the sled e.g. are driven by pistons, the shaft 4 and the pins 5, 6 are assigned a flywheel to overcome the dead centers, or these are to be attached to such.
  • the slide movement runs along the auxiliary line 14, so that the push rods also only move back and forth linearly and the force is transmitted to an interacting element, for example a piston, while maintaining the vector direction and changing only its sign.
  • an interacting element for example a piston
  • the pins 5, 6 and the shaft 4 are assigned two disks 2, 3, which can be designed as flywheels.
  • the shaft 4 penetrates the slide and runs in the opening 15 without contact.
  • the pins 5, 6 go through the carriage 1 and the disks 2, 3 are arranged on both sides of the carriage.
  • the shaft 4 can be dispensed with, since two opposite flywheels can only be connected to one another by the pins 5, 6.
  • the slide, slide guide, disks, shaft and pin can run in a sealed oil bath, and the push rods can be passed through an appropriately sealed housing, as their movement is only linear.
  • FIG. 10 shows the slide guide of FIG. 9 in a side view (tilted by 90 °), the push rod (7 or 8) emerging from the plane of the drawing.
  • the carriage 1 is guided in the rails 9, 10.
  • Disks 2, 3 are arranged on both sides and are connected to one another by the pins 5, 6 and the shaft 4.
  • FIG. 11 shows, as an application example, a simply constructed internal combustion engine, a two-stroke boxer engine, in which the pistons 17 are driven by the push rods 7.
  • the push rods 7 are rigidly arranged between the piston 17 and the slide 1.
  • the cylinder housing 19 is spatially separated from the slide 1 or the gear with the pins 5, 6 and the slots 11, 12 and has its own seals 20.
  • the push rod 7 can also be designed to be variable in length, for example via an internal thread on the slide, into which a corresponding external thread of the push rod engages.
  • the piston 17 together with the push rod can thus be screwed into the slide after the machine has come to a standstill in order to reduce the compression and vice versa to increase it.
  • a scale can be attached to the push rod 7 for checking purposes.
  • the engine can therefore be adapted to changing fuels.
  • the known two-stroke engine is shown in principle, with 21 the intake valves and 22 the exhaust valves.
  • FIG. 12 schematically shows a four-stroke boxer engine, for which what has been said about FIG. 11 also largely applies.
  • the present invention is of course not limited to a boxer arrangement, rather the pins 5, 6 can be arranged between the pairs of disks at any angle to one another, so that star, V and in-line engines can also be easily constructed in the same simple manner.
  • the arrows indicate the direction of flow of the gases.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transmission Devices (AREA)
  • Finger-Pressure Massage (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
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  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

A device is disclosed for generating a linear reciprocal movement by means of a rotating drive and vice-versa for converting a linear movement into a rotating movement. The rotating drive has two pins (5, 6) that turn around a central axis and engage a cross slide (1) provided with a guide and with open cranks (11, 12) that form an angle of 90 DEG between each other and an angle of 45 DEG with respect to the direction of advancement of the cross slide (1). The pins (5, 6) rest against the cranks (11, 12) which are at least twice as long as the distance between the pins (5, 6).

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Motor mit Kreuzkurbeltrieb, mit dessen Hilfe eine lineare reversierende Bewegung unter Verwendung eines Rotationsantriebes und umgekehrt aus einer linearen eine Rotationsbewegung erzeugt werden kann.The present invention relates to a motor with a cross crank drive, with the aid of which a linear reversing movement can be generated using a rotary drive and vice versa from a linear rotary movement.

Bekannt sind Vorrichtungen, bei denen die Umsetzung der Rotationsbewegung in eine lineare und umgekehrt mit Hilfe von Pleueln erfolgen, die z.B. an Kurbelwellen oder Schwungscheiben einerseits und an einem in einem Zylinder geführten Kolben andererseits angelenkt sind. Diese Art der Bewegungsumsetzung bedingt jedoch ein ständiges Schwingen des Pleuels und dadurch verursacht, einen ständig wechselnden Kraftangriff oder umgekehrt -abgriff an den Kolben, ebenso wie ein ständiges Kippen des Kolbens.Devices are known in which the rotational movement is converted into a linear one and vice versa using connecting rods, e.g. are articulated on crankshafts or flywheels on the one hand and on a piston guided in a cylinder on the other hand. However, this type of movement conversion causes the connecting rod to vibrate constantly and, as a result, causes a constantly changing application of force or vice versa to the piston, as well as a constant tilting of the piston.

Bekannt ist weiterhin ein Kreuzkurbeltrieb mit einer in einem Gestell drehbar gelagerten Kurbel, die mit einem Zapfen im Betrieb in Schlitze eines Schlittens eingreift, der in einer Kulisse geführt ist, und so diesen treibt; Volmer, J.: Getriebetechnik, Lehrbuch, VEB-Verlag Technik, Berlin (1972, S. 407). Diese Vorrichtung ist jedoch nicht in der Lage, aus einer Rotationsbewegung eine reversierende Schlittenbewegung zu erzeugen, dazu müßte auch die Kurbel reversiert werden.Also known is a cross-crank drive with a crank rotatably mounted in a frame, which engages with a pin in operation in the slots of a slide which is guided in a link and thus drives it; Volmer, J .: transmission technology, textbook, VEB-Verlag Technik, Berlin (1972, p. 407). However, this device is not able to produce a reversing slide movement from a rotational movement; the crank would also have to be reversed for this.

Aus der US-A 1 369 445 ist ein Verbrennungsmotor mit einem Kreuzkurbeltrieb bekannt, der jedoch keine Vorverdichtung auf der Kolbenunterseite ermöglicht.From US-A 1 369 445 an internal combustion engine with a cross crank drive is known, which, however, does not allow pre-compression on the underside of the piston.

Aus der DE-C 409 919 und der DE-C 727 756 sind vorverdichtende Motoren bekannt, bei welchen die Kolbenbewegung über eine Kurbelschleife auf eine Kurbelwelle einwirkt. In beiden Fällen bewirkt jedoch die Kurbelschleife nur einen zum Schleifenradius direkt proportionalen Kolbenweg. Die DE-C 409 919 bezieht sich dabei auf eine Zweitaktverbrennungsmaschine mit zwei gegenüberliegenden Zylindern, bei welchen Pumpenräume vorgesehen sind, in welchen das Brennstoffluftgemisch vorverdichtet wird. Die Pumpenräume sind vom die Kurbelschleife beherbergenden Gehäuse abgetrennt, der Einlaß zum Pumpenraum sowie Überström- und Auspuffkanal werden vom Kolben gesteuert. Eine Kolbenwegvergrößerung ist hierbei nur über eine Vergrößerung des Kurbelradius möglich, was zu entsprechenden Unwuchten und Gehäusevergrößerungen führen würde.From DE-C 409 919 and DE-C 727 756, pre-compressing engines are known in which the piston movement acts on a crankshaft via a crank loop. In both cases, however, the crank loop only effects a piston path that is directly proportional to the loop radius. DE-C 409 919 relates thereby on a two-stroke internal combustion engine with two opposite cylinders, in which pump rooms are provided, in which the fuel-air mixture is precompressed. The pump rooms are separated from the housing housing the crank loop, the inlet to the pump room as well as the overflow and exhaust duct are controlled by the piston. An increase in piston travel is only possible by increasing the crank radius, which would lead to corresponding unbalance and enlarged housing.

Die vorliegende Erfindung hat sich daher die Aufgabe gestellt, Motoren mit derartigen Schubstangentrieben zu schaffen, die längere Kolbenwege ermöglichen, ohne einen Kurbelweg vergrößern zu müssen, was neben der Verminderung von Unwucht-, Trägheits- und Schwingungsproblemen auch den Vorteil mit sich bringen soll, in den oberhalb und unterhalb des Kolbens liegenden Zylinderräumen mehr freien Raum für die (Vor)Verdichtung und gegebenenfalls erforderliche Einbauten zur Verfügung zu stellen.The present invention has therefore set itself the task of creating engines with such push rod drives, which allow longer piston paths without having to increase a crank path, which should also have the advantage of reducing unbalance, inertia and vibration problems, in to provide the cylinder spaces above and below the piston with more free space for (pre) compression and any necessary internals.

Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe gelingt bei einem Motor, bestehend aus mindestens einem Zylinder mit einem oberhalb des Kolbens liegenden Verdichtungsraum sowie einem unterhalb des Kolbens liegenden Vorverdichtungsraum, wobei der Kolben durch eine Schubstange mit linearer Bewegung bewegt wird und die Schubstange gegen das die Schubstange in lineare Bewegung versetzende Getriebe abgedichtet ist, erfindungsgemäß dadurch, daß das Getriebe ein Kreuzkurbeltrieb mit einer in einem Gestell drehbaren Kurbel ist, die mit Zapfen im Betrieb in Schlitze eines Schlittens eingreift, der in Kulissen geführt ist, wobei die Kurbel zwei unter einem Winkel von 90° zur Kurbeldrehachse angeordnete Zapfen aufweist, wobei der Schlitten zwei sich unter einem Winkel von 90° kreuzende Schlitze besitzt, die jeweils unter einem Winkel von 45° zur Schubrichtung des Schlittens verlaufen und wobei im Betrieb im ersten Schlitz der erste Zapfen und im zweiten Schlitz der zweite Zapfen geführt ist.This problem is solved in an engine consisting of at least one cylinder with a compression chamber above the piston and a pre-compression chamber below the piston, the piston being moved by a push rod with linear movement and the push rod against which the push rod in linear movement offset gearbox is sealed, according to the invention in that the gearbox is a cross-crank drive with a rotatable crank in a frame, which engages with pins in operation in slots of a carriage which is guided in scenes, the crank two at an angle of 90 ° to Crank axis of rotation arranged pins, wherein the carriage has two intersecting slots at an angle of 90 °, each extending at an angle of 45 ° to the direction of thrust of the slide, and in operation in the first slot and the second pin in the second slot is led.

Mit einer derartigen Anordnung wird gegenüber den bekannten Motoren gegenüber dem Kurbelradius ein wesentlich größerer Hub erreicht, bei gleichzeitig verbesserten Übertragungswinkeln z.B gegenüber Kurbeltrieben mit Bewegungsübertragung durch nur einen Zapfen.With such an arrangement, a much larger stroke is achieved compared to the known engines compared to the crank radius, with simultaneously improved transmission angles, e.g. compared to crank drives with motion transmission by only one pin.

Die Funktion der Erfindung besteht darin, daß die Zapfen gegen die unter 45° zur Schlittenbewegungsrichtung angeordneten Schlitzflanken anliegen und diese bei Rotation verschieben und umgekehrt bei Druck auf die Zapfen diese in eine Kreisbewegung versetzen. Dabei verbleiben die Zapfen in den unter 90° zueinander angeordneten Schlitzen, d.h. sie wechseln diese nicht, woraus ein entscheidender Vorteil der vorliegenden Erfindung resultiert, der darin besteht, daß immer mindestens ein Zapfen mit den Schlitzen in Verbindung bleibt, insbesondere dann, wenn der andere durch den offenen Kreuzungspunkt hindurchläuft.The function of the invention is that the pins bear against the slot flanks arranged at 45 ° to the direction of slide movement and shift them during rotation and, conversely, when pressed on the pins set them in a circular motion. The pins remain in the slots arranged at 90 ° to each other, i.e. they do not change them, which results in a decisive advantage of the present invention, which is that at least one pin always remains connected to the slots, especially when the other passes through the open crossing point.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung treten obere und untere Totpunkte auf und zwar in dem Moment, wenn die Verbindungslinie der Zapfen die Bewegungsrichtung des Schlittens unter 90° schneidet.In the device according to the invention, top and bottom dead centers occur at the moment when the connecting line of the pins intersects the direction of movement of the carriage at 90 °.

Für den Fall, daß aus der translatorischen Bewegung des Schlittens eine Rotation der Zapfen bewirkt werden soll, wird daher weiterhin vorgeschlagen, die Zapfen auf einer Schwungscheibe anzuordnen.In the event that a rotation of the pins is to be caused by the translational movement of the carriage, it is therefore further proposed to arrange the pins on a flywheel.

Um die Reibung der Zapfen an den Kulissenflanken zu vermindern, können diese in einfacher Weise mit Drehlagern, wie z.B. Kugellagern versehen werden, die auf den Flanken abrollen, oder aber die Zapfen können selbst drehbar gelagert sein.In order to reduce the friction of the pins on the link flanks, they can be easily turned with pivot bearings, e.g. Ball bearings are provided, which roll on the flanks, or the pins can themselves be rotatably mounted.

Insbesondere können Flanken und Zapfen auch miteinander verzahnt sein wodurch ein besonders ruhiger Lauf der Vorrichtung erzielt wird.In particular, flanks and pins can also be toothed with one another, as a result of which the device runs particularly smoothly.

Die Schlitze können im einfachsten Falle einseitige, X-förmig zueinander angeordnete offene Flanken sein, da die Zapfen bei Beibehaltung des Drehsinnes lediglich an diesen anliegen.In the simplest case, the slots can be open flanks which are arranged on one side and are arranged in an X-shape with respect to one another, since the pins only abut against them while maintaining the direction of rotation.

Vorgezogen wird jedoch eine Ausbildung als sich kreuzende Schlitze, bei denen sich somit symmetrisch gleiche Schlitze gegenüberliegen. Es ist auch grundsätzlich möglich, die Schlitze derart offen zu gestalten, daß die Flanken zwei gegenüberliegende Winkel in V-Form bilden, wobei ein Abstand zwischen deren Spitzen belassen ist, der zum Durchgang der Zapfen erforderlich ist, wobei aber nicht ständig beide Zapfen oder umgekehrt Flanken treiben.However, an embodiment as intersecting slots is preferred, in which the slots are symmetrically opposite one another. It is also possible in principle to make the slots open in such a way that the flanks form two opposite angles in a V-shape, leaving a distance between their tips which is necessary for the passage of the pins, but not constantly both pins or vice versa Drive flanks.

Die Schlitze laufen in Halbkreisschalen aus, deren Durchmesser geringfügig größer ist, als derjenige der Zapfen oder der gegebenenfalls auf diesen laufenden Kugellager, so daß die Schlitze zu diesen ein ausreichendes Spiel besitzen.The slots run out in semicircular shells, the diameter of which is slightly larger than that of the pins or of the ball bearings possibly running on them, so that the slots have sufficient clearance with them.

Mit der vorliegenden Erfindung können mit Vorteil die eingangs erwähnten Kolbenantriebe hergestellt werden, wobei die Schlitten mit diesen zugeordneten Kolben verbunden sind. Dabei kann besonders vorteilhaft der Kolben starr am Schlitten angeordnet sein, da Pleuellager nicht mehr erforderlich sind. Insbesondere kann auch der Schlitten zwischen zwei durch die Zapfen und gegebenenfalls eine Welle verbundenen Scheiben angeordnet sein. Die Zapfen sind hierbei im Schlitten bzw. dessen Schlitzen, wie oben beschrieben, geführt, wobei die Befestigung der Scheiben durchaus mit Hilfe der Zapfen allein vorgenommen werden kann.With the present invention, the piston drives mentioned at the outset can advantageously be produced, the slides being connected to pistons assigned to them. The piston can be arranged in a particularly advantageous manner rigidly on the slide since connecting rod bearings are no longer required. In particular, the slide can also be arranged between two disks connected by the pins and optionally a shaft. The pins are guided in the carriage or its slots, as described above, the disks being able to be attached by means of the pins alone.

Falls die Welle ebenfalls als Verbindungsglied dienen soll, so wird vorgeschlagen, den Schlitten mit einem sich in Bewegungsrichtung erstreckenden axialen Durchbruch zu versehen, die gegenüber der Achse ein allseitiges Spiel beläßt.If the shaft is also to serve as a connecting link, it is proposed to provide the slide with an axial opening which extends in the direction of movement and which leaves play on all sides with respect to the axis.

Insbesondere sind dabei die Zapfen und gegebenenfalls der Mittelachse Schwungscheiben zugeordnet, die die Totpunkte mit Hilfe ihres Trägheitsmomentes überwinden.In particular, the pins and, if appropriate, the flywheel are assigned to the center axis, which overcome the dead centers with the aid of their moment of inertia.

Die unterschiedlichen erforderlichen Taktzeiten sind dabei unschwer durch eine um den gewünschten Winkel versetzte Anordnung der benachbarten Zapfen zu erreichen.The different required cycle times are easy to achieve by arranging the adjacent pins offset by the desired angle.

Der erfindungsgemäße Kreuzkurbeltrieb zeigt hinsichtlich der Kreuzschlittengeschwindigkeit und der Kreuzschlittenbeschleunigung einfache und damit beherrschbare Sinusverläufe gegenüber dem Schubkurbeltrieb. Darüber hinaus ist der Hub um über 40 % höher. Wegen der fehlenden Pendelbewegung der Pleuelstange treten damit verbundene störende Schwingungen nicht auf. Außerdem müssen keine Massenkräfte höherer Ordnung berücksichtigt werden, welche beim Schubkurbeltrieb für Resonanzerscheinungen im höheren Drehzahlbereich verantwortlich sind, woraus sich ein besseres Schwingungsverhalten herleitet. Höher harmonische Anteile entfallen somit, was die Laufruhe des Getriebes begünstigt.The cross-crank drive according to the invention shows simple and thus controllable sine curves with respect to the cross-slide speed with respect to the cross-slide speed and the cross-slide acceleration. In addition, the stroke is over 40% higher. Because of the missing pendulum movement of the connecting rod, there are no disturbing vibrations. In addition, no higher order mass forces have to be taken into account, which are responsible for resonance phenomena in the higher speed range in the thrust crank mechanism, from which a better vibration behavior is derived. Higher harmonic components are therefore eliminated, which favors the smooth running of the transmission.

Die Schlittengeschwindigkeit v folgt dabei nachstehender Gesetzmäßigkeit:

v = dh dt = Rω[cos(ωt) - sin(ωt)]

Figure imgb0001


mit h = Hub, R = Zapfenabstand vom Mittelpunkt der Schwunglinie und ω = Winkelgeschwindigkeit, woraus sich für die Beschleunigung in Ableitung der Geschwindigkeit nach der Zeit herleitet

b = dv dt = -Rω²[ sin(ωt) + cos(ωt) ]
Figure imgb0002


Für den R in eindimensionaler Richtung Verlangernden Weg des Getriebes, den Hub h gilt dabei h = R· (sinφ + cosφ -1), wobei φ den Verdrehwinkel des Schwungrades darstellt.The carriage speed v follows the following regularity:

v = ie German = Rω [cos (ωt) - sin (ωt)]
Figure imgb0001


with h = stroke, R = pin distance from the center of the swing line and ω = angular velocity, from which the acceleration is derived from the speed over time

b = dv German = -Rω² [sin (ωt) + cos (ωt)]
Figure imgb0002


For the path of the transmission which lengthens R in a one-dimensional direction, the stroke h applies h = R · (sinφ + cosφ -1), where φ represents the angle of rotation of the flywheel.

Der mechanische Wirkungsgrad dieses Getriebes liegt etwa bei 92 bis 96 %, bei guter Schmierung und Wälzlagerung.The mechanical efficiency of this gearbox is around 92 to 96%, with good lubrication and roller bearings.

Für Massenkräfte und Schwingungen gilt weiterhin hinsichtlich der Massenkraft FT

F T =-√2 m · Rω 2 [cos( Π 4 -ωt]

Figure imgb0003


wobei m = Masse des Schlittens und ω = Winkelgeschwindigkeit der Schwungscheibe ist. Die Kraft FT ändert sich dabei lediglich hinsichtlich des Vorzeichens.For mass forces and vibrations, the mass force F T still applies

F T = -√2 mRω 2nd [cos ( Π 4th -ωt]
Figure imgb0003


where m = mass of the slide and ω = angular velocity of the flywheel. The force F T changes only with regard to the sign.

Nach Vorstehendem ergibt sich eine besondere mechanische Eignung zum Einsatz in Motoren mit einer Vorverdichtung auf der Kolbenunterseite. Grundsätzlich ist dabei der Kolben starr über eine Schubstange mit dem Schlitten verbunden. Kolben und Zylinder einerseits und Schlittentrieb andererseits können räumlich voneinander getrennt und kinematisch durch die Schubstange verbunden sein. Daraus leitet sich ein besonders einfacher Aufbau derartiger Motore her. Die Durchführung der Schubstange durch den Zylinderabschluß und das Getriebegehäuse sind einfache Gleitdichtungen, Zylinder und Getriebe bilden somit getrennte Einheiten, die auch getrennt gewartet werden können.According to the above, there is a particular mechanical suitability for use in engines with a pre-compression on the underside of the piston. Basically, the piston is rigidly connected to the slide via a push rod. The piston and cylinder on the one hand and the slide drive on the other hand can be spatially separated from one another and kinematically connected by the push rod. A particularly simple construction of such motors can be derived from this. The passage of the push rod through the cylinder cover and the gear housing are simple sliding seals, the cylinder and gear thus form separate units that can also be serviced separately.

Der Wegfall der herkömmlich in der Regel verwendeten Kurbelwelle läßt die ausgesprochen einfache Herstellung von Motoren und dergleichen zu, was für kleinere Werkstätten ohne Spezialwerkzeuge von besonderer Bedeutung ist.The elimination of the crankshaft that is usually used conventionally allows the extremely simple manufacture of engines and the like, which is of particular importance for smaller workshops without special tools.

Zudem kann ein erfindungsgemäß hergestellter Motor hinsichtlich der Verdichtung in weiten Grenzen geregelt werden. Da die Zylinderkolbeneinheit und das Getriebe nicht von einem gemeinsamen Gehäuse umgeben sein müssen, kann die Verstellung der Schubstangenlänge z.B. mit Hilfe von Gewindestange und Kontermuttern unschwer von außen, ohne Öffnung eines Gehäuses, vorgenommen werden.In addition, an engine manufactured according to the invention can be regulated within wide limits with regard to compression. Since the cylinder-piston unit and the gearbox do not have to be surrounded by a common housing, the adjustment of the push rod length can be carried out easily from the outside, for example with the aid of a threaded rod and lock nuts, without opening a housing.

Anhand der beiliegenden Figuren wird die vorliegende Erfindung beispielhaft erläutert.

  • Fig. 1 bis 8 zeigen den Bewegungsablauf der Kinematik.
  • Fig. 9 zeigt die Schlittenführung.
  • Fig. 10 zeigt eine Seitenansicht der Schlittenführung.
  • Fig. 11 zeigt einen Zweitakt-Boxermotor
  • Fig. 12 zeigt einen Viertakt-Boxermotor.
The present invention is explained by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures.
  • 1 to 8 show the motion sequence of the kinematics.
  • Fig. 9 shows the slide guide.
  • 10 shows a side view of the slide guide.
  • 11 shows a two-stroke boxer engine
  • Fig. 12 shows a four-stroke boxer engine.

Die Figuren 1 bis 10 dienen dabei lediglich der Erläuterung des Erfindungsgegenstandes.Figures 1 to 10 serve only to explain the subject of the invention.

In Fig. 1-8 sind die Positionen der Zapfen 5 und 6 in Abständen von je 45° bei Rotation um die Achse 4 gezeigt. Die Großbuchstaben A bis D zeigen die Endstellungen der Zapfen 5 und 6 in den senkrecht zueinander angeordneten Schlitzen 11, 11', 12 und 12'. Die senkrechte strichlierte Linie deutet dabei an, daß die Achse 4 jeweils ortsfest verbleibt, der Hilfskreis 16 zeigt die Kreisbahn der Zapfen 5 und 6.In Fig. 1-8 the positions of the pins 5 and 6 are shown at intervals of 45 ° with rotation about the axis 4. The capital letters A to D show the end positions of the pins 5 and 6 in the slots 11, 11 ', 12 and 12' arranged perpendicular to each other. The vertical dashed line indicates that the axis 4 remains stationary in each case, the auxiliary circle 16 shows the circular path of the pins 5 and 6.

Die Schlitze 11, 11',12 und 12' sind Bestandteil eines Schlittens (Fig. 9), deren Bewegungsrichtung, wie durch den oberen Pfeil angedeutet, bei Rechtslauf der Zapfen 5, 6 um die Achse 4 bis zur Winkelstellung 180° (Fig. 5) nach rechts verläuft und sich bis 360° umkehrt, wobei in Fig. 8 die Stellung bei 315° gezeigt ist.The slots 11, 11 ', 12 and 12' are part of a carriage (FIG. 9), the direction of movement of which, as indicated by the upper arrow, when the pins 5, 6 run clockwise about the axis 4 up to the angular position 180 ° (FIG. 5) runs to the right and reverses up to 360 °, the position at 315 ° being shown in FIG. 8.

Wie die Fig. 1-8 deutlich zeigen, bleibt beim Durchgang durch die Öffnung des Schlitzekreuzes der jeweils andere Zapfen im Eingriff mit diesen, wie in Fig. 2, Fig. 4, Fig. 6 und Fig. 8 gezeigt ist.As clearly shown in FIGS. 1-8, when passing through the opening of the slot cross, the respective other pin remains in engagement with it, as shown in FIGS. 2, 4, 6 and 8.

Zur Ermöglichung der Relativbewegung ist der Flankenabstand geringfügig größer auszulegen als der Zapfendurchmesser, oder falls auf ihm ein Drehlager angeordnet werden soll, als dessen Durchmesser. Das gleiche gilt notwendigerweise für die bei den Positionen A,B,C,D befindlichen Halbschalen 13.To enable the relative movement, the flank spacing is to be designed slightly larger than the pin diameter or, if a pivot bearing is to be arranged on it, as its diameter. The same necessarily applies to the half-shells 13 located at positions A, B, C, D.

In den Fig. 1-8 ist gleichzeitig angedeutet, daß die Welle 4 mit ihrer Drehachse, um die sich die Zapfen 5,6 drehen, durch den Schlitten bzw. dessen Schlitze hindurchgehen kann, da sich diese längs der Mittelachse (Fig. 9, Pos. 14) des Schlittens relativ verlagert.In FIGS. 1-8 it is also indicated that the shaft 4 with its axis of rotation, about which the pins 5, 6 rotate, can pass through the slide or its slots, since this extends along the central axis (FIG. 9, Pos. 14) of the slide relatively relocated.

Bei dieser Anordnung ist der mittlere Freiraum, durch den die Zapfen 5,6 verlaufen, vergrößert dargestellt, da auch für die Welle 4 ein größerer Radius angenommen wird.In this arrangement, the mean free space through which the pins 5, 6 run is shown enlarged, since a larger radius is also assumed for the shaft 4.

Selbst in diesem angenommen ungünstigen Falle ist ein ruhiger Bewegungsablauf gewährleistet, da ständig ein Zapfen an den Schlitzflanken anliegt und den Schlitten kontinuierlich antreibt.Even in this assumed unfavorable case, a smooth sequence of movements is ensured, since a pin is constantly in contact with the slot flanks and drives the slide continuously.

Fig. 1 und Fig. 5 stellen gegenüberliegende Totpunkte des Schlittens dar. Sollte der Schlitten z.B. von Kolben angetrieben werden, so ist der Welle 4 und den Zapfen 5,6 zur Überwindung der Totpunkte eine Schwungscheibe zuzuordnen, oder diese sind auf einer solchen anzubringen.Fig. 1 and Fig. 5 represent opposite dead centers of the sled. If the sled e.g. are driven by pistons, the shaft 4 and the pins 5, 6 are assigned a flywheel to overcome the dead centers, or these are to be attached to such.

Fig. 9 zeigt die Anordnung der Schlitze 11,11',12,12' in einem Schlitten 1, an dem axiale Schubstangen 7 angeordnet sind. Die Führung des Schlittens erfolgt hier mit Hilfe der Kulissen 9 und 10. Es sind andere Führungen möglich.9 shows the arrangement of the slots 11, 11 ', 12, 12' in a slide 1 on which axial push rods 7 are arranged. The carriage is guided here with the aid of the scenes 9 and 10. Other guides are possible.

Die Schlittenbewegung verläuft längs der Hilfsmittellinie 14, so daß auch die Schubstangen sich lediglich linear hin- und herbewegen und die Kraftübertragung auf ein damit in Wechselwirkung stehendes Element, z.B. ein Kolben, unter Beibehaltung der Vektorrichtung und Anderung lediglich seines Vorzeichens erfolgt.The slide movement runs along the auxiliary line 14, so that the push rods also only move back and forth linearly and the force is transmitted to an interacting element, for example a piston, while maintaining the vector direction and changing only its sign.

Den Zapfen 5,6 und der Welle 4 sind zwei Scheiben 2,3 zugeordnet, die als Schwungscheiben ausgelegt sein können. Die Welle 4 durchdringt in dieser Darstellung den Schlitten und läuft berührungslos im Durchbruch 15.The pins 5, 6 and the shaft 4 are assigned two disks 2, 3, which can be designed as flywheels. In this illustration, the shaft 4 penetrates the slide and runs in the opening 15 without contact.

Die Zapfen 5,6 gehen durch den Schlitten 1 und die Scheiben 2,3 sind beidseitig des Schlittens angeordnet.The pins 5, 6 go through the carriage 1 and the disks 2, 3 are arranged on both sides of the carriage.

Grundsätzlich kann auf die Welle 4 verzichtet werden, da zwei gegenüberliegende Schwungscheiben auch lediglich durch die Zapfen 5,6 miteinander verbunden sein können.In principle, the shaft 4 can be dispensed with, since two opposite flywheels can only be connected to one another by the pins 5, 6.

Schlitten, Schlittenführung sowie Scheiben, Welle und Zapfen können in einem abgeschlossenen Ölbad laufen, die Durchführung der Schubstangen durch ein entsprechend gedichtetes Gehäuse bietet keine Schwierigkeiten, da deren Bewegung lediglich linear ist.The slide, slide guide, disks, shaft and pin can run in a sealed oil bath, and the push rods can be passed through an appropriately sealed housing, as their movement is only linear.

Fig. 10 zeigt die Schlittenführung der Fig. 9 in Seitenansicht (um 90° gekippt), wobei die Schubstange (7 oder 8) aus der Zeichenebene heraustritt. Der Schlitten 1 ist in den Schienen 9,10 geführt. Beidseitig sind Scheiben 2,3 angeordnet, die durch die Zapfen 5,6 und die Welle 4 miteinander verbunden sind.FIG. 10 shows the slide guide of FIG. 9 in a side view (tilted by 90 °), the push rod (7 or 8) emerging from the plane of the drawing. The carriage 1 is guided in the rails 9, 10. Disks 2, 3 are arranged on both sides and are connected to one another by the pins 5, 6 and the shaft 4.

Fig. 11 zeigt als Anwendungsbeispiel einen einfach aufgebauten Verbrennungsmotor, einen Zweitakt-Boxermotor, bei dem die Kolben 17 von den Schubstangen 7 angetrieben werden. Die Schubstangen 7 sind starr zwischen den Kolben 17 und dem Schlitten 1 angeordnet.11 shows, as an application example, a simply constructed internal combustion engine, a two-stroke boxer engine, in which the pistons 17 are driven by the push rods 7. The push rods 7 are rigidly arranged between the piston 17 and the slide 1.

Das Zylindergehäuse 19 ist vom Schlitten 1 bzw. dem Getriebe mit den Zapfen 5,6 und den Schlitzen 11,12 räumlich getrennt und weist eigene Dichtungen 20 auf. Die Schubstange 7 kann weiterhin längenveränderlich ausgebildet sein, beispielsweise über ein am Schlitten befindliches Innengewinde, in das ein entsprechendes Außengewinde der Schubstange eingreift. Der Kolben 17 kann zusammen mit der Schubstange somit nach Stillstand der Maschine in den Schlitten hineingeschraubt werden, um die Verdichtung zu senken und umgekehrt diese zu erhöhen. Dazu kann zur Kontrolle auf der Schubstange 7 eine Skala zur Kontrolle angebracht sein. Der Motor läßt sich daher an wechselnde Brennstoffe anpassen.The cylinder housing 19 is spatially separated from the slide 1 or the gear with the pins 5, 6 and the slots 11, 12 and has its own seals 20. The push rod 7 can also be designed to be variable in length, for example via an internal thread on the slide, into which a corresponding external thread of the push rod engages. The piston 17 together with the push rod can thus be screwed into the slide after the machine has come to a standstill in order to reduce the compression and vice versa to increase it. For this purpose, a scale can be attached to the push rod 7 for checking purposes. The engine can therefore be adapted to changing fuels.

Im übrigen ist der bekannte Zweitaktmotor prinzipiell dargestellt, wobei mit 21 die Einlaßventile und mit 22 die Auslaßventile angedeutet sind.For the rest, the known two-stroke engine is shown in principle, with 21 the intake valves and 22 the exhaust valves.

Fig. 12 zeigt schematisch einen Viertakt-Boxermotor, für den das zu Fig. 11 Gesagte weitgehend ebenfalls gilt.FIG. 12 schematically shows a four-stroke boxer engine, for which what has been said about FIG. 11 also largely applies.

Da beim Viertaktmotor eine Vorverdichtung 25 zwischengeschaltet ist, weist dieser zusätzliche Ventile 26 auf. Mit 23 ist die Einspritzung und mit 24 die Zündung angedeutet.Since a precompression 25 is interposed in the four-stroke engine, it has additional valves 26. The injection is indicated at 23 and the ignition at 24.

Die vorliegende Erfindung ist natürlich nicht auf eine Boxeranordnung beschränkt, vielmehr können die Zapfen 5,6 zwischen den Scheibenpaaren in beliebigen Winkeln zueinander angeordnet sein, so daß auch Stern, V- und Reihenmotoren ohne weiteres in gleich einfacher Weise gebaut werden können.The present invention is of course not limited to a boxer arrangement, rather the pins 5, 6 can be arranged between the pairs of disks at any angle to one another, so that star, V and in-line engines can also be easily constructed in the same simple manner.

Die Pfeile deuten wie in Fig. 11 die Fließrichtung der Gase an.As in FIG. 11, the arrows indicate the direction of flow of the gases.

Der besondere Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen Motoren liegt, wie schon erwähnt, einmal in der erstmals möglichen Trennung der Zylinder/Kolben-Einheit vom Getriebe, sowie der kippfreien, starren Verbindung zwischen Kolben und Schubstange sowie andererseits dem Fehlen einer nur aufwendig herstellbaren Kurbelwelle, die erfindungsgemäß ersetzt wird aus je nach Zahl der Zylinderreihen entsprechende (Schwung) Scheibenpaare mit zwischen diesen in den nötigen Winkeln zueinander versetzten Zapfenpaaren, wobei z.B. aus Festigkeitsgründen auch eine zentrale durchgehende Welle 4 vorhanden sein kann.The particular advantage of the engines according to the invention, as already mentioned, is the separation of the cylinder / piston unit from the transmission, the tilt-free, rigid connection between the piston and the push rod, and the lack of a crankshaft that can only be produced with great effort and which replaces the invention Depending on the number of cylinder rows, corresponding (swing) disk pairs with pin pairs offset between them at the required angles, whereby, for example a central continuous shaft 4 can also be present for reasons of strength.

Claims (7)

  1. Motor consisting of at least one cylinder with a compression chamber lying above the piston (17), as well as a pre-compression chamber (25) lying below the piston, whereby the piston (17) is moved with linear movement by a driving rod (7) and the driving rod is sealed off against the drive setting the driving rod in linear movement, characterised in that the drive is a cross-crank mechanism with a crank (2), rotatable in a frame, which, in operation, engages with pins (5, 6) in slots (11, 12) of a slide (1) which is guided in connecting members (9, 10), whereby the crank has two pins (5, 6) arranged at an angle of 90° to the axis of rotation of the crank, that the slide (1) has two slots (11, 12), crossing at an angle of 90°, each of which runs at an angle of 45° to the driving direction of the slide (1) and that, in operation, in the first slot (11) is guided the first pin (6) and in the second slot (12) the second pin (5).
  2. Motor according to claim 1, characterised in that the pins (5, 6) of the cross-crank mechanism have pivot bearings and are interlocked with the slots (11, 12).
  3. Motor according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the pins (5, 6) of the cross-crank mechanism are arranged between two plates (2, 3).
  4. Motor according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that pins (5, 6) and possibly shaft (4) are associated with distanced pairs of oscillation plates (2, 3) which pass through slides (1) present between them, whereby the neighbouring pins are arranged angularly offset to one another.
  5. Motor according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the driving rods (7) of the cross-crank mechanism are longitudinally adjustable.
  6. Motor according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the cross-crank mechanism has a stroke h = R [sin( φ t) + cos ( φ t) - 1] elongating the pin distance R from the rotation middle point.
  7. Motor according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the stroke of the cross-crank mechanism is adjustable by adjustment of the pin distance from the rotation middle point.
EP88201713A 1987-07-20 1988-07-19 Motor with cross-crank mechanism Expired - Lifetime EP0307020B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88201713T ATE77455T1 (en) 1987-07-20 1988-07-19 CROSS-CRANK ENGINE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3723929A DE3723929C1 (en) 1987-07-20 1987-07-20 Cross-slide crank drive
DE3723929 1987-07-20

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0307020A1 EP0307020A1 (en) 1989-03-15
EP0307020B1 true EP0307020B1 (en) 1992-06-17

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EP88201713A Expired - Lifetime EP0307020B1 (en) 1987-07-20 1988-07-19 Motor with cross-crank mechanism
EP88907076A Pending EP0368923A1 (en) 1987-07-20 1988-07-19 Cross-shaped crank mechanism

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EP88907076A Pending EP0368923A1 (en) 1987-07-20 1988-07-19 Cross-shaped crank mechanism

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CN (1) CN1036444A (en)
AT (1) ATE77455T1 (en)
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DE4138210A1 (en) * 1991-11-21 1992-04-23 Anton Schad Crank slide pin drive gear for converting to and fro motion - has parallelogram channel guide in steep plane
WO1998027364A1 (en) * 1996-12-17 1998-06-25 Jaroslav Fedor 'butterfly converter' for interconverting reciprocating and rotary motions
CN1555465A (en) * 2001-08-24 2004-12-15 肯德尔・利・斯潘格勒 Crankshaft with continuous main journal and corresponding connecting structure
DE10347265B4 (en) * 2002-11-05 2014-01-30 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Roll stabilizer for the chassis of a motor vehicle
CN101846166B (en) * 2010-04-19 2014-06-25 靳北彪 High-efficiency crank connecting rod mechanism
DE102013010401A1 (en) * 2013-06-21 2014-12-24 Gösta Ernst cam gear
CN112025911B (en) * 2020-09-25 2022-09-30 张家港盛港非金属材料科技有限公司 Pretreatment device and pretreatment method before plate compounding
CN113602489B (en) * 2021-10-11 2021-12-07 中国空气动力研究与发展中心低速空气动力研究所 Active control trailing edge winglet device for backflow stall of rotor blade with large advancing ratio

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE409919C (en) * 1923-06-26 1925-02-16 Gottfried Hillekum Two-stroke internal combustion engine with two opposing cylinders
DE727756C (en) * 1940-10-10 1942-11-11 Alexander Thusius Mixture compressing two-stroke internal combustion engine
DE920758C (en) * 1951-12-21 1954-11-29 Heinz Boerner Two-stroke internal combustion engine

Family Cites Families (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE336956C (en) * 1918-12-18 1921-05-20 Weingarten Vorm Hch Schatz A G Thrust gear
US1369445A (en) * 1920-03-22 1921-02-22 Kruse Charles Mechanical movement
DE494867C (en) * 1928-08-30 1930-03-28 Paul Marchetti Gear that converts a reciprocating motion into a rotating one

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE409919C (en) * 1923-06-26 1925-02-16 Gottfried Hillekum Two-stroke internal combustion engine with two opposing cylinders
DE727756C (en) * 1940-10-10 1942-11-11 Alexander Thusius Mixture compressing two-stroke internal combustion engine
DE920758C (en) * 1951-12-21 1954-11-29 Heinz Boerner Two-stroke internal combustion engine

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DE3723929C1 (en) 1989-01-19
EP0307020A1 (en) 1989-03-15
WO1989000652A1 (en) 1989-01-26
EP0368923A1 (en) 1990-05-23
ES2013795A6 (en) 1990-06-01
AU2139288A (en) 1989-02-13
CN1036444A (en) 1989-10-18
PL273789A1 (en) 1989-03-06
IL87012A0 (en) 1988-12-30
DE3872119D1 (en) 1992-07-23
HUT62989A (en) 1993-06-28
ATE77455T1 (en) 1992-07-15
JPH02504546A (en) 1990-12-20

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