EP0290311B1 - Sintered composite material for electrical contacts, and contact discs using said material - Google Patents
Sintered composite material for electrical contacts, and contact discs using said material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0290311B1 EP0290311B1 EP88400987A EP88400987A EP0290311B1 EP 0290311 B1 EP0290311 B1 EP 0290311B1 EP 88400987 A EP88400987 A EP 88400987A EP 88400987 A EP88400987 A EP 88400987A EP 0290311 B1 EP0290311 B1 EP 0290311B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- material according
- graphite
- composite material
- nickel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Revoked
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H1/021—Composite material
- H01H1/025—Composite material having copper as the basic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H1/021—Composite material
- H01H1/027—Composite material containing carbon particles or fibres
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
- Y10T428/1291—Next to Co-, Cu-, or Ni-base component
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sintered composite electrical contact material based on copper.
- the subject of the present invention is a cheaper contact material than conventional materials which nevertheless have good characteristics with regard to electrical and thermal conductivity, high resistance to oxidation and erosion, low contact resistance and a low tendency to weld.
- the material according to the invention is characterized in that it consists of 80 to 95% by weight of copper, 2 to 15% by weight of nickel and 2 to 5% by weight of graphite.
- This copper-based material containing graphite and nickel particles, is cheaper than silver and has good electrical and thermal characteristics.
- Copper is used mainly because of its low cost and its good electrical and thermal conductivity.
- Graphite forms with copper a composite material with low mechanical resistance, which minimizes the welding forces.
- graphite combines with oxygen, air or material, to form carbon dioxide, thus limiting the formation of copper oxide.
- it is necessary to limit the graphite content of the material to avoid excessive erosion of the material. this in the presence of an electric arc.
- nickel it contributes, when cold, to reducing the oxidation rate of copper and it forms with copper an alloy having good mechanical resistance. The introduction of nickel makes it possible to achieve a very acceptable compromise between a low contact resistance, therefore a slight heating, moderate erosion and a minimum risk of welding.
- the copper-nickel alloy has a higher resistivity than that of copper, the nickel content cannot exceed a certain value.
- the material according to the invention is produced by the technique of powder metallurgy.
- the powders used are preferably selected from the point of view of their particle size and their purity, metallic or gaseous.
- copper powder of spongy shape is used, with an average diameter of less than 24 ⁇ m, having an oxygen content of less than 2000 ppm and a purity of 99.5% in metallic elements.
- graphite powder in the form of a film is preferably used, the elements of which are approximately 100 ⁇ m long and approximately 20 ⁇ m thick, and the ash content of which is less than 0.2 ppm.
- the purity of the graphite improves the properties of the material.
- the nickel powder used is spheroid in shape and has an average diameter of less than 5 ⁇ m.
- the selected powder mixture is homogenized in conventional kneaders for approximately 4 hours, then it is put into the form of pellets by unit compression, under a pressure of between 1 and 5 t / cm 2.
- the pellets are then sintered in ovens with controlled atmosphere containing from 3 to 100% of hydrogen, from 0 to 5% of carbon dioxide and from 0 to 92% of nitrogen, for durations going from 30 mn to 2h according to the size of the pieces.
- the sintering temperature can vary from 970 ° C to 1030 ° C.
- an electrical contact pad can be formed by the composite material in the manner described above.
- this material can be used to form a contact pad consisting of two superimposed layers.
- the first layer the thickness of which is between 0.1 and 0.5 mm, essentially contains copper
- the second layer consists of the composite copper - nickel - graphite material described above.
- the presence of a first layer of copper makes it possible to make the contact pad brazable on conductive copper supports with a filling coefficient of between 70 and 90%.
- the two layers are then compressed simultaneously to form the contact pad which is then sintered, recompressed and annealed in the manner already described.
- This mixture is compressed, with a first copper layer, under a pressure of approximately 4 t / cm 2 for 20 s and the pellets are placed in an oven containing 100% hydrogen for approximately 1 hour at 1000 ° C. Then the material is recompressed under a pressure of approximately 10 t / cm 2 for 20 s.
- the material thus obtained was tested in electrical endurance on a test machine carrying out 5000 openings under 100A (220V). Two electrical contacts each made of the material thus obtained were arranged opposite. The average contact resistance was 1.3 m ⁇ , the total erosion of the two contacts was 160 mg. The oxygen content within the material was approximately 140 ppm.
- the average resistance was 0.92 m ⁇ , the total erosion of two contacts of 230 mg.
- This mixture is compressed, with a first layer of copper, under a pressure of approximately 4 t / cm 2 for 20 s and the pellets in an oven containing hydrogenated nitrogen (3% hydrogen, 5% carbon dioxide, 92% nitrogen) for about 45 min at 980 ° C. Then it is recompressed under a pressure of approximately 10 t / cm 2 for 20 s.
- the contact pads using the composite material according to the invention can be used in all low voltage devices, circuit breakers, contactors and switches.
Description
La présente invention concerne un matériau de contact electrique composite fritté à base de cuivre.The present invention relates to a sintered composite electrical contact material based on copper.
Les matériaux de contacts classiques utilisés aujourd'hui dans les appareils basse tension, disjoncteurs, contacteurs ou interrupteurs, contiennent de 60 à 95 % d'argent afin d'obtenir les performances demandées. Or l'argent est un matériau coûteux.The conventional contact materials used today in low voltage devices, circuit breakers, contactors or switches, contain 60 to 95% silver in order to obtain the required performance. Silver is an expensive material.
La présente invention a pour objet un matériau de contact meilleur marché que les matériaux classiques présentant néanmoins de bonnes caractéristiques en ce qui concerne la conductivité électrique et thermique, une grande résistance à l'oxydation et à l'érosion, une faible résistance de contact et une faible tendance au soudage.The subject of the present invention is a cheaper contact material than conventional materials which nevertheless have good characteristics with regard to electrical and thermal conductivity, high resistance to oxidation and erosion, low contact resistance and a low tendency to weld.
Le matériau selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste en 80 à 95 % en poids de cuivre, 2 à 15 % en poids de nickel et 2 à 5 % en poids de graphite.The material according to the invention is characterized in that it consists of 80 to 95% by weight of copper, 2 to 15% by weight of nickel and 2 to 5% by weight of graphite.
Ce matériau à base de cuivre, contenant des particules de graphite et de nickel, est meilleur marché que l'argent et présente de bonnes caractéristiques électriques et thermiques.This copper-based material, containing graphite and nickel particles, is cheaper than silver and has good electrical and thermal characteristics.
Le cuivre est utilisé essentiellement en raison de son faible coût et de sa bonne conductivité électrique et thermique.Copper is used mainly because of its low cost and its good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Le graphite forme avec le cuivre une matière composite possédant une faible résistance mécanique, ce qui permet de minimiser les forces de soudage. De plus, en présence d'arc le graphite se combine avec l'oxygène, de l'air ou du matériau, pour former du dioxyde de carbone, limitant ainsi la formation d'oxyde de cuivre. Il est néanmoins nécessaire de limiter la teneur en graphite du matériau pour éviter une érosion trop importante de celui-ci en présence d'un arc électrique.
Quant au nickel il contribue, à froid, à réduire la vitesse d'oxydation du cuivre et il forme avec le cuivre un alliage possédant une bonne résistance mécanique. L'introduction de nickel permet d'atteindre un compromis très acceptable entre une faible résistance de contact, donc un échauffement peu important, une érosion modérée et un risque de soudage minimum. Cependant, l'alliage cuivre-nickel ayant une résistivité plus élévée que celle du cuivre, la teneur en nickel ne peut excéder une certaine valeur.Graphite forms with copper a composite material with low mechanical resistance, which minimizes the welding forces. In addition, in the presence of an arc graphite combines with oxygen, air or material, to form carbon dioxide, thus limiting the formation of copper oxide. However, it is necessary to limit the graphite content of the material to avoid excessive erosion of the material. this in the presence of an electric arc.
As for nickel, it contributes, when cold, to reducing the oxidation rate of copper and it forms with copper an alloy having good mechanical resistance. The introduction of nickel makes it possible to achieve a very acceptable compromise between a low contact resistance, therefore a slight heating, moderate erosion and a minimum risk of welding. However, since the copper-nickel alloy has a higher resistivity than that of copper, the nickel content cannot exceed a certain value.
Le matériau selon l'invention est élaboré par la technique de la métallurgie des poudres. Les poudres utilisées sont de préférence sélectionnées du point de vue de leur granulométrie et de leur pureté, métallique ou gazeuse.The material according to the invention is produced by the technique of powder metallurgy. The powders used are preferably selected from the point of view of their particle size and their purity, metallic or gaseous.
On utilise de préférence de la poudre de cuivre de forme spongieuse, de diamètre moyen inférieur à 24 µm, ayant une teneur en oxygène inférieure à 2000 ppm et une pureté de 99,5 % en éléments métalliques.Preferably, copper powder of spongy shape is used, with an average diameter of less than 24 μm, having an oxygen content of less than 2000 ppm and a purity of 99.5% in metallic elements.
En ce qui concerne le graphite on utilise de préférence de la poudre de graphite de forme pelliculaire dont les éléments ont environ 100 µm de long et environ 20 µm d'épaisseur, et dont le taux de cendres est inférieur à 0,2 ppm. La pureté du graphite permet d'améliorer les propriétés du matériau. La poudre de nickel utilisée est de forme sphéroïde et de diamètre moyen inférieur à 5 µm.As regards graphite, graphite powder in the form of a film is preferably used, the elements of which are approximately 100 μm long and approximately 20 μm thick, and the ash content of which is less than 0.2 ppm. The purity of the graphite improves the properties of the material. The nickel powder used is spheroid in shape and has an average diameter of less than 5 μm.
Le mélange de poudres sélectionné est homogénéisé dans des malaxeurs classiques pendant environ 4h, puis il est mis sous forme de pastilles par compression unitaire, sous une pression comprise entre 1 et 5 t/cm2. Les pastilles sont ensuite frittées dans des fours à atmosphère contrôlée contenant de 3 à 100 % d'hydrogène, de 0 à 5 % de gaz carbonique et de 0 à 92 % d'azote, pendant des durées allant de 30 mn à 2h suivant la taille des pièces. La température de frittage peut varier de 970°C à 1030°C.The selected powder mixture is homogenized in conventional kneaders for approximately 4 hours, then it is put into the form of pellets by unit compression, under a pressure of between 1 and 5 t / cm 2. The pellets are then sintered in ovens with controlled atmosphere containing from 3 to 100% of hydrogen, from 0 to 5% of carbon dioxide and from 0 to 92% of nitrogen, for durations going from 30 mn to 2h according to the size of the pieces. The sintering temperature can vary from 970 ° C to 1030 ° C.
Afin de réduire le taux de porosité, une recompression est appliquée sur le matériau, suivie d'un recuit éliminant les contraintes résiduelles. Toutes ces opérations doivent être exécutées de manière à minimiser le taux d'oxygène inclus dans le matériau, évitant ainsi la formation excessive d'oxyde de cuivre sous l'arc électrique.In order to reduce the porosity rate, recompression is applied to the material, followed by annealing eliminating residual stresses. All these operations must be carried out in such a way as to minimize the rate of oxygen included in the material, thus avoiding excessive formation of copper oxide under the electric arc.
Selon l'invention une pastille de contact électrique peut être constituée par le matériau composite de la manière décrite ci-dessus.According to the invention an electrical contact pad can be formed by the composite material in the manner described above.
Selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, ce matériau peut être utilisé pour former une pastille de contact constituée de deux couches superposées. La première couche, dont l'épaisseur est comprise entre 0,1 et 0,5 mm, contient essentiellement du cuivre, tandis que la seconde couche est constituée du matériau composite cuivre - nickel - graphite décrit ci-dessus. La présence d'une première couche en cuivre permet de rendre la pastille de contact brasable sur des supports conducteurs en cuivre avec un coefficient de remplissage compris entre 70 et 90 %. Les deux couches sont alors comprimées simultanément pour former la pastille de contact qui est ensuite frittée, recomprimée et recuite de la manière déjà décrite.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, this material can be used to form a contact pad consisting of two superimposed layers. The first layer, the thickness of which is between 0.1 and 0.5 mm, essentially contains copper, while the second layer consists of the composite copper - nickel - graphite material described above. The presence of a first layer of copper makes it possible to make the contact pad brazable on conductive copper supports with a filling coefficient of between 70 and 90%. The two layers are then compressed simultaneously to form the contact pad which is then sintered, recompressed and annealed in the manner already described.
Pour une meilleure compréhension de l'invention, celle-ci est illustrée par les exemples suivants, donnés à titres d'exemples de réalisation concrets, nullement limitatifs.For a better understanding of the invention, it is illustrated by the following examples, given as examples of concrete embodiments, in no way limiting.
On utilise pour former la deuxième couche un mélange de poudres ayant la composition suivante :
- cuivre :
- 81 %
- nickel :
- 15 %
- graphite :
- 4 %
- copper:
- 81%
- nickel:
- 15%
- graphite:
- 4%
On comprime ce mélange, avec une première couche en cuivre, sous une pression d'environ 4t/cm2 pendant 20 s et on place les pastilles dans un four contenant 100 % d'hydrogène pendant environ 1h à 1000°C. Puis on recomprime le matériau sous une pression d'environ 10t/cm2 pendant 20 s.This mixture is compressed, with a first copper layer, under a pressure of approximately 4 t / cm 2 for 20 s and the pellets are placed in an oven containing 100% hydrogen for approximately 1 hour at 1000 ° C. Then the material is recompressed under a pressure of approximately 10 t / cm 2 for 20 s.
Le matériau ainsi obtenu a été testé en endurance électrique sur une machine d'essai réalisant 5000 ouvertures sous 100A (220V). Deux contacts électriques constitués chacun du matériau ainsi obtenu étaient disposés en vis à vis. La résistance de contact moyenne a été de 1,3 mΩ, l'érosion totale des deux contacts de 160 mg. La teneur en oxygène au sein du matériau était environ de 140 ppm.The material thus obtained was tested in electrical endurance on a test machine carrying out 5000 openings under 100A (220V). Two electrical contacts each made of the material thus obtained were arranged opposite. The average contact resistance was 1.3 mΩ, the total erosion of the two contacts was 160 mg. The oxygen content within the material was approximately 140 ppm.
On utilise dans les mêmes conditions, le mélange suivant pour former la deuxième couche :
- cuivre :
- 91 %
- nickel :
- 5 %
- graphite :
- 4 %
- copper:
- 91%
- nickel:
- 5%
- graphite:
- 4%
La résistance moyenne a été de 0,92 mΩ, l'érosion totale de deux contacts de 230 mg.The average resistance was 0.92 mΩ, the total erosion of two contacts of 230 mg.
On utilise pour former la deuxième couche un mélange de poudres ayant la composition suivante :
- cuivre :
- 91 %
- nickel :
- 5 %
- graphite :
- 4 %
- copper:
- 91%
- nickel:
- 5%
- graphite:
- 4%
On comprime ce mélange, avec une première couche de cuivre, sous une pression d'environ 4t/cm2 pendant 20 s et on place les pastilles dans un four contenant de l'azote hydrogéné (3 % d'hydrogène, 5 % de gaz carbonique, 92 % d'azote) pendant environ 45 mn à 980°C. Puis on le recomprime sous une pression d'environ 10t/cm2 pendant 20 s.This mixture is compressed, with a first layer of copper, under a pressure of approximately 4 t / cm 2 for 20 s and the pellets in an oven containing hydrogenated nitrogen (3% hydrogen, 5% carbon dioxide, 92% nitrogen) for about 45 min at 980 ° C. Then it is recompressed under a pressure of approximately 10 t / cm 2 for 20 s.
La matériau ainsi obtenu a été testé :
- en endurance électrique sur une machine d'essai réalisant 5000 ouvertures sous 100 A (220 V). Deux contacts électriques constitués chacun du matériau ainsi obtenu étaient disposés en vis à vis. La résistance de contact moyenne a été de 1,05 mΩ et l'érosion totale de 200 mg. La teneur en oxygène au sein du matériau était de 340 ppm.
- en soudabilité très basse tension sur un appareil 125 A. Les courants appliqués étaient de 3, 5, 7 kA pendant 10, 30, 50 ms. Le matériau n'a présenté qu'une tendance très faible au soudage.
- en endurance électrique sur des mini-disjoncteurs 16 A. Le résultat de l'essai s'est avéré satisfaisant.
- in electrical endurance on a testing machine carrying out 5000 openings at 100 A (220 V). Two electrical contacts each made of the material thus obtained were arranged opposite. The average contact resistance was 1.05 mΩ and the total erosion 200 mg. The oxygen content within the material was 340 ppm.
- in very low voltage solderability on a 125 A device. The currents applied were 3, 5, 7 kA for 10, 30, 50 ms. The material showed very little tendency to weld.
- in electrical endurance on 16 A mini-circuit breakers. The test result was satisfactory.
Les pastilles de contact utilisant le matériau composite selon l'invention sont utilisables dans tous les appareils basse tension, disjoncteurs, contacteurs et interrupteurs.The contact pads using the composite material according to the invention can be used in all low voltage devices, circuit breakers, contactors and switches.
Claims (6)
- A sintered copper-based composite material for electrical contacts, characterized in that it is constituted by 80 to 95 % weight of copper, 2 to 15 % weight of nickel and 2 to 5 % weight of graphite.
- The material according to claim 1, characterized in that it is obtained from copper powder of spongy form, with an average diameter of less than 24 µm, whose oxygen content is lower than 2000 ppm and whose purity in metallic elements is 99.5 %.
- The material according to anyone of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it is obtained from graphite powder of pellicular form whose elements are approximately 100 µm in length and 20 µm in thickness, and having an ash content of less than 0.2 ppm.
- The material according to anyone of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it is obtained from nickel powder of spheroid shape and with an average diameter of less than 5 µm.
- A contact pad characterized in that it is constituted by a composite material according to anyone of claims 1 to 4.
- A contact pad, characterized in that it comprises a first copper layer, whose thickness is comprised between 0.1 and 0.5 mm and a second layer made of the composite material according to anyone of claims 1 to 4, the two layers being compressed simultaneously.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8706286A FR2615046B1 (en) | 1987-05-04 | 1987-05-04 | SINTERED COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR ELECTRICAL CONTACT AND CONTACT PAD USING SAID MATERIAL |
| FR8706286 | 1987-05-04 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0290311A1 EP0290311A1 (en) | 1988-11-09 |
| EP0290311B1 true EP0290311B1 (en) | 1992-11-04 |
Family
ID=9350761
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88400987A Revoked EP0290311B1 (en) | 1987-05-04 | 1988-04-22 | Sintered composite material for electrical contacts, and contact discs using said material |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4919717A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0290311B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS63293132A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN88102580A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3875649D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2615046B1 (en) |
| IN (1) | IN171120B (en) |
| PT (1) | PT87395B (en) |
| TN (1) | TNSN88042A1 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU46107B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3838461A1 (en) * | 1988-11-12 | 1990-05-23 | Krebsoege Gmbh Sintermetall | POWDER METALLURGICAL MATERIAL BASED ON COPPER AND ITS USE |
| US5443615A (en) * | 1991-02-08 | 1995-08-22 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Molded ceramic articles |
| US5223790A (en) * | 1991-05-10 | 1993-06-29 | Metricom, Inc. | Current sensor using current transformer with sintered primary |
| CN1034451C (en) * | 1992-05-08 | 1997-04-02 | 金明君 | Brazed copper contact of switch |
| ES2142747B1 (en) * | 1998-03-05 | 2000-12-16 | Farga Lacambra S A | POLY-MICROALLOYED COPPER WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES SUPERIOR TO THOSE OF CONVENTIONAL COPPER BASE ALLOYS. |
| AUPP773998A0 (en) * | 1998-12-16 | 1999-01-21 | Public Transport Corporation of Victoria | Low resistivity materials with improved wear performance for electrical current transfer and methods for preparing same |
| ES2160473B1 (en) * | 1999-02-08 | 2002-06-16 | Farga Lacambra S A | MANUFACTURE OF COPPER MICROALEATIONS. |
| RU2716234C1 (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2020-03-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научно-технологический центр углеродных и композиционных материалов" | Method of making electric contact and composite electric contact |
| CN111575527A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-08-25 | 河北工业大学 | Preparation method of composite contact material for high-breaking low-voltage electric appliance |
| US11798751B2 (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2023-10-24 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Metal contact of a residential circuit breaker including ordered ceramic microparticles |
| CN115948672A (en) * | 2022-11-22 | 2023-04-11 | 宁波坤铜合金材料有限公司 | Copper/carbon composite material, preparation method thereof and application thereof in electric contact material |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1000651A (en) * | 1961-04-14 | 1965-08-11 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to metal powders |
| DE2057618A1 (en) * | 1970-11-24 | 1972-06-15 | Duerrwaechter E Dr Doduco | Metal-carbon composite and process for its manufacture |
| DE2408340A1 (en) * | 1973-02-26 | 1974-08-29 | Crown Controls Corp | VEHICLE WITH RETRACTABLE COVER |
| US4127700A (en) * | 1973-10-12 | 1978-11-28 | G. Rau | Metallic material with additives embedded therein and method for producing the same |
| DE3226648C2 (en) * | 1982-07-16 | 1984-12-06 | Dornier System Gmbh, 7990 Friedrichshafen | Heterogeneous tungsten alloy powder |
| FR2568417B1 (en) * | 1984-07-25 | 1986-11-28 | Lorraine Carbone | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTRICAL CONTACTS AND CONTACTS OBTAINED. |
| US4622269A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1986-11-11 | Gte Products Corporation | Electrical contact and process for making the same |
-
1987
- 1987-05-04 FR FR8706286A patent/FR2615046B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-04-22 EP EP88400987A patent/EP0290311B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1988-04-22 DE DE8888400987T patent/DE3875649D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-04-25 US US07/185,980 patent/US4919717A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-04-27 JP JP63105366A patent/JPS63293132A/en active Pending
- 1988-04-27 YU YU85188A patent/YU46107B/en unknown
- 1988-04-29 IN IN277/MAS/88A patent/IN171120B/en unknown
- 1988-05-02 TN TNTNSN88042A patent/TNSN88042A1/en unknown
- 1988-05-03 PT PT87395A patent/PT87395B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-05-03 CN CN198888102580A patent/CN88102580A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2615046A1 (en) | 1988-11-10 |
| US4919717A (en) | 1990-04-24 |
| PT87395A (en) | 1989-05-31 |
| FR2615046B1 (en) | 1992-12-31 |
| EP0290311A1 (en) | 1988-11-09 |
| TNSN88042A1 (en) | 1990-07-10 |
| YU85188A (en) | 1990-06-30 |
| IN171120B (en) | 1992-07-25 |
| JPS63293132A (en) | 1988-11-30 |
| PT87395B (en) | 1992-09-30 |
| DE3875649D1 (en) | 1992-12-10 |
| YU46107B (en) | 1992-12-21 |
| CN88102580A (en) | 1988-11-23 |
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