EP0226604B1 - Optischer sensor zum selektiven nachweis von substanzen und zum nachweis von brechzahländerungen in messubstanzen - Google Patents

Optischer sensor zum selektiven nachweis von substanzen und zum nachweis von brechzahländerungen in messubstanzen Download PDF

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EP0226604B1
EP0226604B1 EP86903179A EP86903179A EP0226604B1 EP 0226604 B1 EP0226604 B1 EP 0226604B1 EP 86903179 A EP86903179 A EP 86903179A EP 86903179 A EP86903179 A EP 86903179A EP 0226604 B1 EP0226604 B1 EP 0226604B1
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Prior art keywords
wave
substance
refractive index
optical sensor
grating
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0226604A1 (de
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Kurt Tiefenthaler
Walter Lukosz
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Artificial Sensing Instruments ASI AG
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Artificial Sensing Instruments ASI AG
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Priority claimed from CH225685A external-priority patent/CH670521A5/de
Priority claimed from CH225785A external-priority patent/CH669050A5/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
    • G01N21/774—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure
    • G01N21/7743—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure the reagent-coated grating coupling light in or out of the waveguide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/41—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length
    • G01N21/43—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length by measuring critical angle
    • G01N21/431—Dip refractometers, e.g. using optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/124—Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/41—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length
    • G01N21/43—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length by measuring critical angle
    • G01N2021/436—Sensing resonant reflection
    • G01N2021/437—Sensing resonant reflection with investigation of angle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/34—Optical coupling means utilising prism or grating

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical sensor according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a known device for detecting changes in refractive index in liquids, solids and porous measuring substances is the refractometer, which determines the total reflection angle between two media, the reference medium consisting of a high-refractive prism, the refractive index of which is known.
  • a well-known device for the detection of chemisorbate layers or chemically bound layers on surfaces is the ellipsometer, which analyzes the polarization state of the light reflected on the chemisorbate layer (compare R. Azzam et al., Physics in Medicine and Biology 22 (1977) 422-430 , PA Cuypers et al., Analytical Biochemistry 84 (1978), 56-67).
  • a transmissive sensor in which the energy transmitted in a fiber rod is selected such that a substance to be detected in a measuring medium surrounding the rod for a modification of the transmitted energy by light. Absorption or change in fluorescence can result.
  • the wave-guiding structure of the optical sensor is provided with a layer that selectively allows the substance to be detected, with a layer thickness between 1 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
  • transmittive sensors are not suitable for determining the change in the optical refractive index or the effective refractive index.
  • the optical sensor with the features listed in claim 1 solves the problem of creating an optical sensor for the selective detection of substances in gaseous, liquid or solid measurement substances, which is commercially usable and ensures reliable measurement results.
  • the choice of the refractive index of the wave-guiding structure, the substrate of the measurement substance and the choice of the chemo-sensitive substance and its layer thickness is important.
  • a layer thickness of less than a light wavelength or the application of a protective layer outside a contact zone between the chemo-sensitive substance and the wave-guiding structure and the use of the sensor in the single-mode range are preferably proposed for the chemo-sensitive substance.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of the basic elements of the invention.
  • a thin layer is in the form of a planar waveguiding film 1 on a substrate 2 (for example a Pyrex glass).
  • the waveguiding film 1 and the substrate 2 together form the so-called waveguide 1/2.
  • the waveguiding film can, for example, consist of an oxide layer (such as SiO2, TiO2, SnO2 or mixtures thereof) or a plastic layer (such as polystyrene, polycarbonate etc.) or a combination of two or more layers one above the other.
  • the surface of a substrate can also be treated in such a way that a wave-guiding film is formed directly under the surface.
  • the refractive index of the wave-guiding film 1 must be greater than that of the neighboring media (ie the substrate 2 and the measuring substance 3).
  • the wave-guiding film 1 may also be microporous Have structure, as can be achieved for example in film production with a dip coating process.
  • a diffraction grating 4 of the length L On the surface of the waveguiding film 1 facing either the substrate 2 or the measuring substance 3 or also in the volume thereof there is a diffraction grating 4 of the length L.
  • Surface relief grating can be produced, for example, by an embossing process, the grating structure of the master either in the substrate 2 or is impressed in the waveguiding film 1.
  • a surface relief grid which consists of two strongly modulated grid areas, which are separated by a less strongly modulated area, can be mentioned with Stamping technology can be produced by pressing the master grating against the substrate 2 with or without a wave-guiding film 1 using two spatially separated, parallel cutting edges.
  • the diffraction grating 4 serves to either couple an incident laser beam into the wave-guiding film 1 or to decouple a mode already carried out in the wave-guiding film 1 or to pass a guided mode partly in the forward direction and partly to reflect it.
  • the wave-guiding film 1 is covered at least in the grating region with an additional layer 5, which enables selective detection of a substance contained in the measuring substance 3.
  • the substance 3 to be examined which is also referred to as the “measurement substance”, is applied to the additional layer 5 at least in the lattice region. Changes in the refractive index of a liquid measuring substance 3 can occur, for example, as a result of a (bio) chemical reaction taking place in it.
  • the measuring substance 3 can also consist of a solid or a porous material.
  • the additional layer 5 required for the selective detection or even the wave-guiding structure 1 is designed such that it selectively chemisorbs or chemically binds only a specific substance that is present in the measuring substance 3.
  • the chemisorbate forms a further layer 6.
  • This selectivity principle of the optical sensor can be used, among other things, in immunology to identify antigen-antibody couplings. If, for example, the additional layer 5 consists of a specific antigen, then an antigen-antibody coupling takes place precisely when the antibody corresponding to the antigen is present in the measuring substance 3.
  • the chemisorbed layer 6 consists of antibodies. The degree of coverage of the chemisorbed layer 6 depends on the concentration of the antibodies in the measuring substance 3 and on the incubation period.
  • the present optical sensor can thus be used, for example, to determine antibody concentrations can be used, for example, by determining the maximum degree of coverage or the stationary degree of coverage that occurs after a certain time.
  • the selective detection among biomolecules using the Schluessel-Schloss principle ensures the organization and regulation of all biological systems and is therefore also used in biosensors.
  • Complementarity of biomolecules is found not only in antigens and antibodies, but also, for example, between hapten and antibody, enzyme and enzyme inhibitor, hormone or neurotransmitter and receptor, or between complementary nucleic acids and can therefore also serve as a selectivity principle for the optical sensor, one of which is complementary Biomolecules is immobilized as an additional layer 5 on the waveguiding film 1 and the other biomolecule forms the layer 6.
  • the surface coverage, ie the thickness of the layer 6 is dependent on the concentration of the specific substance dissolved in the measuring substance 3 in equilibrium.
  • the key-lock principle can also be applied in a more complicated way.
  • the so-called sandwich method is known, in which the key-lock principle is practiced several times in succession (example: antibody-antigen-antibody coupling).
  • the so-called competition method is also known, in which two different types of biomolecules, mostly of different molecular weights, compete for a common binding site on the receptor, ie on the additional layer 5.
  • the concentration of one type of molecule in measurement substance 3 increases, the other type of molecule is partially displaced by the binding sites at the receptors (EP-A-0073980). This desorption leads to a detectable change in the thickness of the layer 6. This in turn is a measure of the concentration of the one type of molecule, namely the substance to be detected.
  • Another possibility of determining the concentration of a specific substance contained in the measuring substance 3 is to observe the dynamic behavior of the adsorption or binding process. The change in the thickness of the layer 6 as a function of time or the speed with which the layer 6 increases provides information about the concentration of the specific substance to be detected (cf. G. Traexler, Medizintechnik 99 (1979), 79-84, JC Sternberg, Clin. Chem.
  • the surface of the waveguiding film 1 can be precoated before the receptor is immobilized.
  • a thin polymer film made of polystyrene for example, can be applied to the waveguiding film 1 in order to improve the adhesion of the receptor.
  • An oxide layer can also be used instead of the polymer layer. It is preferred to use those materials as oxides as they are used in so-called (adsorption) chromatography as a so-called solid phase. With or without chemical activation of the oxide layer, the receptor can then be immobilized in a manner known per se. If the wave-guiding film 1 itself consists of an oxide, the mentioned oxide or polymer coating may not be necessary. There is also the possibility of providing the oxide layer or the wave-guiding film 1 with reactive silanes, which enables an even better immobilization.
  • the selectively chemisorbing or chemically binding substance can be in the form of the additional layer 5 and / or can only be present in the micropores of the waveguiding film 1. In the latter case, chemisorption or chemical bonding takes place in the waveguiding film 1 itself.
  • the additional layer 5 can also be designed such that only the substance contained and to be detected in the measuring substance 3 diffuses into the additional layer 5.
  • the additional layer 5 then has a high solution capacity for the substance to be detected.
  • This type of selectivity generation has long been known and is used in piezoelectric quartz crystal detectors (see US-A-3164004). For example, hydrocarbons are dissolved in a silicone oil film. When hydrocarbons are adsorbed, the quartz crystal coated with a silicone oil film changes its oscillation frequency (see A.
  • the additional layer 5 can consist of such a silicone oil film, for example. Chemical reactions caused by the substance to be detected in the additional layer 5 or in the waveguiding film 1 itself can also lead to a change in the refractive index and / or the light absorption coefficient (imaginary part of the refractive index) and / or the layer thickness of the layer in question (see here EE Hardy et al ., Nature 257 (1975), 666-667 and C. Nylander et al., Sensors and Actuators 3 (1982/83), 79-88).
  • a laser beam 7 can be coupled into a waveguide 1/2 via a diffraction grating 4 and run along the waveguide 1/2 in the form of a guided light wave 8.
  • the laser beam 7 can fall onto the grating 4 from the side of the measurement substance or advantageously from the side of the substrate.
  • a helium-neon laser, a continuous or pulsed semiconductor laser diode or light-emitting diode (LED) with appropriate collimation optics can be used as the laser.
  • the coupling condition has the character of a resonance condition. It is characterized in that, with a constant light wavelength of the laser, that angle of incidence W1 of the laser beam 7 with which a maximum intensity of the mode 8 is achieved depends on the effective refractive index.
  • the effective refractive index N of the excited mode 8 is essentially the refractive index of the media involved in the waveguide 1/2, the refractive index of the measuring substance 3, the layer thickness of the waveguiding film 1 and the refractive index and layer thickness of the selectively chemisorbing additional layer 5 and the chemisorbate layer 6 determined. If the effective refractive index N of the guided light wave 8 changes as a result of the action of the measuring substance 3, the coupling angle W1 originally selected is no longer optimal, so that the intensity of the mode 8 changes. The change in the effective refractive index N can now be measured in different ways.
  • the change in the light intensity of the guided mode 8 can be measured with the aid of a detector D1 at a constant angle of incidence W1 and a constant wavelength of light, and the change in the effective refractive index can thus be concluded.
  • This measurement method is suitable for the measurement of effective refractive index changes that are smaller than the half-value width of the resonance coupling curve.
  • the coupling curve shows a resonance behavior both as a function of the angle of incidence W1 and as a function of the effective refractive index N.
  • the half-width of the resonance coupling curve depends on the diffraction L of the grating (see K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, Optics Letters 9 (1984), 137-139).
  • changes in the surface coverage of one hundredth of a monomolecular layer, for example an H20 layer, and / or changes in the refractive index of the measuring substance 3 can be resolved in the order of magnitude of 10 high (-5) , if changes in intensity of the guided fashion are measured with a resolution of 1%.
  • the light intensity of the guided mode 8 is measured and the coupling angle W1 of the laser beam 7 is so adjusted that the light intensity is always maximum or at least always has the same value.
  • the change in the effective refractive index can be concluded from the change in the angle W1.
  • Another measurement method takes advantage of the fact that the angle of incidence W1, at which the laser beam 7 is optimally coupled, is dependent on the light wavelength of the reader.
  • the measurement method now consists in that, at a constant angle of incidence W1, the light wavelength of a tunable reader is changed such that the guided mode 8, despite the change in the effective refractive index caused by the action of the measurement substance 3, always has maximum or constant intensity.
  • the change in the effective refractive index can be concluded from the change in the light wavelength.
  • FIG. 3 shows a measuring device according to the invention with a grating decoupler.
  • Waveguide 1/2, diffraction grating 4 and selectively chemisorbing additional layer 5 are described in FIG. 1.
  • a guided wave 8 falls on the diffraction grating 4, the laser light is partially or completely decoupled.
  • the decoupled Laser beam 9 emerges from the waveguide 1/2 at a constant light wavelength of the laser at a certain angle W2, which is determined by the effective refractive index.
  • the generation of mode 8 is not shown in FIG. 3.
  • the mode can be stimulated, for example, by end face coupling, prism coupling, grating coupling, etc. (see T. Tamir, Integrated Optics, Chapter 3).
  • a change in the effective refractive index in the grating region caused by the action of the measuring substance 3 results in a change in the coupling-out angle W2.
  • This change in angle can be measured, for example, using a diode array or a position-dependent detector D2.
  • a change in the intensity of the outcoupled laser beam 9 incident on the detector D2 can also be measured with the aid of a detector D2, the detection area of which is smaller than the beam diameter, since the outcoupled laser beam 9 over the course of the measurement process Detector D2 moved away.
  • the change in the effective refractive index can be inferred from the change in angle or the change in intensity.
  • a guided light wave 8 is Bragg-reflected at the diffraction grating 4 if the Bragg condition is fulfilled, ie if the glancing angle W3 corresponds to the Bragg angle (compare W. Lukosz and K. Tiefenthaler, Optics Letters 8 (1983), 537- 539).
  • the detectors D3 and D4 measure the intensity of a mode 10 reflected on the diffraction grating 4 and / or the intensity of the transmitted mode 11.
  • the Bragg angle W3 is determined by the effective refractive index N in the grating region. If the effective refractive index N changes due to the action of the measuring substance 3, the Bragg condition is disturbed.
  • the intensities of the reflected and transmitted fashion change.
  • the effective refractive index has changed.
  • the angle W3 is also the possibility of choosing the angle W3 in such a way that the Bragg condition is not currently being met and therefore there is no reflected mode 10. If the effective change in refractive index has reached a desired value, a reflected mode 10 occurs since the Bragg condition is then fulfilled.
  • Another measurement method takes advantage of the dependence of the Bragg condition on the light wavelength. Despite the effective change in refractive index caused by the action of the measuring substance 3, the Bragg condition can be met by appropriately selecting the light wavelength of the reader.
  • the change in the effective refractive index is then determined from the change in the light wavelength.
  • the Bragg reflector can in particular also be operated with a gloss angle W3 of 90 degrees.
  • the guided mode 8 is then retroreflected. Among other things, this has the advantage that the reflected fashion retains its original width and is not fanned out.
  • a strip waveguide can also be used instead of a planar waveguiding film.
  • the diffraction grating with location-dependent modulation mentioned in the description of FIG. 1 can be used in particular as a Bragg reflector, in particular a diffraction grating which consists of two strongly modulated grating regions which are separated from one another by a less strongly modulated region.
  • the Additional layer 5 may only be located on the weakly modulated lattice area.
  • This grating described can be used not only as a Bragg reflector, but also as a grating coupler or grating coupler.
  • a strip system occurs on the detector D2 in FIG. 3.
  • the coupling efficiency has some maxima and minima as a function of the effective refractive index N or the angle of incidence W1.
  • the transmission and reflectance as a function of the effective refractive index have a few maxima and minima.
  • the wave-guiding film 1 is shown as a planar structure in FIGS. 1-8. However, there are other structures in which optical waveguide can be caused.
  • a strip waveguide can be used instead of the planar waveguiding film 1.
  • the waveguiding film 1 is then only in the form of a strip.
  • the strip can be both on the substrate and embedded in the substrate (but close to the surface).
  • the refractive index of the strip is higher than that of the surrounding materials.
  • the guided light wave 8 is then guided in both spatial coordinates perpendicular to the direction of propagation by total reflection.
  • FIG. 6 shows an arrangement with a membrane 14 which is expanded compared to FIG. 5 and which improves both the selectivity and the stability of the optical sensor.
  • the membrane 14 With the membrane 14 it is achieved that only a "filtered” measuring substance 15 comes into contact with the wave-guiding structure 1 or the additional layer 5, ie in the "filtered” measuring substance 15 only a specific substance should be present in addition to a solvent or a buffer solution to be present, which must be proven. This is achieved in that the measuring substance 3, if necessary membrane 14 carried by a envelope 13 is applied, which allows only the substance to be detected to diffuse out of the measuring substance 3, but which retains the remaining substances not to be detected. If the membrane has a sufficiently high selectivity, the additional layer 5 may possibly be omitted. In this case, non-specific adsorption or chemisorption takes place on the wave-guiding structure 1.
  • Measurement substance 3 and "filtered" measurement substance 15 can be either liquid or gaseous.
  • the additional layer 5 directly with a (biological) membrane.
  • the receptors can not only be in the form of an additional layer 5, but can also be present as an implant in the membrane itself. If the membrane is sufficiently stable, such as a glass membrane, the membrane can take over the function of the substrate. In this case, the membrane is optionally first coated with an additional layer 5 and then with a waveguiding film 1.
  • the measuring substance is now applied to the membrane substrate. 2 and 4 show detectors which measure the intensity of the guided waves 8 or 10 and 11 directly.
  • first coupling out a guided light wave for example with a second grating, and then the intensity of the decoupled laser beam to measure with a detector. This intensity is proportional to the intensity of the guided wave.
  • the decoupling mechanism of the second grating must not be disturbed by the measuring substance 3. This can be achieved, for example, by a protective layer separating the waveguide from the measuring substance 3 in the region of the second grating or by no measuring substance 3 being present at all in this grating region (for more information on the protective layer, see explanations to FIG. 5).
  • the decoupling can also take place via a prism coupler or a taper (see T. Tamir, Integrated Optics, Chapter 3).
  • FIG. 7. In contrast to the arrangement according to FIG. 2, the intensity of the guided light wave 8 is not measured directly, but the scattered light 16 generated by the mode 8 is captured with a fiber optic 17 and fed to the detector D5.
  • the intensity of the scattered light 16 is proportional to the intensity of the mode 8.
  • the scattered light 16 is always present due to the unavoidable inhomogeneities of the waveguide 1/2.
  • the intensity of the scattered light of the reflected mode 10 and / or the transmitted mode 11 can be measured in the Bragg reflector (FIG. 4). 8 shows a further indirect detection possibility shown. If a laser beam 7 strikes a diffraction grating 4, different diffraction orders occur, namely in reflection as well as in transmission. If the angle W1 is correctly selected, the laser beam 7 is coupled into the wave-guiding film 1 via one and only one diffraction order.
  • this coupled power is missing in the other diffraction orders.
  • Theory and experiment show that when the laser beam 7 is coupled into the waveguiding film 1, under certain conditions the intensity increases in certain diffraction orders that are not coupled. Therefore, changes in the intensity of the guided mode 8 can also be measured by measuring the changes in the intensity of one or more non-coupled diffraction orders 18-21 with the detectors D6-D9.
  • the reflected beam 18 means the zeroth reflected diffraction order
  • the transmitted beam 19 the zeroth transmitted diffraction order, that is to say the light which is transmitted undeflected.
  • the beams 20 and 21 are higher order diffraction orders in reflection and in transmission, respectively.
  • the Bragg reflector FIG.
  • the sensitivity of the integrated optical sensor is particularly high if the change in the effective refractive index is as large as possible for a given acting measuring substance 3. It follows from the theory that particularly high sensitivities are achieved if the waveguiding film 1 has a significantly higher refractive index than the substrate 2 and the measuring substance 3, and if the layer thickness of the waveguiding film 1 is chosen to be somewhat greater than the minimum layer thickness. A minimum layer thickness (so-called cut-off layer thickness) of the wave-guiding film 1 is necessary in order to be able to excite a guided wave in the wave-guiding film 1 at all (cf. T.
  • the refractive index of the waveguiding film 1 is at least 1%, preferably more than 10% greater than that of the substrate 2 or the measuring substance 3. Only if changes in the refractive index of a measuring substance 3 are measured, the refractive index of which is greater than that of the substrate 2, is the high refractive index difference between the waveguiding film 1 and substrate 2 or measuring substance 3 insignificant in order to achieve high sensitivity.
  • the measured effective refractive index changes of a guided mode can be used to determine either the state of the adsorption or Desorption processes, in particular the change in the layer thickness of the chemisorbate layer 6, or the change in the refractive index of the measuring substance 3. If both the change in the layer thickness of the chemisorbate layer 6 and the change in the refractive index of the measuring substance 3 are to be determined simultaneously with the optical sensor, then the effective changes in refractive index of two different guided modes must be measured at the same time.
  • the thickness of the layer 6 must be less than the so-called penetration depth so that changes in the refractive index of the measuring substance 3 can be measured.
  • the grating coupler In the case of the grating coupler (FIG. 2), however, two laser beams at different angles of incidence must simultaneously fall on the diffraction grating 4. Even if only one laser is available, this condition can be met by using suitable beam splitting optics.
  • the simultaneous measurement of changes in intensity of two different modes can take place via non-coupled diffraction orders or via the waves coupled out by a second coupling technique, since the waves which are freely propagating in space and which can be assigned to different modes differ in terms of angle from one another and therefore are separately detectable.
  • a direct intensity measurement of the two modes can be carried out in the multiplex method at the end of the waveguide 1/2 by once covering the incident laser beam that excites one mode and vice versa.
  • the signal-to-noise ratio can also be improved by using the known lock-in technique.
  • the reader light striking the diffraction grating 4 is modulated.
  • either the light of a CW laser is modulated with a chopper or, for example, a pulsed laser diode or light emitting diode (LED) is used as the light source.
  • a pulsed laser diode or light emitting diode LED
  • the beam angle stability also has a direct influence on the angle of incidence W1.
  • Lasers with high beam angle stability increase the measuring accuracy of the optical sensor, since the angle of incidence W1 is more precisely defined. Since the electromagnetic field of the guided light wave interacts with the measuring substance 3 as a cross-damped wave and accordingly penetrates into the measuring substance 3 by less than one light wavelength, changes in the refractive index can be determined on very small quantities of measuring substance.
  • the optical sensor Since the optical sensor is very sensitive both to changes in the refractive index of the measuring substance 3 and to the adsorption of specific molecules of the measuring substance 3, and since the minimum measuring volume is very small, the optical sensor can only be used as a detector in liquid, gas and affinity chromatography on.
  • the optical sensor Since the optical sensor consists of a few (passive) elements which are integrated on a substrate, it will be inexpensive to manufacture and can thus be used as a disposable sensor in biosensor technology and medical diagnostics, for example. Another advantage of the described optical sensors is that several of them can be attached to a substrate. These sensors can have different additional layers 5 and / or membranes 14 and can therefore be selectively sensitive to different substances to be detected. The different sensors can be scanned by a laser either simultaneously or one after the other.

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EP86903179A 1985-05-29 1986-05-29 Optischer sensor zum selektiven nachweis von substanzen und zum nachweis von brechzahländerungen in messubstanzen Expired - Lifetime EP0226604B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH225685A CH670521A5 (en) 1985-05-29 1985-05-29 Optical sensor detecting specific substances in material
CH225785A CH669050A5 (de) 1985-05-29 1985-05-29 Sensor zum nachweis von aenderungen der brechzahl einer festen oder fluessigen messsubstanz.
CH2256/85 1985-05-29
CH2257/85 1985-05-29

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US4815843A (en) 1989-03-28
DE3680999D1 (de) 1991-09-26
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US5071248A (en) 1991-12-10

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