EP0219751B1 - Electroviscous fluids - Google Patents

Electroviscous fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0219751B1
EP0219751B1 EP86113763A EP86113763A EP0219751B1 EP 0219751 B1 EP0219751 B1 EP 0219751B1 EP 86113763 A EP86113763 A EP 86113763A EP 86113763 A EP86113763 A EP 86113763A EP 0219751 B1 EP0219751 B1 EP 0219751B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electroviscous
weight
evf
dispersant
polysiloxanes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP86113763A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0219751A3 (en
EP0219751A2 (en
Inventor
John Ir. Goossens
Günter Dr. Oppermann
Dr. Grape Wolfgang
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Bayer AG
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Bayer AG
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Publication date
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Priority to AT86113763T priority Critical patent/ATE83794T1/en
Publication of EP0219751A2 publication Critical patent/EP0219751A2/en
Publication of EP0219751A3 publication Critical patent/EP0219751A3/en
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Publication of EP0219751B1 publication Critical patent/EP0219751B1/en
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Definitions

  • the invention is based on electroviscous suspensions which contain more than 25% by weight of an aluminum silicate with a water content of 1 to 25% by weight as the disperse phase and an electrically non-conductive hydrophobic liquid as the liquid phase, and also a dispersant.
  • Electroviscous liquids are dispersions of finely divided hydrophilic solids in hydrophobic, electrically non-conductive oils, the viscosity of which can be increased very quickly and reversibly from the liquid to the plastic or solid state under the influence of a sufficiently strong electric field. Both electrical DC fields and AC fields can be used to change the viscosity. The currents flowing through the EVF are extremely low. Therefore EVF can be used wherever the transmission of large forces should be controlled with the help of low electrical power, e.g. in couplings, hydraulic valves, shock absorbers, vibrators or devices for positioning and holding workpieces.
  • the requirements established by practice are that the EVF is liquid and chemically stable in a temperature range from approximately -50 ° C. to 150 ° C. and that it is sufficiently electroviscous at least in a temperature range from -30 ° C. to 110 ° C. Effect shows. It must also be ensured that the EVF remains stable over a long period of time, i.e. no phase separation takes place and in particular no sediment that is difficult to redisperse forms. If the EVF comes into contact with elastomeric materials, they should not be attacked or swollen by it.
  • the particle size of the ion exchange particles should be between 1 and 50 ⁇ m. As a result, the particles settle. To avoid settling of the relatively large particles it is common the density of the liquid phase is adapted to the density of the disperse phase. However, this density adjustment is temperature-dependent and therefore not practical.
  • US Pat. No. 3,367,872 describes aluminum oxide and aluminum silicates as the disperse phase, which may contain up to 95% by weight of silicon dioxide.
  • the unpublished EP-A 170,939 describes electroviscous liquids in which silica gels, which can still contain up to 20% by weight Al2O3, Na2O and CaO, are used as the disperse phase.
  • the invention has for its object to provide EVF with a significantly higher electrical reactivity, which is preferably maintained even at high temperatures and also have a low electrical conductivity.
  • this object is achieved according to the invention in that the Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the aluminum silicate is between 0.15 and 0.80, preferably between 0 , 2 and 0.75.
  • the Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the particles can differ considerably from the volume composition.
  • the present invention accordingly relates to EVF which contain more than 25% by weight of an aluminum silicate with a water content of 1 to 25% by weight as the disperse phase and an electrically non-conductive hydrophobic liquid as the liquid phase and a dispersant, which are characterized in that that the atomic ratio Al / Si on the surface of the aluminum silicate is between 0.15 and 0.80.
  • amino-functional or hydroxy-functional or acetoxy-functional or alkoxy-functional polysiloxanes with a molecular weight> 800 are used as dispersants.
  • the functional polysiloxanes are added at a concentration of 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 20% by weight, based on the water-containing aluminum silicate particles.
  • the amino groups are linked to the silicone base body either via an SiC or via an SiOC bond.
  • X represents a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, carbon atoms.
  • the aminomethyl and ⁇ -aminopropyl groups are particularly preferred as the amino-functional radical.
  • the divalent radical X can also contain H.
  • X-NHR can mean the grouping CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH2.
  • the amino-functional residue is an aminoalkoxy grouping. For reasons of stability to hydrolysis, a secondary SiOC linkage is preferred.
  • the 1-amino-2-propoxy radical is particularly suitable or the 1-amino-3-butoxy radical
  • silicon-functional polysiloxanes of the general formula can also be used can be used as dispersants. 10 ⁇ n ⁇ 1000.
  • Y represents a hydrolyzable group, preferably a hydroxyl, an alkoxy or carboxy group.
  • the aforementioned functional polysiloxanes which can be used as dispersants preferably contain 20 to 300 dimethylsiloxane units. In particular, these enable the production of dispersions with a high solids content and not too high a basic viscosity.
  • Aluminum silicate-containing EVFs surprisingly show significantly greater electrical reactivities than those with silica gel or aluminum oxide.
  • the EVF according to the invention which is produced with silicone oil, that it is perfectly compatible with elastomeric materials, in particular with rubber, is stable in settling and is physiologically indifferent (non-toxic). In addition, they are heat and cold resistant within an unusually wide temperature range and have only a low pressure dependence of the viscosity.
  • the electroviscous suspensions according to the invention have favorable dielectric values, which are only slightly dependent on the temperature and frequency, and have a high dielectric strength.
  • Another advantage is that the production of the EVF is relatively simple and therefore inexpensive and that commercially available products can be used as starting materials.
  • Aluminum silicates can be used to manufacture EVF. If necessary, the moisture content of the aluminum silicate can be increased or decreased.
  • the dispersion medium and part or all of the amount of dispersant are introduced and the aluminum silicate is stirred into the dispersion medium with constant stirring.
  • the aluminum silicate can be metered in quickly, while towards the end the aluminum silicate is slowly added with increasing viscosity. If only a part of the dispersant is initially introduced, the remaining amount of dispersant is simultaneously added during the addition of the aluminum silicate.
  • the manufacturing procedure is not critical for the final properties of the EVF.
  • the type of mixing is also not critical for the EVF's final properties. For example, simple stirring devices, ball mills or ultrasound can be used for the dispersion.
  • the dispersions can generally be prepared more quickly and become somewhat finer in the process.
  • the amount of dispersant required depends strongly on the specific surface of the aluminum silicate used. Approx. 1 to 4 mg / m2 are required as a guideline. However, the absolute amount required still depends on the type of aluminum silicate used and the dispersant.
  • the aluminum silicates used can be both amorphous and crystalline, such as precipitated aluminum silicate or zeolite.
  • the Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the aluminum silicate particles which is decisive for the size of the electroreactivity, was determined by means of ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis).
  • the aluminum silicates need not be pure and can easily contain up to 20 wt .-% Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, Na2O and K2O. Also up to a few wt .-% SO3 and Cl can still be present.
  • the surface examined by means of ESCA can have up to 25 at% C.
  • the loss on ignition ie the weight loss at 1000 ° C.
  • the loss on ignition generally ranges between 10 and 15% by weight in the case of the amorphous aluminum silicates.
  • An average of approx. 6% by weight of this is moisture, which is equivalent to the weight loss which is determined by drying at 105 ° C.
  • the specific surface area of the amorphous aluminum silicate, measured by the BET method is generally between 20 and 200 m2 / g.
  • the crystalline aluminum silicates can be present not only in a salt form, with the monovalent salts being preferred, but also in the H+ form.
  • the water content determined by drying at 500 ° C. is approximately 1 to 25% by weight, but should preferably be between approximately 5 and 15% by weight.
  • Silicone oils such as polydimethylsiloxanes and polymeric methylphenylsiloxanes are preferably used as the dispersion medium for the aluminum silicate particles.
  • Liquid hydrocarbons such as Paraffins, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons are useful. Further e.g. fluorocarbons, polyoxyalkylenes or fluorinated polyoxyalkylenes can also be used.
  • the solidification point of the dispersion media is preferably set below -30 ° C, the boiling point above 150 ° C.
  • the viscosity of the oils is between 3 and 300 mm2 / s at room temperature. In general, the low-viscosity oils are preferred (3 to 20 mm2 / s), because this achieves a lower intrinsic viscosity of the EVF, so that strong viscosity changes can be achieved by means of the electro-viscous effect.
  • Surfactants which are soluble in the dispersion medium and are derived, for example, from amines, imidazolines, oxazolines, alcohols, glycol or sorbitol can be used as dispersants.
  • Polymers soluble in the dispersion medium can also be used. Suitable are, for example, polymers which contain 0.1 to 10% by weight of N and / or OH and 25 to 83% by weight of C4-C24 alkyl groups and have a molecular weight in the range from 5 ⁇ 103 to 106.
  • the containing N and OH Compounds in these polymers can be, for example, amine, amide, imide, nitrile, 5- to 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic rings or an alcohol and the C4-C24 alkyl groups are esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid.
  • Specific examples of the aforementioned N- and OH-containing compounds are NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tertiary butyl acrylamide, maleimide, acrylonitrile, N-vinyl pyrolidone, vinyl pyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
  • the abovementioned polymeric dispersants generally have the advantage over the low molecular weight surfactants that the dispersions prepared with them are more stable with regard to the sales behavior and the electroreactivity is less frequency-dependent.
  • the functional polysiloxanes according to the invention are particularly preferred dispersants for the production of EVF, the aluminum silicate being dispersed in a silicone oil. Their production is known in principle to the person skilled in the art.
  • the Cl-containing compound is made by. Cohydrolysis of desired amounts of ClCH2 (CH3) 2SiCl, ClCH2 (CH3) SiCl2 and (CH3) 2SiCl2. Of course, Br can also be used instead of Cl.
  • X is an alkyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms
  • X is an alkyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms
  • alternative routes are also familiar to the person skilled in the art.
  • X stands for an aminoalkoxy grouping
  • X stands for an aminoalkoxy grouping
  • silicon-functional oils which, for example, SiCl, SiOCH2H5, or contain SiH groups with aminoalkanols, optionally with the addition of suitable catalysts.
  • 1-Propanolamine is particularly suitable.
  • m (advantageously) can assume the value O.
  • An aminoalkoxy-functional polysiloxane of the formula is particularly preferred as the dispersant where n assumes a value between 15 and 100, preferably between 30 and 70.
  • the electrode area of the inner rotating cylinder with a diameter of 50 mm is approx. 78 cm2, the gap between the electrodes is 0.58 mm.
  • the shear stress can be set up to a maximum of 2330 s ⁇ 1.
  • the measuring range of the viscometer for the shear stress is a maximum of 750 Pa. Static and dynamic measurements are possible.
  • the EVF can be excited with both DC voltage and AC voltage.
  • a constant shear rate O ⁇ D ⁇ 2330 s ⁇ 1 is set and the dependency of the shear stress ⁇ on the electrical field strength E is measured effective current of 4 mA and a frequency of 50 Hz.
  • the measurements can be repeated with different shear rates D.
  • the values determined for E O and S generally vary in a range of approx. ⁇ 5% to ⁇ 20% around the mean.
  • the recipes marked with the letter E correspond to the examples according to the invention, while the other examples are to be regarded as prior art (basis for comparison).
  • Formulations 1 to 14 show the influence of the Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the different disperse phases. With the formulations 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23 and 24 it is clear that the good effect of the Al silicates according to the invention is also retained with other dispersants. Examples 20, 21 and 25 show that this also applies to other dispersion media.
  • Examples 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 21, 25 show that the EVF according to the invention still have a good effect even at higher temperatures. Particularly noteworthy is the good effect at higher temperatures in the EVF which contain dispersants based on polysiloxane (Examples 7 and 25 compared to Examples 15 and 20).
  • Silicone oil 1 polydimethylsiloxane
  • Silicone oil 2 polymethylphenylsiloxane

Abstract

Electroviscous fluids are disclosed which are composed of aluminum silicates particles in an electrically non-conductive liquid and a suitable dispersing agent. The atomic ratio of Al/Si on the surface of the aluminum silicate lies within the range of 0.15 to 0.80.

Description

Die Erfindung geht aus von elektroviskosen Suspensionen, welche mehr als 25 Gew.-% eines Aluminiumsilikats mit einem Wassergehalt von 1 bis 25 Gew.-% als disperse Phase und eine elektrisch nicht leitende hydrophobe Flüssigkeit als flüssige Phase, sowie ein Dispergiermittel enthalten.The invention is based on electroviscous suspensions which contain more than 25% by weight of an aluminum silicate with a water content of 1 to 25% by weight as the disperse phase and an electrically non-conductive hydrophobic liquid as the liquid phase, and also a dispersant.

Elektroviskose Flüssigkeiten (EVF) sind Dispersionen feinverteilter hydrophiler Feststoffe in hydrophoben elektrisch nicht leitenden Ölen, deren Viskosität sich unter dem Einfluß eines hinreichend starken elektrischen Feldes sehr schnell und reversibel vom flüssigen bis zum plastischen oder festen Zustand erhöhen laßt. Zur Änderung der Viskosität kann man sowohl elektrische Gleichfelder als auch Wechselfelder benutzen. Die dabei durch die EVF fließenden Ströme sind extrem niedrig. Daher lassen sich EVF überall dort einsetzen, wo die Übertragung großer Kräfte mit Hilfe geringer elektrischer Leistungen gesteuert werden soll, z.B. in Kupplungen, Hydraulikventilen, Stoßdämpfern, Vibratoren oder Vorrichtungen zum Positionieren und Festhalten von Werkstücken.Electroviscous liquids (EVF) are dispersions of finely divided hydrophilic solids in hydrophobic, electrically non-conductive oils, the viscosity of which can be increased very quickly and reversibly from the liquid to the plastic or solid state under the influence of a sufficiently strong electric field. Both electrical DC fields and AC fields can be used to change the viscosity. The currents flowing through the EVF are extremely low. Therefore EVF can be used wherever the transmission of large forces should be controlled with the help of low electrical power, e.g. in couplings, hydraulic valves, shock absorbers, vibrators or devices for positioning and holding workpieces.

Im allgemeinen bestehen die von der Praxis hergestellten Anforderungen darin, daß die EVF in einem Temperaturbereich von ca. -50°C bis 150°C flüssig und chemisch beständig ist und zumindest in einem Temperaturbereich von -30°C bis 110°C einen ausreichenden elektroviskosen Effekt zeigt. Es muß auch gewährleistet sein, daß die EVF in einem langen Zeitraum stabil bleibt, d.h. keine Phasentrennung stattfindet und sich insbesondere kein schwer redispergierbares Sediment bildet. Falls die EVF mit elastomeren Werkstoffen in Berührung kommen, sollen diese hiervon nicht angegriffen oder angequollen werden.In general, the requirements established by practice are that the EVF is liquid and chemically stable in a temperature range from approximately -50 ° C. to 150 ° C. and that it is sufficiently electroviscous at least in a temperature range from -30 ° C. to 110 ° C. Effect shows. It must also be ensured that the EVF remains stable over a long period of time, i.e. no phase separation takes place and in particular no sediment that is difficult to redisperse forms. If the EVF comes into contact with elastomeric materials, they should not be attacked or swollen by it.

Bereits 1962 wurden in dem US-Patent 30 47 507 eine ganze Reihe von Substanzen als disperse Phase für EVF vorgeschlagen. Dabei wurde Silikagel als bevorzugte Substanz erwähnt. Ferner wurden EVF auf der Basis von SilikagelDispersionen in nichtleitenden Ölen in dem britischen Patent 1 076 754 beschrieben, wobei hier der Wassergehalt der Silikagel-Teilchen und die Art wie dieses Wasser gebunden ist, als besonders kritisch in bezug auf die Elektroreaktivität der EVF angesehen wird, In der jüngeren Literatur werden EVF auf der Basis von unterschiedlichen Typen von Ionenaustauscherteilchen beschrieben (siehe z.B. deutsche Offenlegungsschrift 25 30 694 und britisches Patent 15 70 234). In dem US-Patent 30 47 507 wird bereits darauf hingewiesen, daß diese EVF vergleichbare elektroviskose Effekte zeigen wie die EVF auf Basis von Silikagel-Teilchen. Die Teilchengröße der Ionenaustauscherteilchen soll zwischen 1 bis 50 µm liegen. Dies hat zur Folge, daß sich die Teilchen absetzen. Zur Vermeidung des Absetzens der verhältnismäßig großen Teilchen wird üblicherweise die Dichte der flüssigen Phase an die Dichte der dispersen Phase angepaßt. Diese Dichte-Anpassung ist aber temperaturabhängig und darum nicht praxisgerecht.As early as 1962, a whole series of substances were proposed as a disperse phase for EVF in US Pat. No. 3,047,507. Silica gel was mentioned as the preferred substance. EVFs based on silica gel dispersions in non-conductive oils have also been described in British Patent 1,076,754, where the water content of the silica gel particles and the way in which this water is bound are considered to be particularly critical with regard to the electroreactivity of the EVF, In the recent literature EVF are described on the basis of different types of ion exchange particles (see for example German Offenlegungsschrift 25 30 694 and British Patent 15 70 234). In the US patent 30 47 507 it is already pointed out that these EVF show comparable electroviscous effects as the EVF based on silica gel particles. The particle size of the ion exchange particles should be between 1 and 50 µm. As a result, the particles settle. To avoid settling of the relatively large particles it is common the density of the liquid phase is adapted to the density of the disperse phase. However, this density adjustment is temperature-dependent and therefore not practical.

In der US-A 3.367.872 wurden als disperse Phase Aluminiumoxid und Aluminiumsilikate, die bis zu 95 Gew.-% Siliciumdioxid enthalten können, beschrieben.US Pat. No. 3,367,872 describes aluminum oxide and aluminum silicates as the disperse phase, which may contain up to 95% by weight of silicon dioxide.

Die nicht vorveröffentlichte EP-A 170.939 beschreibt elektroviskose Flüssigkeiten, bei denen als disperse Phase Silikagele, die noch bis zu 20 Gew.-% Al₂O₃, Na₂O und CaO enthalten können, eingesetzt werden.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, EVF mit einer deutlich höheren Elektroreaktivität bereitzustellen, die bevorzugt auch bei hohen Temperaturen noch erhalten bleibt und außerdem eine geringe elektrische Leitfähigkeit besitzen.
The unpublished EP-A 170,939 describes electroviscous liquids in which silica gels, which can still contain up to 20% by weight Al₂O₃, Na₂O and CaO, are used as the disperse phase.
The invention has for its object to provide EVF with a significantly higher electrical reactivity, which is preferably maintained even at high temperatures and also have a low electrical conductivity.

Diese Aufgabe wird, ausgehend von einer EVF, die ein mit Hilfe eines geeigneten Dispergiermittels in einer elektrisch nichtleitenden Flüssigkeit dispergiertes Aluminiumsilikat enthält, erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß das Atomverhältnis Al/Si auf der Oberfläche des Aluminiumsilikats zwischen 0,15 und 0.80, bevorzugt zwischen 0,2 und 0,75 liegt. Das Al/Si Atomverhältnis kann auf der Oberfläche der Teilchen erheblich von der Volumenzusammensetzung abweichen.Starting from an EVF which contains an aluminum silicate dispersed in an electrically non-conductive liquid with the aid of a suitable dispersing agent, this object is achieved according to the invention in that the Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the aluminum silicate is between 0.15 and 0.80, preferably between 0 , 2 and 0.75. The Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the particles can differ considerably from the volume composition.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft demgemäß EVF, welche mehr als 25 Gew.-% eines Aluminiumsilikats mit einem Wassergehalt von 1 bis 25 Gew.-% als disperse Phase und eine elektrisch nicht leitende hydrophobe Flüssigkeit als flüssige Phase sowie ein Dispergiermittel enthalten, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, daß das Atomverhältnis Al/Si an der Oberfläche des Aluminiumsilikats zwischen 0,15 und 0,80 liegt.The present invention accordingly relates to EVF which contain more than 25% by weight of an aluminum silicate with a water content of 1 to 25% by weight as the disperse phase and an electrically non-conductive hydrophobic liquid as the liquid phase and a dispersant, which are characterized in that that the atomic ratio Al / Si on the surface of the aluminum silicate is between 0.15 and 0.80.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden als Dispergiermittel aminofunktionelle oder hydroxyfunktionelle oder acetoxyfunktionelle oder alkoxyfunktionelle Polysiloxane mit einem Molekulargewicht >800 eingesetzt. Dabei sind die funktionellen Polysiloxane mit einer Konzentration von 1 bis 30 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 5 bis 20 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die wasserhaltigen Aluminiumsilikatteilchen, zugesetzt.According to a preferred embodiment, amino-functional or hydroxy-functional or acetoxy-functional or alkoxy-functional polysiloxanes with a molecular weight> 800 are used as dispersants. The functional polysiloxanes are added at a concentration of 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 20% by weight, based on the water-containing aluminum silicate particles.

Vorzugsweise haben die als Dispergatoren eingesetzten aminofunktionellen Polysiloxane folgende allgemeine Formel

Figure imgb0001

wobei
10 < n < 1000
m = 0 bis 5,
R = H oder Alkyl mit 1 bis 8 C-Atomen und
X = ein zweiwertiger Kohlenwasserstoffrest ist, der aus C, H und gegebenenfalls 0 und/oder N besteht.The amino-functional polysiloxanes used as dispersants preferably have the following general formula
Figure imgb0001

in which
10 <n <1000
m = 0 to 5,
R = H or alkyl with 1 to 8 carbon atoms and
X = a divalent hydrocarbon radical consisting of C, H and optionally 0 and / or N.

Die Verknüpfung der Aminogruppen mit dem Silikongrundkörper erfolgt entweder über eine SiC- oder über eine SiOC-Bindung. Ist eine SiC-Bindung gewünscht, so steht X für einen zweiwertigen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 1 bis 6, vorzugsweise 1 bis 3 Kohlenstoffatomen. Besonders bevorzugt als aminofunktioneller Rest sind die Aminomethyl- und γ-Aminopropylgruppierung. Der zweiwertige Rest X kann außer C und H auch H enthalten. So kann X-NHR z.B. die Gruppierung CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH₂ bedeuten. Ist eine SiOC-Verknüpfung gewünscht, so ist der aminofunktionelle Rest

Figure imgb0002

eine Aminoalkoxygruppierung. Aus Gründen der Hydrolysestabilität ist eine sekundäre SiOC-Verknüpfung bevorzugt. Besonders geeignet ist dabei der 1-Amino-2-Propoxyrest
Figure imgb0003

oder der 1-Amino-3-Butoxyrest
Figure imgb0004
The amino groups are linked to the silicone base body either via an SiC or via an SiOC bond. If an SiC bond is desired, X represents a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, carbon atoms. The aminomethyl and γ-aminopropyl groups are particularly preferred as the amino-functional radical. In addition to C and H, the divalent radical X can also contain H. For example, X-NHR can mean the grouping CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH₂. If an SiOC linkage is desired, the amino-functional residue is
Figure imgb0002

an aminoalkoxy grouping. For reasons of stability to hydrolysis, a secondary SiOC linkage is preferred. The 1-amino-2-propoxy radical is particularly suitable
Figure imgb0003

or the 1-amino-3-butoxy radical
Figure imgb0004

Ein besonders bevorzugtes Dispersionsmittel ist ein solches mit X = CH₂, R = C₆H₁₁ und m= 0 bis 3.A particularly preferred dispersant is one with X = CH₂, R = C₆H₁₁ and m = 0 to 3.

Anstelle von aminofunktionellen Polysiloxanen können auch siliziumfunktionelle Polysiloxane der allgemeinen Formel

Figure imgb0005

als Dispergiermittel eingesetzt werden. Dabei ist 10 < n < 1000.
Y stellt eine hydrolisierbare Gruppe, vorzugsweise eine Hydroxy-, eine Alkoxy- oder Carboxygruppe dar.Instead of amino-functional polysiloxanes, silicon-functional polysiloxanes of the general formula can also be used
Figure imgb0005

can be used as dispersants. 10 <n <1000.
Y represents a hydrolyzable group, preferably a hydroxyl, an alkoxy or carboxy group.

Bevorzugt enthalten die vorgenannten als Dispergiermittel verwendbaren funktionellen Polysiloxane 20 bis 300 Dimethylsiloxaneinheiten. Diese ermöglichen insbesondere die Herstellung von Dispersionen mit hohem Feststoffgehalt bei nicht zu hoher Grundviskosität.The aforementioned functional polysiloxanes which can be used as dispersants preferably contain 20 to 300 dimethylsiloxane units. In particular, these enable the production of dispersions with a high solids content and not too high a basic viscosity.

Mit der Erfindung werden folgende Vorteile erzielt:
Aluminiumsilikathaltige EVF zeigen überraschenderweise wesentlich größere Elektroreaktivitäten als solche mit Silikagel oder Aluminiumoxid.
The following advantages are achieved with the invention:
Aluminum silicate-containing EVFs surprisingly show significantly greater electrical reactivities than those with silica gel or aluminum oxide.

Für die erfindungsgemäßen, mit Silikonöl hergestellten EVF gilt, daß sie mit elastomeren Werkstoffen, insbesondere mit Gummi bestens verträglich, absetzstabil und physiologisch indifferent (ungiftig) sind. Außerdem sind sie innerhalb eines ungewöhnlich weiten Temperaturbereichs wärme- und kältebeständig und weisen nur eine geringe Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität auf. Darüber hinaus haben die erfindungsgemäßen elektroviskosen Suspensionen günstige, nur wenig von der Temperatur und der Frequenz abhängige dielektrische Werte und eine hohe elektrische Durchschlagsfestigkeit.It applies to the EVF according to the invention, which is produced with silicone oil, that it is perfectly compatible with elastomeric materials, in particular with rubber, is stable in settling and is physiologically indifferent (non-toxic). In addition, they are heat and cold resistant within an unusually wide temperature range and have only a low pressure dependence of the viscosity. In addition, the electroviscous suspensions according to the invention have favorable dielectric values, which are only slightly dependent on the temperature and frequency, and have a high dielectric strength.

Insbesondere für die erfindungsgemäßen EVF mit einem Silikonöl als flüssiger Phase und einem der erfindungsgemäßen funktionellen Polysiloxane als Dispergiermittel, wurde weiter festgestellt, daß die Elektroreaktivität auch bei hohen Temperaturen sehr gut erhalten bleibt.In particular for the EVF according to the invention with a silicone oil as the liquid phase and one of the functional polysiloxanes according to the invention as a dispersant, it was also found that the electroreactivity is very well preserved even at high temperatures.

Als weiterer Vorteil ist hervorzuheben, daß die Herstellung der EVF relativ einfach und daher preisgünstig ist und handelsübliche Produkte als Ausgangsstoffe verwendet werden können.Another advantage is that the production of the EVF is relatively simple and therefore inexpensive and that commercially available products can be used as starting materials.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Beispielen, die in Diagrammen und mittels einer Tabelle verdeutlicht werden, näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
die Abhängigkeit der bei der EVF gemessenen Schubspannung als Funktion der elektrischen Feldstärke bei konstanter Schergeschwindigkeit,
Tabelle 1
die Zusammenfassung der dispersen Phasen und
Tabelle 2
die charakteristischen Daten der erfindungsgemäßen EVF im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik.
The invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of examples which are illustrated in diagrams and by means of a table. Show it:
Fig. 1
the dependence of the shear stress measured at the EVF as a function of the electric field strength at constant shear rate,
Table 1
the summary of the disperse phases and
Table 2
the characteristic data of the EVF according to the invention compared to the prior art.

Es werden die verfahrenstechnischen Maßnahmen zur Herstellung der EVF, der chemische Herstellungsweg für die Dispergatoren, die zur Kontrolle der gewünschten physikalischen Eigenschaften erforderliche Meßtechnik sowie typische Ausführungsbeispiele für die erfindungsgemäßen EVF angegeben.The procedural measures for the production of the EVF, the chemical production route for the dispersants, the measurement technology required to control the desired physical properties and typical exemplary embodiments for the EVF according to the invention are given.

Zur Herstellung von EVF können handelsübliche Aluminiumsilikate verwendet werden. Bei Bedarf kann der Feuchtegehalt des Aluminiumsilikats erhöht oder erniedrigt werden.Commercial aluminum silicates can be used to manufacture EVF. If necessary, the moisture content of the aluminum silicate can be increased or decreased.

Bei der Herstellung der Dispersionen wird das Dispersionsmedium und ein Teil oder die gesamte Menge Dispergiermittel vorgelegt und unter ständigem Umrühren das Aluminiumsilikat in das Dispersionsmedium eingerührt. Am Anfang kann das Aluminiumsilikat schnell eindosiert werden, während gegen Ende mit zunehmender Viskosität das Aluminiumsilikat langsam zugegeben wird. Wird am Anfang nur ein Teil des Dispergiermittels vorgelegt, so wird während der Zugabe des Aluminiumsilikates die restliche Dispergiermittelmenge gleichzeitig mit zugegeben. Für die Endeigenschaften der EVF ist die Herstellungsprozedur aber nicht kritisch. Auch die Art der Vermischung ist nicht kritisch für die Endeigenschaften der EVF. Es können z.B. einfache Rührvorrichtungen, Kugelmühlen oder Ultraschall zur Dispergierung verwendet werden, Bei einer intensiven Vermischung können die Dispersionen aber im allgemeinen schneller hergestellt werden und dabei etwas feinteiliger werden.During the preparation of the dispersions, the dispersion medium and part or all of the amount of dispersant are introduced and the aluminum silicate is stirred into the dispersion medium with constant stirring. At the beginning, the aluminum silicate can be metered in quickly, while towards the end the aluminum silicate is slowly added with increasing viscosity. If only a part of the dispersant is initially introduced, the remaining amount of dispersant is simultaneously added during the addition of the aluminum silicate. However, the manufacturing procedure is not critical for the final properties of the EVF. The type of mixing is also not critical for the EVF's final properties. For example, simple stirring devices, ball mills or ultrasound can be used for the dispersion. However, with intensive mixing, the dispersions can generally be prepared more quickly and become somewhat finer in the process.

Die Menge des benötigten Dispergiermittels hängt stark von der spezifischan Oberfläche des verwendeten Aluminiumsilikates ab. Als Richtwert werden ca. 1 bis 4 mg/m² benötigt. Die absolut benötigte Menge hängt aber weiter noch von der Art des verwendeten Aluminiumsilikates sowie des Dispergiermittels ab.The amount of dispersant required depends strongly on the specific surface of the aluminum silicate used. Approx. 1 to 4 mg / m² are required as a guideline. However, the absolute amount required still depends on the type of aluminum silicate used and the dispersant.

Die verwendeten Aluminiumsilikate können sowohl amorph, als auch kristallin sein, wie z.B. gefälltes Aluminiumsilikat bzw. Zeolith. Das für die Größe der Elektroreaktivität maßgebliche Al/Si Atomverhältnis auf der Oberfläche der Aluminiumsilikat-Teilchen wurde mittels ESCA (Elektronenspektroskopie für chemische Analyse) bestimmt. Die Aluminiumsilikate brauchen nicht rein zu sein und können ohne weiteres bis zu 20 Gew.-% Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, Na₂O und K₂O enthalten. Auch können noch bis einige Gew.-% SO₃ und Cl vorhanden sein. Weiterhin kann die mittels ESCA untersuchte Oberfläche bis zu 25 At % C aufweisen. Der Glühverlust, d.i. der Gewichtsverlust bei 1000°C, bewegt sich bei den amorphen Aluminiumsilikaten im allgemeinen zwischen 10 und 15 Gew.-%. Hiervon sind im Schnitt ca. 6 Gew.-% Feuchte, was gleichbedeutend ist mit dem Gewichtsverlust, der durch Trocknen bei 105°C bestimmt wird. Die spezifische Oberfläche des amorphen Aluminiumsilikate, gemessen nach der BET-Methode, beträgt im allgemeinen zwischen 20 und 200 m²/g. Die kristallinen Aluminiumsilikate können außer in einer Salz-Form, wobei die einwertigen Salze zu bevorzugen sind, auch in der H⁺-Form vorliegen. Der durch Trocknung bei 500°C bestimmte Wassergehalt beträgt ca. 1 bis 25 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise soll er jedoch zwischen ca. 5 und 15 Gew.-% liegen.The aluminum silicates used can be both amorphous and crystalline, such as precipitated aluminum silicate or zeolite. The Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the aluminum silicate particles, which is decisive for the size of the electroreactivity, was determined by means of ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis). The aluminum silicates need not be pure and can easily contain up to 20 wt .-% Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, Na₂O and K₂O. Also up to a few wt .-% SO₃ and Cl can still be present. Furthermore, the surface examined by means of ESCA can have up to 25 at% C. The loss on ignition, ie the weight loss at 1000 ° C., generally ranges between 10 and 15% by weight in the case of the amorphous aluminum silicates. An average of approx. 6% by weight of this is moisture, which is equivalent to the weight loss which is determined by drying at 105 ° C. The specific surface area of the amorphous aluminum silicate, measured by the BET method, is generally between 20 and 200 m² / g. The crystalline aluminum silicates can be present not only in a salt form, with the monovalent salts being preferred, but also in the H⁺ form. The water content determined by drying at 500 ° C. is approximately 1 to 25% by weight, but should preferably be between approximately 5 and 15% by weight.

Als Dispersionsmedium für die Aluminiumsilikatteilchen werden vorzugsweise Silikonöle wie Polydimethylsiloxane und polymere Methylphenylsiloxane verwendet. Auch sind flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe wie z.B. Paraffine, Olefine und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe brauchbar. Weiter können z.B. auch Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe, Polyoxyalkylene oder fluorierte Polyoxyalkylene benutzt werden. Der Erstarrungspunkt der Dispersionsmedien wird vorzugsweise niedriger als -30°C eingestellt, der Siedepunkt größer 150°C. Die Viskosität der Öle liegt bei Raumtemperatur zwischen 3 und 300 mm²/s. Im allgemeinen sind die niedrigviskosen Öle zu bevorzugen (3 bis 20 mm²/s), weil hiermit eine niedrigere Grundviskosität der EVF erreicht wird, so daß mittels des elektroviskosen Effektes starke Viskositätsänderungen erzielt werden können.Silicone oils such as polydimethylsiloxanes and polymeric methylphenylsiloxanes are preferably used as the dispersion medium for the aluminum silicate particles. Liquid hydrocarbons such as Paraffins, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons are useful. Further e.g. fluorocarbons, polyoxyalkylenes or fluorinated polyoxyalkylenes can also be used. The solidification point of the dispersion media is preferably set below -30 ° C, the boiling point above 150 ° C. The viscosity of the oils is between 3 and 300 mm² / s at room temperature. In general, the low-viscosity oils are preferred (3 to 20 mm² / s), because this achieves a lower intrinsic viscosity of the EVF, so that strong viscosity changes can be achieved by means of the electro-viscous effect.

Als Dispergiermittel können im Dispersionsmedium lösliche Tenside verwendet werden, die z.B. von Aminen, Imidazolinen, Oxazolinen, Alkoholen, Glykol oder Sorbitol abgeleitet werden. Auch können im Dispersionsmedium lösliche Polymere verwendet werden. Geeignet sind z.B. Polymere, welche 0,1 bis 10 Gew.-% N und/oder OH, sowie 25 bis 83 Gew.-% C₄-C₂₄ Alkylgruppen enthalten und ein Molekulargewicht im Bereich 5·10³ bis 10⁶ besitzen. Die N- und OH-haltigen Verbindungen in diesen Polymeren können z.B. Amin-, Amid-, Imid-, Nitril-, 5- bis 6-gliedrige N-haltige heterocyclische Ringe bzw. ein Alkohol sein und die C₄-C₂₄ Alkylgruppen Ester von Acryl- oder Methacrylsäure. Spezifische Beispiels für die vorgenannten N- und OH-haltigen Verbindungen sind NN-Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylat, Tertiär-Butylacrylamid, Maleinimid, Acrylnitril, N-Vinylpyrolidon, Vinylpyridin und 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylat. Die vorgenannten polymeren Dispergiermittel haben gegenüber den niedermolekularen Tensiden im allgemeinen den Vorteil, daß die hiermit hergestellten Dispersionen bezüglich des Absatzverhaltens stabiler sind und die Elektroreaktivität weniger frequenzabhängig ist.Surfactants which are soluble in the dispersion medium and are derived, for example, from amines, imidazolines, oxazolines, alcohols, glycol or sorbitol can be used as dispersants. Polymers soluble in the dispersion medium can also be used. Suitable are, for example, polymers which contain 0.1 to 10% by weight of N and / or OH and 25 to 83% by weight of C₄-C₂₄ alkyl groups and have a molecular weight in the range from 5 · 10³ to 10⁶. The containing N and OH Compounds in these polymers can be, for example, amine, amide, imide, nitrile, 5- to 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic rings or an alcohol and the C₄-C₂₄ alkyl groups are esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid. Specific examples of the aforementioned N- and OH-containing compounds are NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tertiary butyl acrylamide, maleimide, acrylonitrile, N-vinyl pyrolidone, vinyl pyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The abovementioned polymeric dispersants generally have the advantage over the low molecular weight surfactants that the dispersions prepared with them are more stable with regard to the sales behavior and the electroreactivity is less frequency-dependent.

Besonders bevorzugte Dispergiermittel für die Herstellung von EVF, wobei das Aluminiumsilikat in ein Silikonöl dispergiert ist, sind die erfindungsgemäßen funktionellen Polysiloxane. Ihre Herstellung ist dem Fachmann im Prinzip bekannt.The functional polysiloxanes according to the invention are particularly preferred dispersants for the production of EVF, the aluminum silicate being dispersed in a silicone oil. Their production is known in principle to the person skilled in the art.

Die Herstellung der als Dispergator verwendeten aminomodifizierten Polysiloxane varriert je nach der gewünschten Art der Verknüpfung. Verbindungen des Typs

Figure imgb0006

wobei n und m die oben angegebene Bedeutung haben und X = CH₂ ist, werden hergestellt aus den entsprechenden Halogenderivaten (Cl oder Br) und dem entsprechenden Amin nach:
Figure imgb0007

Die Cl-haltige Verbindung wird hergestellt durch. Cohydrolyse gewünschter Mengen von ClCH₂(CH₃)₂SiCl, ClCH₂(CH₃)SiCl₂ und (CH₃)₂SiCl₂. Natürlich kann anstelle von Cl auch Br eingesetzt werden.The production of the amino-modified polysiloxanes used as dispersants varies depending on the type of linkage desired. Connections of the type
Figure imgb0006

where n and m have the meaning given above and X = CH₂, are prepared from the corresponding halogen derivatives (Cl or Br) and the corresponding amine according to:
Figure imgb0007

The Cl-containing compound is made by. Cohydrolysis of desired amounts of ClCH₂ (CH₃) ₂SiCl, ClCH₂ (CH₃) SiCl₂ and (CH₃) ₂SiCl₂. Of course, Br can also be used instead of Cl.

Verbindungen des obengenannten Typs, wobei X ein Alkylrest mit 2 bis 6 C-Atomen ist, können beispielsweise hergestellt werden durch platinkatalysierte Addition eines geeigneten Olefins an SiH-haltige Verbindungen. So reagiert beispielsweise Allylchlorid mit einem Silikonöl der Formel

Figure imgb0008

zu einem γ-chlorfunktionellen Silikonöl, das analog zu oben für X = CH₂ beschriebenen Reaktion zu dem gewünschten aminofunktionellen Öl umgesetzt werden kann. Alternative Wege sind dem Fachmann im Prinzip ebenfalls geläufig.Compounds of the type mentioned above, where X is an alkyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, can be prepared, for example are by platinum-catalyzed addition of a suitable olefin to SiH-containing compounds. For example, allyl chloride reacts with a silicone oil of the formula
Figure imgb0008

to a γ-chlorine-functional silicone oil, which can be converted into the desired amino-functional oil analogously to the reaction described above for X = CH₂. In principle, alternative routes are also familiar to the person skilled in the art.

Verbindungen das obengenannten Dispergatortyps, bei denen X für eine Aminoalkoxygruppierung steht, können hergestellt werden durch Umsetzung von siliziumfunktionellen Ölen, die beispielsweise SiCl, SiOCH₂H₅,

Figure imgb0009

oder SiH-Gruppierungen enthalten mit Aminoalkanolen, gegebenenfalls unter Zusatz geeigneter Katalysatoren. Besonders geeignet ist dabei 1-Propanolamin. Im Falle der aminoalkoxyfunktionellen Systeme kann m (vorteilhaft) den Wert O annehmen. Besonders bevorzugt als Dispergator ist ein aminoalkoxyfunktionelles Polysiloxan der Formel
Figure imgb0010

wobei n einen Wert zwischen 15 und 100 annimmt, bevorzugt zwischen 30 und 70.Compounds of the above-mentioned dispersant type, in which X stands for an aminoalkoxy grouping, can be prepared by reacting silicon-functional oils which, for example, SiCl, SiOCH₂H₅,
Figure imgb0009

or contain SiH groups with aminoalkanols, optionally with the addition of suitable catalysts. 1-Propanolamine is particularly suitable. In the case of aminoalkoxy-functional systems, m (advantageously) can assume the value O. An aminoalkoxy-functional polysiloxane of the formula is particularly preferred as the dispersant
Figure imgb0010

where n assumes a value between 15 and 100, preferably between 30 and 70.

Es ist weiterhin möglich, zunächst das Silan

Figure imgb0011

herzustellen und anschließend durch eine basisch katalysierte Äquilibrierungsreaktion unter Zusatz von Oktamethylcyclotetrasiloxan einen Kettenaufbau durchzuführen.It is still possible to start with the silane
Figure imgb0011

to produce and then carry out a chain build-up by a basic catalyzed equilibration reaction with the addition of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.

Die so hergestellten EVF wurden in einem modifizierten Rotationsviskosimeter untersucht, wie es bereits von W.M. Winslow in J. Appl. Phys. 20 (1949) Seite 1137-1140 beschrieben wurde.The EVF produced in this way was examined in a modified rotary viscometer, as has already been described by W.M. Winslow in J. Appl. Phys. 20 (1949) page 1137-1140.

Die Elektrodenfläche des inneren rotierenden Zylinders mit einem Durchmesser von 50 mm beträgt ca. 78 cm², die Spaltweite zwischen den Elektroden 0,58 mm. Bei den dynamischen Messungen kann die Scherbelastung bis maximal 2330 s⁻¹ eingestellt werden. Der Meßbereich des Viskosimeters für die Schubspannung beträgt maximal 750 Pa. Es sind statische und dynamische Messungen möglich. Die Anregung der EVF kann sowohl mit Gleichspannung als auch mit Wechselspannung erfolgen.The electrode area of the inner rotating cylinder with a diameter of 50 mm is approx. 78 cm², the gap between the electrodes is 0.58 mm. For dynamic measurements, the shear stress can be set up to a maximum of 2330 s⁻¹. The measuring range of the viscometer for the shear stress is a maximum of 750 Pa. Static and dynamic measurements are possible. The EVF can be excited with both DC voltage and AC voltage.

Bei Anregung mit Gleichspannung können bei einigen Flüssigkeiten neben der spontanen Erhöhung der Viskosität oder der Fließgrenze beim Einschalten des Feldes auch noch langsame Abscheidungsvorgänge der festen Teilchen auf den Elektrodenoberflächen stattfinden, die das Meßergebnis verfälschen, insbesondere bei kleinen Schergeschwindigkeiten, bzw. bei statischen Messungen. Daher wird die Prüfung der EVF bevorzugt mit Wechselspannung und bei dynamischer Scherbeanspruchung durchgeführt. Man erhält so gut reproduzierbare Fließkurven.With excitation with DC voltage, in addition to the spontaneous increase in viscosity or the flow limit when switching on the field, some liquids can also slow deposition processes of the solid particles on the electrode surfaces take place, which falsify the measurement result, especially at low shear rates or in static measurements. For this reason, the EVF is preferably tested with AC voltage and with dynamic shear stress. This gives well-reproducible flow curves.

Zur Bestimmung der Elektroreaktivität stellt man eine konstante Schergeschwindigkeit O<D<2330 s⁻¹ ein und mißt die Abhängigkeit der Schubspannung τ von der elektrischen Feldatärke E. Mit der Prüfapparatur können Wechselfelder bis zu einer maximalen effektiven Feldstärke von 2370 kV/m bei einem maximalen effektiven Strom von 4 mA und einer Frequenz von 50 Hz erzeugt werden. Man erhält dabei Fließkurven entsprechend Fig. 1. Man erkennt, daß die Schubspannung τ bei kleinen Feldstärken zunächst parabelförmig und bei größeren Feldstärken linear ansteigt. Die Steigung S des linearen Teils der Kurve kann aus Fig. 1 entnommen werden und wird in Pa.m/kV angegeben. Aus dem Schnittpunkt der Geraden τ = τO (Schubspannung ohne elektrisches Feld) wird der Schwellwert EO der elektrischen Feldstärke bestimmt und in kV/m angegeben. Für die Erhöhung der Schubspannung τ(E)- τO im elektrischen Feld E>EO gilt:

τ(E) - τ O = S·(E-E O ).

Figure imgb0012

To determine the electroreactivity, a constant shear rate O <D <2330 s⁻¹ is set and the dependency of the shear stress τ on the electrical field strength E is measured effective current of 4 mA and a frequency of 50 Hz. Flow curves corresponding to FIG. 1 are obtained. It can be seen that the shear stress τ initially increases parabolically with small field strengths and linearly with larger field strengths. The slope S of the linear part of the curve can be seen in FIG. 1 and is given in Pa.m / kV. From the intersection of the straight line τ = τ O (shear stress without an electric field) the threshold value E O of the electric field strength is determined and given in kV / m. The following applies to the increase in shear stress τ (E) - τ O in the electric field E> E O :

τ (E) - τ O = S · (EE O ).
Figure imgb0012

Die Messungen kann man mit verschiedenen Schergeschwindigkeiten D wiederholen. Die dabei bestimmten Werte für EO und S streuen i.a. in einem Bereich von ca. ±5 % bis ±20 % um den Mittelwert.The measurements can be repeated with different shear rates D. The values determined for E O and S generally vary in a range of approx. ± 5% to ± 20% around the mean.

Bei den nachfolgend beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispielen entsprechen die mit dem Buchstaben E gekennzeichneten Rezepturen den erfindungsgemäßen Beispielen, während die anderen Beispiele als Stand der Technik anzusehen sind (Vergleichsbasis).In the exemplary embodiments described below, the recipes marked with the letter E correspond to the examples according to the invention, while the other examples are to be regarded as prior art (basis for comparison).

Die Rezepturen 1 bis 14 zeigen den Einfluß des Atomverhältnisses Al/Si auf der Oberfläche der unterschiedlichen dispersen Phasen. Bei den Rezepturen 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23 und 24 wird deutlich, daß die gute Wirkung der erfindungsgemäßen Al-Silikate auch mit anderen Dispergiermitteln erhalten bleibt. Die Beispiele 20, 21 und 25 zeigen, daß dies auch für andere Dispersionsmedien zutrifft.Formulations 1 to 14 show the influence of the Al / Si atomic ratio on the surface of the different disperse phases. With the formulations 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23 and 24 it is clear that the good effect of the Al silicates according to the invention is also retained with other dispersants. Examples 20, 21 and 25 show that this also applies to other dispersion media.

Die Beispiele 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 21, 25 zeigen, daß die erfindungsgemäßen EVF auch bei höheren Temperaturen noch eine gute Wirkung aufweisen. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die gute Wirkung bei höheren Temperaturen bei den EVF, die Dispergiermittel auf Polysiloxanbasis enthalten (Beispiele 7 und 25 im Vergleich zu den Beispielen 15 und 20).Examples 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 21, 25 show that the EVF according to the invention still have a good effect even at higher temperatures. Particularly noteworthy is the good effect at higher temperatures in the EVF which contain dispersants based on polysiloxane (Examples 7 and 25 compared to Examples 15 and 20).

AusführungsbeispieleEmbodiments Silikonöl 1: Polydimethylsiloxan Silicone oil 1 : polydimethylsiloxane

Viskosität bei 25°C: 5 mm²s⁻¹
Dichte bei 25°C: 0,9 g.cm⁻³
Dielektrizitätszahl
εr nach DIN 53483
bei 0°C und 50 Hz: 2,8
Viscosity at 25 ° C: 5 mm²s⁻¹
Density at 25 ° C: 0.9 g.cm⁻³
Dielectric constant
εr according to DIN 53483
at 0 ° C and 50 Hz: 2.8

Silikonöl 2: Polymethylphenylsiloxan Silicone oil 2 : polymethylphenylsiloxane

Viskosität bei 25°C: 4 mm² s⁻¹
Dichte bei 25°C: 0,9 g.cm⁻³
Dielektrizitätszahl
εr bei 25°C: ca. 2,5
Viscosity at 25 ° C: 4 mm² s⁻¹
Density at 25 ° C: 0.9 g.cm⁻³
Dielectric constant
εr at 25 ° C: approx.2.5

IsododecanIsododecane

Viskosität bei 25°C: 1,7 mm²s⁻¹
Dichte bei 20°C: 0,75 g.cm⁻³
Dielektrizitätszahl
εr bei 20°C: 2,1

Dispergiermittel 1:
Figure imgb0013
Dispergiermittel 2:
Sorbitansesquioleat
Dispergiermittel 3:
Tetradecylamin
Dispergiermittel 4:
2 Heptadecenyl-4,4(5H)-oxazoldimethanol
Dispergiermittel 5:
Figure imgb0014
Dispergiermittel 6:
Figure imgb0015
Figure imgb0016
Figure imgb0017
Viscosity at 25 ° C: 1.7 mm²s⁻¹
Density at 20 ° C: 0.75 g.cm⁻³
Dielectric constant
εr at 20 ° C: 2.1
Dispersant 1:
Figure imgb0013
Dispersant 2:
Sorbitan sesquioleate
Dispersant 3:
Tetradecylamine
Dispersant 4:
2 heptadecenyl-4,4 (5H) oxazole dimethanol
Dispersant 5:
Figure imgb0014
Dispersant 6:
Figure imgb0015
Figure imgb0016
Figure imgb0017

Claims (6)

  1. An electroviscous liquid (EVL) containing more than 25% by weight of an aluminium silicate having a water content of 1 to 25% by weight as disperse phase and an electrically non-conductive hydrophobic liquid as liquid phase and also a dispersant, characterized in that the atomic ratio of Al to Si at the surface of the aluminium silicate is between 0.15 and 0.80.
  2. An electroviscous liquid as claimed in claim 1 containing a silicone oil as liquid phase, characterized in that the dispersant consists of aminofunctional or hydroxyfunctional or acetoxyfunctional or alkoxyfunctional polysiloxanes having a molecular weight of >800 and is present in a concentration of 1 to 30% by weight, based on the aluminium silicate particles.
  3. Electroviscous dispersions as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the functional polysiloxanes are added in a concentration of 5 to 20% by weight, based on the aluminium silicate particles.
  4. Electroviscous dispersions as claimed in claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the aminofunctional polysiloxanes have the following structure:
    Figure imgb0021
    in which 10 < n < 1,000, m = 0 to 5,
    R = H or C₁₋₈ alkyl and
    X is a difunctional hydrocarbon consisting of C, H and optionally O and/or N.
  5. An electroviscous dispersion as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the aminofunctional polysiloxanes have the following structure
    Figure imgb0022
    in which m = 0 to 3 and
    10 < n < 1,000.
  6. Electroviscous dispersions as claimed in claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the functional polysiloxanes have the following structure:
    Figure imgb0023
    in which 10 < n < 1,000 and
    Y is a hydrolyzable group, more particularly a hydroxy, alkoxy or carboxy group.
EP86113763A 1985-10-17 1986-10-04 Electroviscous fluids Expired - Lifetime EP0219751B1 (en)

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