EP0207867B1 - Propeller or the like with joined blades - Google Patents
Propeller or the like with joined blades Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0207867B1 EP0207867B1 EP86420161A EP86420161A EP0207867B1 EP 0207867 B1 EP0207867 B1 EP 0207867B1 EP 86420161 A EP86420161 A EP 86420161A EP 86420161 A EP86420161 A EP 86420161A EP 0207867 B1 EP0207867 B1 EP 0207867B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hub
- balls
- propeller
- socket
- blades
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H1/00—Propulsive elements directly acting on water
- B63H1/02—Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type
- B63H1/12—Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type with rotation axis substantially in propulsive direction
- B63H1/14—Propellers
- B63H1/20—Hubs; Blade connections
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H3/00—Propeller-blade pitch changing
- B63H3/12—Propeller-blade pitch changing the pitch being adjustable only when propeller is stationary
Definitions
- the present invention relates in particular to fixed propellers comprising blades attached to a central hub, applicable to the propulsion of boats, and it also includes, more generally, all rotary devices with blading, having a similar structure with a central hub and blades, such as turbine wheels.
- the fixed propellers of boats are currently made by a single piece of foundry, in a material such as cast iron, cupro-aluminum or stainless steel, this foundry piece bringing together in a single block the propeller hub and the different blades distributed around the hub.
- the foundry mold used is made either using a wooden model reproducing the propeller hub and a blade, or using a metal model reproducing the complete propeller.
- the first solution is the most frequently used. It is the least expensive for the construction of the model, but for its implementation it becomes the most expensive, longest and least precise solution. Indeed, the founder must successively make as many impressions as there are blades, or three or four in most cases, by angularly shifting the model several times around the axis of the hub.
- the raw foundry propeller is then carefully deburred, but it cannot be used at this stage. Except for the machining of the hub, the blades must be ground over their entire surface, this on both sides. This operation is done manually by qualified personnel, in very difficult working conditions. Depending on the class of the propeller (defined by AFNOR and ISO standards), a pitch adjustment operation is made by more or less tight notching, before grinding. The propeller is finally balanced statically, and dynamically if necessary.
- the one-piece design also has drawbacks in the event of deterioration such as ruptures or deformations of blades due to impacts on rocks, piles of bridges, in locks, on floating tree trunks, etc ..., this kind of damage being frequent in river navigation. In such eventualities, the propeller must be repaired or completely rebuilt; repairs are costly and immobilize the boat.
- propellers which are not fixed but which are said to be "with variable pitch", in which each blade is mounted to rotate about an axis perpendicular to the general axis of the hub, and can be oriented during the use of the propeller.
- the document BE-A-390294 describes a propeller with a central hub at the periphery of which are housings of generally cylindrical shape, and with blades initially separated from the hub each having a base provided with a part of generally shaped cylindrical complementary to one of the hub housings.
- a first annular groove is hollowed out in the cylindrical side wall of each housing of the hub, and a second annular groove is hollowed out around the complementary part formed under the base of each blade. This last part is introduced into one of the housings, and the two grooves are then placed in coincidence so as to together form a toric cavity into which are introduced balls or other similar rolling members such as rollers.
- the present invention aims to eliminate all of the above drawbacks, by providing a new structure for propellers or the like of the "fixed propeller" type, providing a simplification of opera manufacturing and a significant lowering of cost prices, allowing a real adjustment of the pitch at the manufacturing and also later, and also reducing significantly the costs and repair times.
- the subject of the invention is a propeller or the like with attached blades, with a central propeller hub at the periphery of which are housings of generally cylindrical shape and with blades initially separated from the hub, each blade having a base provided with a generally cylindrical part complementary to one of the housings of the hub, and capable of being inserted into one of these housings, means being provided for making a connection between each blade and the hub, these means comprising a first annular groove of semi-circular section hollowed out in the side wall of each housing of the hub, a second annular groove of semi-circular section hollowed out around the complementary part of this housing formed under the base of the corresponding blade, the two grooves being placed in coincidence during the introduction of said part into the housing, so as to form a toric cavity, and balls introduced into the toroidal cavity, this propeller or the like being characterized in that, to immobilize the blades in the desired positions, the aforementioned connecting means also include blocking means acting on the balls so as to push them against each other and
- the balls thus ensure a total blocking of the blades on the hub by jamming, canceling all the games and also eliminating all the vibration problems.
- these balls allow, before blocking, to adjust the pitch of the propeller or to modify it, by rotating each blade around the axis of the corresponding cylindrical housing of the hub.
- the hub advantageously comprises, for each cylindrical housing, at least one hole starting from the external surface of the hub and opening into the annular groove of the housing, the or each hole allowing the introduction of the balls into the toric cavity and then receiving the means for blocking acting on these balls. More particularly, it may be a tapped hole receiving an additional ball as well as a locking screw which, when tightened, acts on the balls housed in the toric cavity by means of the additional ball.
- the additional ball which is supported between two balls of the cavity toric, then behaves like a wedge which pushes the other balls against each other, forcing them to be placed in staggered rows and thus blocking them against the walls of the toric cavity.
- the or each aforementioned hole of the hub is a tapped hole receiving a locking screw with conical tip which, when tightened, acts directly on the balls housed in the toric cavity.
- a second hole can be drilled between the outer surface of the hub and the annular groove of each cylindrical housing, to facilitate the evacuation of the balls from the toric cavity by the action of a fluid or by mechanical action, means being provided to normally close this hole.
- At least one pawn is advantageously provided for link in rotation in the desired relative position, the base of each blade and the hub, the or each pin being pressed into corresponding holes drilled in the base of the blade and at the periphery of the hub.
- the pins thus arranged reinforce the rotation blocking of the blades by wedging the balls, and they make it possible to identify the position of the blades relative to the hub, which makes it possible to detect any modification of the pitch of the propeller by the user.
- an internally threaded plug serving as a screw brake, is preferably screwed onto the or each ball locking screw and tightened against the outer surface of the hub, this plug behaving like a lock nut which prevents any accidental loosening of the locking screw.
- Sealing means in particular produced in the form of annular seals, are finally provided to prevent the entry of water into the fastening device of each blade, this in particular between the base of the blade and the outlet to the outside the corresponding housing of the hub, as well as at the level of the plugs blocking the inputs of the various holes of the hub.
- the propeller structure proposed by the invention reduces the times and costs of manufacturing the propellers, removes the currently most painful machining operations, and allows quality achievements, as regards dimensional precision, all by employing a less qualified workforce.
- the invention makes it possible to adjust the pitch of the propeller, and this in an identical manner on all the points of each blade, the pitch thus being made truly adjustable. Adjustment of the propeller pitch can thus be done during manufacture, and also throughout the life of the propeller, which makes possi pitch corrections aimed at adapting the propeller to a thermal drive motor whose characteristics may change over time.
- the adjustment or adaptation of the pitch is very simple, since it suffices to loosen the locking screws to temporarily restore the blades' freedom of movement in rotation.
- the proposed design does not modify the external configuration of the propeller, so that the factors or parameters which are taken into account in determining the propeller are not affected by this design, that a propeller according to the invention can be easily mounted to replace a conventional propeller, and that on the aesthetic level also the appearance of the propeller is not modified at all.
- the drawing represents a fixed boat propeller with three blades (1), mounted at regular angular intervals of 120 ° on a hub (2), the blades (1) being parts produced separately and attached to the hub (2) as shown.
- 'clearly shows Figure 1.
- the hub (2) is provided with a passage (3) hollowed out along its axis (4) for mounting on a propeller shaft not shown.
- a passage (3) hollowed out along its axis (4) for mounting on a propeller shaft not shown.
- housings (5) of generally cylindrical shape; an annular groove (6), of semi-circular section, is machined in the cylindrical side wall of each housing (5).
- Each blade (1) has a base (7), under which protrudes a head (8) of generally cylindrical shape, and of diameter corresponding to that of a housing (5).
- An annular groove (9), of semi-circular section, is hollowed out at the periphery of the head (8).
- each blade (1) on the hub (2) is carried out by introducing the head (8) into one of the housings (5), until the base (7) of the blade (1) comes to rest against the periphery of the hub (2).
- the annular groove (9) of the head (8) is thus placed in coincidence with the annular groove (6) of the housing (5), so that the two grooves (6, 9) together form a perfect toric cavity, as shown in Figure 3.
- connection between the blade (1) and the hub (2) is ensured by balls (10) introduced into the toric cavity formed by the two grooves (6, 9), so as to fill this entire cavity, the balls (10 ) being contiguous.
- balls (10) are introduced into the toroidal cavity through a threaded hole (11) in the hub (2), parallel to the axis (4) which starts from an end face (12) of the hub (2) and opens into the throat (6).
- the only balls (10) housed in the toric cavity leave the blade (1) the possibility of pivoting relative to the hub (2), in the manner of a ball bearing, which makes it possible to adjust the pitch of the 'propeller, or modify it.
- an additional ball (13) is introduced into the tapped hole (11), and a locking screw (14) is tightened in this tapped hole (11) .
- the thrust (P) of the screw (14) on the additional ball (13) causes the additional ball (13) to press between two balls (10) housed in the toric cavity.
- the additional ball (13) behaves like a wedge which pushes the balls (10) against each other, forces them to stagger and presses them alternately on the inner and outer surfaces of the toric cavity, that is ie on the bottoms of the two grooves (6, 9), which ensures total blockage by wedging.
- the additional ball (13) may have a larger diameter than that of the other balls (10), the threaded hole (11) being obviously dimensioned accordingly.
- an internally threaded plug (15) is screwed onto the end of the screw (14) and pressed against the outer surface (12) of the hub ( 2), to brake the screw (14) by acting as a lock nut.
- a hole (16) is further drilled starting from the other end face (17) of the hub (2) and also opening into the toric cavity, at the bottom of the groove (6). .
- the hole (16) facilitates the evacuation of the balls (10) by blowing compressed air, or by admitting a liquid, or by introducing a rod.
- a screw cap (18) normally closes the entrance to the hole (16).
- two pins (19) are provided. Holes (20) are drilled in the base (7) of the blade (1), then counter-drilled in the hub (2) after adjusting the pitch, to receive the two pins (19) which, once put in place, rotate the blade (1) and the hub (2) _ see figure 3.
- annular seal (21) is provided mounted between the base (7) of the blade (1) and the hub (2), as well as two seals (22, 23) placed respectively at the inputs of the two holes (11, 16), in association with the plugs (15, 18).
- FIG. 6 shows a variant, making it possible to obtain stronger blocking of the balls, over the entire circumference.
- two diametrically opposite tapped holes 11 are provided, each receiving blocking means acting directly on the balls.
- These locking means can be constituted by two additional balls (13), on which the pressure of two respective locking screws (14) is exerted.
- each tapped hole (11) receives a locking screw (14) terminated by a frustoconical end piece (24) and acting directly on the balls, during its tightening.
- the wedging effect can be further reinforced by providing that the balls introduced into the toric cavity include balls (10 ⁇ ) of larger diameter and balls (10 ⁇ ) of smaller diameter, the balls (10 ⁇ ) of larger diameter alternating with the smaller diameter balls (10 ⁇ ).
- the invention is not limited to the sole embodiments of this propeller with attached blades which has been described above, by way of example; on the contrary, it embraces all of the variant embodiments and applications respecting the same principle.
- the invention is in no way limited to fixed propellers with three blades, and it also applies to the production of variable pitch propellers, simply by eliminating or not using the locking system of each blade relative to the hub.
- the particular means for blocking the blades, described above in detail, can be replaced by any equivalent allowing the same essential advantages to be preserved.
- the design described can also be transposed to all rotating devices with blades, such as: turbine impellers, wind turbine rotors, rotary agitators with blades for liquids, mixer and mixer rotors, etc., which have a similar structure with a hub and blades, whether motor or receiver devices.
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Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne notamment les hélices fixes comprenant des pales rapportées sur un moyeu central, applicables à la propulsion des bateaux, et elle englobe aussi, plus généralement, tous dispositifs tournants avec aubage, possédant une structure similaire avec un moyeu central et des pales, tels que les roues de turbines.The present invention relates in particular to fixed propellers comprising blades attached to a central hub, applicable to the propulsion of boats, and it also includes, more generally, all rotary devices with blading, having a similar structure with a central hub and blades, such as turbine wheels.
Les hélices fixes de bateaux sont actuellement réalisées par une seule pièce de fonderie, en un matériau tel que fonte, cupro-aluminium ou acier inoxydable, cette pièce de fonderie réunissant en un seul bloc le moyeu d'hélice et les différentes pales réparties autour du moyeu.The fixed propellers of boats are currently made by a single piece of foundry, in a material such as cast iron, cupro-aluminum or stainless steel, this foundry piece bringing together in a single block the propeller hub and the different blades distributed around the hub.
Le moule de fonderie utilisé est réalisé soit à l'aide d'un modèle en bois reproduisant le moyeu d'hélice et une pale, soit à l'aide d'un modèle métallique reproduisant l'hélice complète.The foundry mold used is made either using a wooden model reproducing the propeller hub and a blade, or using a metal model reproducing the complete propeller.
La première solution est la plus fréquemment employée. Elle est la moins coûteuse pour la construction du modèle, mais pour sa mise en oeuvre elle devient la solution la plus onéreuse, la plus longue et la moins précise. En effet, le fondeur doit faire successivement autant d'empreintes qu'il y a de pales, soit trois ou quatre dans la majorité des cas, en décalant plusieurs fois angulairement le modèle autour de l'axe du moyeu.The first solution is the most frequently used. It is the least expensive for the construction of the model, but for its implementation it becomes the most expensive, longest and least precise solution. Indeed, the founder must successively make as many impressions as there are blades, or three or four in most cases, by angularly shifting the model several times around the axis of the hub.
Dans les deux cas ici indiqués, on trouve également l'inconvénient d'avoir des modèles "rigides", fixant définitivement le pas de l'hélice et la forme de chaque pale. Ainsi, on est amené à multiplier énormément le nombre des modèles utilisés. Dans le cas de la première solution, on a une possibilité de modification du pas par inclinaison de l'axe du moyeu d'hélice par rapport à l'origine, mais cette possibilité reste limitée; de plus, la nouvelle valeur du pas n'est obtenue en réalité que sur un seul rayon, égal habituellement à 0,7 fois le rayon de l'hélice.In the two cases indicated here, there is also the disadvantage of having "rigid" models, definitively fixing the pitch of the propeller and the shape of each blade. Thus, we are led to enormously multiply the number of models used. In the case of the first solution, there is a possibility of modification of the pitch by inclination of the axis of the propeller hub relative to the origin, but this possibility remains limited; moreover, the new value of the pitch is actually obtained only on a single radius, usually equal to 0.7 times the radius of the helix.
Le problème est du même ordre pour le moyeu: il n'y a pas de possibilité de modification, ni du diamètre, ni des positions d'attache des pales sur celui-ci. Là encore, on est donc amené à multiplier les modèles de fonderie.The problem is of the same order for the hub: there is no possibility of modification, neither of the diameter, nor of the positions of attachment of the blades thereon. Here again, we are therefore led to multiply the foundry models.
L'hélice obtenue brute de fonderie est ensuite soigneusement ébarbée, mais elle ne peut être utilisée à ce stade. Hormis l'usinage du moyeu, les pales doivent être meulées sur toute leur surface, ceci sur les deux faces. Cette opération est faite manuellement par du personnel qualifié, dans des conditions de travail très pénibles. Suivant la classe de l'hélice (définie par les normes AFNOR et ISO), on fait une opération de réglage du pas par crantage plus ou moins serré, avant meulage. L'hélice est enfin équilibrée statiquement, et dynamiquement le cas échéant.The raw foundry propeller is then carefully deburred, but it cannot be used at this stage. Except for the machining of the hub, the blades must be ground over their entire surface, this on both sides. This operation is done manually by qualified personnel, in very difficult working conditions. Depending on the class of the propeller (defined by AFNOR and ISO standards), a pitch adjustment operation is made by more or less tight notching, before grinding. The propeller is finally balanced statically, and dynamically if necessary.
Dans l'utilisation des hélices actuelles, réalisées comme indiqué ci-dessus, la conception monobloc présente aussi des inconvénients en cas de détériorations telles que ruptures ou déformations de pales dues à des chocs sur des rochers, des piles de ponts, dans les écluses, sur des troncs d'arbres flottants, etc..., ce genre d'avaries étant fréquent en navigation fluviale. Dans de telles éventualités, il faut réparer l'hélice ou la refaire complétement ; les réparations sont coûteuses et immobilisent le bateau.In the use of current propellers, produced as indicated above, the one-piece design also has drawbacks in the event of deterioration such as ruptures or deformations of blades due to impacts on rocks, piles of bridges, in locks, on floating tree trunks, etc ..., this kind of damage being frequent in river navigation. In such eventualities, the propeller must be repaired or completely rebuilt; repairs are costly and immobilize the boat.
On connaît par ailleurs, par exemple par le document BE-A-390294, des hélices non pas fixes mais dites "à pas variable", dans lesquelles chaque pale est montée tournante autour d'un axe perpendiculaire à l'axe général du moyeu, et peut être orientée au cours de l'utilisation de l'hélice. Plus particulièrement, le document BE-A-390294 décrit une hélice avec un moyeu central à la périphérie duquel sont ménagés des logements de forme générale cylindrique, et avec des pales initialement séparées du moyeu possédant chacune une embase munie d'une partie de forme générale cylindrique complémentaire de l'un des logements du moyeu. Une première gorge annulaire est creusée dans la paroi latérale cylindrique de chaque logement du moyeu, et une seconde gorge annulaire est creusée tout autour de la partie complémentaire formée sous l'embase de chaque pale. Cette dernière partie est introduite dans l'un des logements, et les deux gorges sont alors mises en coïncidence de manière à former ensemble une cavité torique dans laquelle sont introduites des billes ou d'autres organes de roulement similaires tels que galets.We also know, for example from document BE-A-390294, propellers which are not fixed but which are said to be "with variable pitch", in which each blade is mounted to rotate about an axis perpendicular to the general axis of the hub, and can be oriented during the use of the propeller. More particularly, the document BE-A-390294 describes a propeller with a central hub at the periphery of which are housings of generally cylindrical shape, and with blades initially separated from the hub each having a base provided with a part of generally shaped cylindrical complementary to one of the hub housings. A first annular groove is hollowed out in the cylindrical side wall of each housing of the hub, and a second annular groove is hollowed out around the complementary part formed under the base of each blade. This last part is introduced into one of the housings, and the two grooves are then placed in coincidence so as to together form a toric cavity into which are introduced balls or other similar rolling members such as rollers.
Ces billes assurent une liaison axiale de chaque pale avec le moyeu, en permettant la rotation simultanée des pales sous l'action d'un dispositif de commande commun. Il s'agit donc ici, typiquement, d'une hélice à pas ajustable en cours d'utilisation, qui ne peut être assimilée à une hélice fixe et qui ne possède, en particulier, aucun moyen pour le blocage individuel de chaque pale sur le moyeu dans une position initialement choisie.These balls provide an axial connection of each blade with the hub, allowing the blades to rotate simultaneously under the action of a common control device. It is therefore here typically a propeller with adjustable pitch during use, which cannot be assimilated to a fixed propeller and which has, in particular, no means for the individual locking of each blade on the hub in an initially chosen position.
La présente invention vise à éliminer l'ensemble des inconvénients précédents, en fournissant une structure nouvelle pour des hélices ou similaires du type "hélice fixe", procurant une simplification des opéra tions de fabrication et un abaissement sensible des prix de revient, permettant un véritable ajustement du pas à la fabrication et aussi ultérieurement, et réduisant aussi fortement les coûts et les délais de réparation.The present invention aims to eliminate all of the above drawbacks, by providing a new structure for propellers or the like of the "fixed propeller" type, providing a simplification of opera manufacturing and a significant lowering of cost prices, allowing a real adjustment of the pitch at the manufacturing and also later, and also reducing significantly the costs and repair times.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet une hélice ou similaire à pales rapportées, avec un moyeu central d'hélice à la périphérie duquel sont ménagés des logements de forme générale cylindrique et avec des pales initialement séparées du moyeu, chaque pale possédant une embase munie d'une partie de forme générale cylindrique complémentaire de l'un des logements du moyeu, et apte à être introduite dans l'un de ces logements, des moyens étant prévus pour réaliser une liaison entre chaque pale et le moyeu, ces moyens comprenant une première gorge annulaire de section semi-circulaire creusée dans la paroi latérale de chaque logement du moyeu, une seconde gorge annulaire de section semi-circulaire creusée tout autour de la partie complémentaire de ce logement formée sous l'embase de la pale correspondante, les deux gorges étant mises en coïncidence lors de l'introduction de ladite partie dans le logement, de manière à former une cavité torique, et des billes introduites dans la cavité torique, cette hélice ou similaire étant caractérisée en ce que, pour immobiliser les pales dans les positions désirées, les moyens de liaison précités comprennent encore des moyens de blocage agissant sur les billes de manière à les pousser les unes contre les autres et à les presser contre les parois de la cavité torique formée par les deux gorges mises en coïncidence. Les billes assurent ainsi un blocage total des pales sur le moyeu par coincement en annulant tous les jeux et en s'affranchissant en outre de tous les problèmes de vibrations. Ces billes permettent toutefois, avant blocage, d'ajuster le pas de l'hélice ou de le modifier, en faisant tourner chaque pale autour de l'axe du logement cylindrique correspondant du moyeu.To this end, the subject of the invention is a propeller or the like with attached blades, with a central propeller hub at the periphery of which are housings of generally cylindrical shape and with blades initially separated from the hub, each blade having a base provided with a generally cylindrical part complementary to one of the housings of the hub, and capable of being inserted into one of these housings, means being provided for making a connection between each blade and the hub, these means comprising a first annular groove of semi-circular section hollowed out in the side wall of each housing of the hub, a second annular groove of semi-circular section hollowed out around the complementary part of this housing formed under the base of the corresponding blade, the two grooves being placed in coincidence during the introduction of said part into the housing, so as to form a toric cavity, and balls introduced into the toroidal cavity, this propeller or the like being characterized in that, to immobilize the blades in the desired positions, the aforementioned connecting means also include blocking means acting on the balls so as to push them against each other and pressing them against the walls of the toroidal cavity formed by the two grooves placed in coincidence. The balls thus ensure a total blocking of the blades on the hub by jamming, canceling all the games and also eliminating all the vibration problems. However, these balls allow, before blocking, to adjust the pitch of the propeller or to modify it, by rotating each blade around the axis of the corresponding cylindrical housing of the hub.
Le moyeu comporte avantageusement, pour chaque logement cylindrique, au moins un trou partant de la surface extérieure du moyeu et débouchant dans la gorge annulaire du logement, le ou chaque trou permettant l'introduction des billes dans la cavité torique et recevant ensuite les moyens de blocage agissant sur ces billes. Plus particulièrement, il peut s'agir d'un trou taraudé recevant une bille supplémentaire ainsi qu'une vis de blocage qui, lors de son serrage, agit sur les billes logées dans la cavité torique par l'intermédiaire de la bille supplémentaire. La bille supplémentaire, qui prend appui entre deux billes de la cavité torique, se comporte alors comme un coin qui pousse les autres billes les unes contre les autres, en les forçant à se placer en quinconce et les bloquant ainsi contre les parois de la cavité torique. Dans une variante, le ou chaque trou précité du moyeu est un trou taraudé recevant une vis de blocage à embout conique qui, lors de son serrage, agit directement sur les billes logées dans la cavité torique.The hub advantageously comprises, for each cylindrical housing, at least one hole starting from the external surface of the hub and opening into the annular groove of the housing, the or each hole allowing the introduction of the balls into the toric cavity and then receiving the means for blocking acting on these balls. More particularly, it may be a tapped hole receiving an additional ball as well as a locking screw which, when tightened, acts on the balls housed in the toric cavity by means of the additional ball. The additional ball, which is supported between two balls of the cavity toric, then behaves like a wedge which pushes the other balls against each other, forcing them to be placed in staggered rows and thus blocking them against the walls of the toric cavity. In a variant, the or each aforementioned hole of the hub is a tapped hole receiving a locking screw with conical tip which, when tightened, acts directly on the balls housed in the toric cavity.
En desserrant simplement la vis de blocage, on peut de nouveau libérer la pale, pour réajuster sa position et éventuellement la retirer en vue d'une réparation ou d'un remplacement. Dans ce but, un deuxième trou peut être percé entre la surface extérieure du moyeu et la gorge annulaire de chaque logement cylindrique, pour faciliter l'évacuation des billes hors de la cavité torique par action d'un fluide ou par action mécanique, des moyens étant prévus pour normalement obturer ce trou.By simply loosening the locking screw, the blade can be released again, to readjust its position and possibly remove it for repair or replacement. For this purpose, a second hole can be drilled between the outer surface of the hub and the annular groove of each cylindrical housing, to facilitate the evacuation of the balls from the toric cavity by the action of a fluid or by mechanical action, means being provided to normally close this hole.
On peut aussi avoir deux trous diamétralement opposés, recevant chacun des moyens de blocage agissant sur les billes de manière à les presser contre les parois de la cavité torique.It is also possible to have two diametrically opposite holes, each receiving blocking means acting on the balls so as to press them against the walls of the toric cavity.
Des moyens de sécurité de deux types peuvent être prévus :Security means of two types can be provided:
D'une part, au moins un pion est avantageusement prévu pour lier en rotation dans la position relative désirée, l'embase de chaque pale et le moyeu, le ou chaque pion étant enfoncé dans des trous correspondants percés dans l'embase de la pale et à la périphérie du moyeu. Les pions ainsi disposés renforcent le blocage en rotation des pales par effet de coincement des billes, et ils permettent de repérer la position des pales par rapport au moyeu, ce qui rend possible la détection de toute modification du pas de l'hélice par l'utilisateur.On the one hand, at least one pawn is advantageously provided for link in rotation in the desired relative position, the base of each blade and the hub, the or each pin being pressed into corresponding holes drilled in the base of the blade and at the periphery of the hub. The pins thus arranged reinforce the rotation blocking of the blades by wedging the balls, and they make it possible to identify the position of the blades relative to the hub, which makes it possible to detect any modification of the pitch of the propeller by the user.
D'autre part, un bouchon fileté intérieurement, servant de frein de vis, est de préférence vissé sur la ou chaque vis de blocage des billes et serré contre la surface extérieure du moyeu, ce bouchon se comportant comme un contre-écrou qui évite tout desserrage accidentel de la vis de blocage.On the other hand, an internally threaded plug, serving as a screw brake, is preferably screwed onto the or each ball locking screw and tightened against the outer surface of the hub, this plug behaving like a lock nut which prevents any accidental loosening of the locking screw.
Des moyens d'étanchéité, notamment réalisés sous la forme de joints annulaires, sont enfin prévus pour éviter l'entrée d'eau dans le dispositif de fixation de chaque pale, ceci notamment entre l'embase de la pale et le débouché à l'extérieur du logement correspondant du moyeu, ainsi qu'au niveau des bouchons obturant les entrées des divers trous du moyeu.Sealing means, in particular produced in the form of annular seals, are finally provided to prevent the entry of water into the fastening device of each blade, this in particular between the base of the blade and the outlet to the outside the corresponding housing of the hub, as well as at the level of the plugs blocking the inputs of the various holes of the hub.
Les avantages de l'invention résultent essentiellement du fait que celle-ci propose une hélice à pales rapportées, donc fabriquées séparément et non pas réalisées d'une seule pièce avec le moyeu:The advantages of the invention result essentially from the fact that it offers a propeller with attached blades, therefore manufactured separately and not produced in one piece with the hub:
Ainsi, il devient possible d'envisager une standardisation aisée des pales d'une part, et des moyeux d'autre part. De ce fait, on rentabilise le moulage automatique sur plaques modèles, et on supprime le nombre élevé des modèles en bois, selon le procédé de fonderie choisi. La standardisation permet de réduire le nombre de modèles d'hélices, donc permet de faire un stockage de pales et de moyeux, d'où une production de petites séries en fonderie. Ces premiers avantages amènent déjà une réduction importante des coûts des hélices brutes, tout en permettant des combinaisons très nombreuses entre pales et moyeux.Thus, it becomes possible to envisage an easy standardization of the blades on the one hand, and of the hubs on the other hand. As a result, automatic molding on model plates is made profitable, and the high number of wooden models is eliminated, depending on the foundry process chosen. Standardization makes it possible to reduce the number of models of propellers, therefore makes it possible to store blades and hubs, hence the production of small series in foundries. These first advantages already bring a significant reduction in the costs of the raw propellers, while allowing very numerous combinations between blades and hubs.
Ces avantages s'appliquent aussi à l'usinage des parties assurant la liaison entre le moyeu et les pales, ainsi qu'entre le moyeu et l'arbre d'hélice. Il s'agit d'un usinage faisable sur des machines-outils peu coûteuses, puisqu'il n'y a que des opérations de tournage et de perçage. En équipant ces machines d'outillages spéciaux de positionnement et de serrage, en travaillant avec des informations automatiques en fin de course d'outil, on réduit considérablement le temps d'usinage, et ce dernier peut être fait en temps masqué par un opérateur qui n'est pas nécessairement très qualifié et qui travaille sur deux machines.These advantages also apply to the machining of the parts ensuring the connection between the hub and the blades, as well as between the hub and the propeller shaft. This is a feasible machining on inexpensive machine tools, since there are only turning and drilling operations. By equipping these machines with special positioning and clamping tools, by working with automatic information at the end of the tool stroke, the machining time is considerably reduced, and this the latter can be done in masked time by an operator who is not necessarily very qualified and who works on two machines.
En ce qui concerne les pales, moulées séparément, on peut obtenir des pales brutes de fonderie à surface optimale, le profil des pales étant ajusté par oxydécoupage à la demande. Ceci présente, de plus, un très grand intérêt : les pales brutes pour hélices tournant en eau libre et pour hélices montées sous tuyère seront identiques, ce qui amène une suppression supplémentaire du nombre nécessaire de modèles de fonderie en bois.With regard to the blades, molded separately, it is possible to obtain rough foundry blades with an optimal surface, the profile of the blades being adjusted by oxidation cutting on demand. This is also of great interest: the raw blades for propellers rotating in open water and for propellers mounted under a nozzle will be identical, which leads to an additional elimination of the necessary number of wooden foundry models.
Dans le procédé de fonderie utilisant des plaques modèles, on pourra réaliser des pièces brutes de fonderie avec une grande précision, donc approcher de très près les cotes finies désirées, ce qui a pour conséquence de réduire considérablement le temps de meulage; de plus, cette opération s'apparentera beaucoup plus à du toilage, pouvant être effectué par des opérateurs sans qualification particulière. On peut même n'envisager qu'un grenaillage, le meulage n'étant pratiqué que pour équilibrer l'hélice statiquement.In the foundry process using model plates, it will be possible to produce raw foundry parts with great precision, therefore approaching very closely the desired finished dimensions, which has the consequence of considerably reducing the grinding time; moreover, this operation will be much more like grooming, which can be carried out by operators without any particular qualification. We can even consider only a shot peening, grinding being practiced only to balance the propeller statically.
En résumé, la structure d'hélice proposée par l'invention diminue les temps et coûts de fabrication des hélices, supprime les opérations d'usinage actuellement les plus pénibles, et permet des réalisations de qualité, en ce qui concerne la précision dimensionnelle, tout en employant une main-d'oeuvre moins qualifiée.In summary, the propeller structure proposed by the invention reduces the times and costs of manufacturing the propellers, removes the currently most painful machining operations, and allows quality achievements, as regards dimensional precision, all by employing a less qualified workforce.
Par ailleurs, les pièces usinées ou semi-usinées étant tenues en stock, et compte tenu des multiples possibilités offertes par la standardisation des pièces, des délais très courts de livraison pourront être garantis à l'utilisateur. Ceci vaut non seulement pour l'acheteur d'une hélice neuve, mais présente en outre un avantage incontestable pour l'utilisateur en cas de détérioration d'une hélice. Il suffit alors de remplacer la ou les pales endommagées, ce qui peut être fait dans un délai très court, et pour un prix de réparation beaucoup plus bas qu'actuellement, l'utilisateur n'ayant de toute façon à changer que la ou les pales endommagées, et non pas toute l'hélice.Furthermore, machined or semi-machined parts being kept in stock, and given the multiple possibilities offered by the standardization of parts, very short delivery times can be guaranteed to the user. This applies not only to the purchaser of a new propeller, but also has an undeniable advantage for the user in the event of damage to a propeller. It is then enough to replace the damaged blade or blades, which can be done in a very short time, and for a repair price much lower than currently, the user having in any case to change only the one or damaged blades, not the entire propeller.
Tout en visant principalement la réalisation d'hélices fixes, l'invention permet de régler le pas de l'hélice, et ceci d'une façon identique sur tous les points de chaque pale, le pas étant ainsi rendu véritablement ajustable. L'ajustement du pas de l'hélice peut se faire ainsi à la fabrication, et aussi durant toute la vie de l'hélice, ce qui rend possi bles des corrections de pas visant à adapter l'hélice à un moteur thermique d'entrainement dont les caractéristiques peuvent changer au cours du temps. Le réglage ou l'adaptation du pas s'effectuent très simplement, puisqu'il suffit de desserrer des vis de blocage pour rendre temporairement aux pales leur liberté de mouvement en rotation.While primarily targeting the production of fixed propellers, the invention makes it possible to adjust the pitch of the propeller, and this in an identical manner on all the points of each blade, the pitch thus being made truly adjustable. Adjustment of the propeller pitch can thus be done during manufacture, and also throughout the life of the propeller, which makes possi pitch corrections aimed at adapting the propeller to a thermal drive motor whose characteristics may change over time. The adjustment or adaptation of the pitch is very simple, since it suffices to loosen the locking screws to temporarily restore the blades' freedom of movement in rotation.
Enfin, la conception proposée, avec pales rapportées sur le moyeu, ne modifie pas la configuration extérieure de l'hélice, de sorte que les facteurs ou paramètres qui entrent en ligne de compte dans la détermination de l'hélice ne sont pas affectés par cette conception, qu'une hélice conforme à l'invention peut être facilement montée en remplacement d'une hélice classique, et que sur le plan esthétique également l'allure de l'hélice n'est pas du tout modifiée.Finally, the proposed design, with blades attached to the hub, does not modify the external configuration of the propeller, so that the factors or parameters which are taken into account in determining the propeller are not affected by this design, that a propeller according to the invention can be easily mounted to replace a conventional propeller, and that on the aesthetic level also the appearance of the propeller is not modified at all.
De toute façon, l'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide de la description qui suit, en référence au dessin schématique annexé représentant, à titre d'exemple non limitatif, une forme d'exécution de cette hélice à pales rapportées, ainsi qu'une variante:
- Figure 1 est une vue en perspective éclatée, c'est-à-dire avant montage des pales, d'une hélice de bateau conforme à la présente invention ;
- Figure 2 est une vue en perspective de cette hélice dans son état définitif, après montage des pales;
- Figure 3 est une vue en demi-coupe passant par l'axe du moyeu de cette hélice, avec indication partielle de l'une des pales;
- Figure 4 est une demi-vue en coupe du moyeu seul, suivant la ligne IV-IV de figure 3;
- Figure 5 est une vue partielle et très schématique, montrant un détail des billes réalisant la liaison entre chaque pale et le moyeu;
- Figure 6 est une autre vue très schématique, indiquant une variante de la disposition des billes.
- Figure 1 is an exploded perspective view, that is to say before mounting the blades, of a boat propeller according to the present invention;
- Figure 2 is a perspective view of this propeller in its final state, after assembly of the blades;
- Figure 3 is a half-sectional view passing through the axis of the hub of this propeller, with partial indication of one of the blades;
- Figure 4 is a half sectional view of the hub alone, along the line IV-IV of Figure 3;
- Figure 5 is a partial and very schematic view showing a detail of the balls making the connection between each blade and the hub;
- Figure 6 is another very schematic view, indicating a variant of the arrangement of the balls.
Le dessin représente une hélice fixe de bateau à trois pales (1), montées à intervalles angulaires réguliers de 120° sur un moyeu (2), les pales (1) étant des pièces réalisées séparément et rapportées sur le moyeu (2) comme l'indique clairement la figure 1.The drawing represents a fixed boat propeller with three blades (1), mounted at regular angular intervals of 120 ° on a hub (2), the blades (1) being parts produced separately and attached to the hub (2) as shown. 'clearly shows Figure 1.
Le moyeu (2) est pourvu d'un passage (3) creusé suivant son axe (4) pour son montage sur un arbre porte-hélice non représenté. A la périphérie, du moyeu (2) sont ménagés trois logements (5) de forme générale cylindrique; une gorge annulaire (6), de section semi-circulaire, est usinée dans la paroi latérale cylindrique de chaque logement (5).The hub (2) is provided with a passage (3) hollowed out along its axis (4) for mounting on a propeller shaft not shown. At the periphery of the hub (2) are formed three housings (5) of generally cylindrical shape; an annular groove (6), of semi-circular section, is machined in the cylindrical side wall of each housing (5).
Chaque pale (1) possède une embase (7), sous laquelle fait saillie une tête (8) de forme générale cylindrique, et de diamètre correspondant à celui d'un logement (5). Une gorge annulaire (9), de section semi-circulaire, est creusée à la périphérie de la tête (8).Each blade (1) has a base (7), under which protrudes a head (8) of generally cylindrical shape, and of diameter corresponding to that of a housing (5). An annular groove (9), of semi-circular section, is hollowed out at the periphery of the head (8).
Le montage de chaque pale (1) sur le moyeu (2) est réalisé en introduisant la tête (8) dans l'un des logements (5), jusqu'à ce que l'embase (7) de la pale (1) vienne s'appliquer contre la périphérie du moyeu (2). La gorge annulaire (9) de la tête (8) se trouve ainsi mise en coïncidence avec la gorge annulaire (6) du logement (5), de sorte que les deux gorges (6, 9) forment ensemble une cavité torique parfaite, comme le montre la figure 3.The mounting of each blade (1) on the hub (2) is carried out by introducing the head (8) into one of the housings (5), until the base (7) of the blade (1) comes to rest against the periphery of the hub (2). The annular groove (9) of the head (8) is thus placed in coincidence with the annular groove (6) of the housing (5), so that the two grooves (6, 9) together form a perfect toric cavity, as shown in Figure 3.
La liaison entre la pale (1) et le moyeu (2) est assurée par des billes (10) introduites dans la cavité torique formée par les deux gorges (6, 9), de manière à garnir toute cette cavité, les billes (10) étant jointives. Ces billes (10) sont introduites dans la cavité torique par un trou taraudé (11) du moyeu (2), parallèle à l'axe (4) qui part d'une face extrême (12) du moyeu (2) et débouche dans la gorge (6).The connection between the blade (1) and the hub (2) is ensured by balls (10) introduced into the toric cavity formed by the two grooves (6, 9), so as to fill this entire cavity, the balls (10 ) being contiguous. These balls (10) are introduced into the toroidal cavity through a threaded hole (11) in the hub (2), parallel to the axis (4) which starts from an end face (12) of the hub (2) and opens into the throat (6).
Les seules billes (10) logées dans la cavité torique laissent à la pale (1) la possibilité de pivoter par rapport au moyeu (2), à la manière d'un roulement à billes, ce qui permet d'ajuster le pas de l'hélice, ou de le modifier. Pour bloquer la pale (1) en rotation par rapport au moyeu (2), une bille supplémentaire (13) est introduite dans le trou taraudé ( 11 ), et une vis de blocage ( 14) est serrée dans ce trou taraudé (11). Comme le montre la figure 5, la poussée (P) de la vis (14) sur la bille supplémentaire (13) provoque un appui de la bille supplémentaire (13) entre deux billes (10) logées dans la cavité torique. La bille supplémentaire (13) se comporte comme un coin qui pousse les billes (10) les unes contre les autres, les force à se mettre en quinconce et les presse alternativement sur les surfaces intérieure et extérieure de la cavité torique, c'est-à-dire sur les fonds des deux gorges (6, 9), ce qui assure un blocage total par coincement. La bille supplémentaire (13) peut avoir un diamètre plus grand que celui des autres billes (10), le trou taraudé ( 11 ) étant évidemment dimensionné en conséquence.The only balls (10) housed in the toric cavity leave the blade (1) the possibility of pivoting relative to the hub (2), in the manner of a ball bearing, which makes it possible to adjust the pitch of the 'propeller, or modify it. To block the blade (1) in rotation relative to the hub (2), an additional ball (13) is introduced into the tapped hole (11), and a locking screw (14) is tightened in this tapped hole (11) . As shown in FIG. 5, the thrust (P) of the screw (14) on the additional ball (13) causes the additional ball (13) to press between two balls (10) housed in the toric cavity. The additional ball (13) behaves like a wedge which pushes the balls (10) against each other, forces them to stagger and presses them alternately on the inner and outer surfaces of the toric cavity, that is ie on the bottoms of the two grooves (6, 9), which ensures total blockage by wedging. The additional ball (13) may have a larger diameter than that of the other balls (10), the threaded hole (11) being obviously dimensioned accordingly.
La vis de blocage (14) dépassant légèrement à l'extérieur du moyeu (2), un bouchon fileté intérieurement (15) est vissé sur l'extrémité de la vis (14) et appuyé contre la surface extérieure (12) du moyeu (2), pour freiner la vis (14) en agissant comme un contre-écrou.The locking screw (14) projecting slightly outside the hub (2), an internally threaded plug (15) is screwed onto the end of the screw (14) and pressed against the outer surface (12) of the hub ( 2), to brake the screw (14) by acting as a lock nut.
A l'opposé du trou taraudé (11), est encore percé un trou (16) partant de l'autre face extrême (17) du moyeu (2) et débouchant aussi dans la cavité torique, au fond de la gorge (6). Le trou (16) facilite l'évacuation des billes (10) par soufflage d'air comprimé, ou par admission d'un liquide, ou encore par introduction d'une tige. Un bouchon vissable (18) obture normalement l'entrée du trou (16).Opposite the tapped hole (11), a hole (16) is further drilled starting from the other end face (17) of the hub (2) and also opening into the toric cavity, at the bottom of the groove (6). . The hole (16) facilitates the evacuation of the balls (10) by blowing compressed air, or by admitting a liquid, or by introducing a rod. A screw cap (18) normally closes the entrance to the hole (16).
Pour renforcer le blocage de la pale (1) sur le moyeu (2), et pour repérer la position de la pale (1) par rapport au moyeu (2), sont prévus deux pions (19). Des trous (20) sont percés dans l'embase (7) de la pale (1), puis contre-percés dans le moyeu (2) après réglage du pas, pour recevoir les deux pions (19) qui, une fois mis en place, lient en rotation la pale (1) et le moyeu (2) _ voir figure 3.To reinforce the blocking of the blade (1) on the hub (2), and to identify the position of the blade (1) relative to the hub (2), two pins (19) are provided. Holes (20) are drilled in the base (7) of the blade (1), then counter-drilled in the hub (2) after adjusting the pitch, to receive the two pins (19) which, once put in place, rotate the blade (1) and the hub (2) _ see figure 3.
Pour assurer l'étanchéité, il est prévu un joint annulaire (21) monté entre l'embase (7) de la pale (1) et le moyeu (2), ainsi que deux joints (22, 23) placés respectivement aux entrées des deux trous (11, 16), en association avec les bouchons (15, 18).To ensure sealing, an annular seal (21) is provided mounted between the base (7) of the blade (1) and the hub (2), as well as two seals (22, 23) placed respectively at the inputs of the two holes (11, 16), in association with the plugs (15, 18).
L'ensemble des cavités internes du moyeu (2) est garni de graisse épaisse, avant obturation.All the internal cavities of the hub (2) are filled with thick grease, before sealing.
La figure 6 indique une variante, permettant d'obtenir un blocage plus fort des billes, sur toute la circonférence. A cet effet, il est prévu deux trous taraudés 11 diamétralement opposés, recevant chacun des moyens de blocage agissant directement sur les billes. Ces moyens de blocage peuvent être constitués par deux billes supplémentaires (13), sur lesquelles s'exerce la pression de deux vis de blocage respectives ( 14). Il peut aussi être prévu que chaque trou taraudé ( 11 ) reçoit une vis de blocage (14) terminée par un embout tronconique (24) et agissant directement sur les billes, lors de son serrage. L'effet de coincement peut être encore renforcé en prévoyant que les billes introduites dans la cavité torique comprennent des billes (10ʹ) de plus grand diamètre et des billes (10ʺ) de plus petit diamètre, les billes (10ʹ) de plus grand diamètre alternant avec les billes (10ʺ) de plus petit diamètre.FIG. 6 shows a variant, making it possible to obtain stronger blocking of the balls, over the entire circumference. To this end, two diametrically opposite tapped
Comme il va de soi, l'invention ne se limite pas aux seules formes d'exécution de cette hélice à pales rapportées qui a été décrite ci-dessus, à titre d'exemple; elle en embrasse, au contraire, toutes les variantes de réalisation et d'application respectant le même principe. En particulier, l'invention n'est nullement limitée à des hélices fixes à trois pales, et elle s'applique également à la réalisation des hélices à pas variable, simplement en supprimant ou en n'utilisant pas le système de blocage de chaque pale par rapport au moyeu. Les moyens particuliers de blocage des pales, décrits ci-dessus dans le détail, peuvent être remplacés par tous équivalents permettant de conserver les mêmes avantages essentiels. La conception décrite est également transposable à tous dispositifs tournants avec aubes, tels que: roues à aubes de turbines, rotors d'éoliennes, agitateurs rotatifs à pales pour liquides, rotors de mélangeurs et de malaxeurs, etc... qui possèdent une structure similaire avec un moyeu et des pales, qu'il s'agisse de dispositifs moteurs ou récepteurs.It goes without saying that the invention is not limited to the sole embodiments of this propeller with attached blades which has been described above, by way of example; on the contrary, it embraces all of the variant embodiments and applications respecting the same principle. In particular, the invention is in no way limited to fixed propellers with three blades, and it also applies to the production of variable pitch propellers, simply by eliminating or not using the locking system of each blade relative to the hub. The particular means for blocking the blades, described above in detail, can be replaced by any equivalent allowing the same essential advantages to be preserved. The design described can also be transposed to all rotating devices with blades, such as: turbine impellers, wind turbine rotors, rotary agitators with blades for liquids, mixer and mixer rotors, etc., which have a similar structure with a hub and blades, whether motor or receiver devices.
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AT86420161T ATE61302T1 (en) | 1985-06-26 | 1986-06-24 | PROPELLER OR SIMILAR WITH PROPELLER BLADES INSERTED. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8510367A FR2584144B1 (en) | 1985-06-26 | 1985-06-26 | PROPELLER OR THE LIKE WITH ADDED BLADES |
FR8510367 | 1985-06-26 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0207867A1 EP0207867A1 (en) | 1987-01-07 |
EP0207867B1 true EP0207867B1 (en) | 1991-03-06 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP86420161A Expired - Lifetime EP0207867B1 (en) | 1985-06-26 | 1986-06-24 | Propeller or the like with joined blades |
Country Status (9)
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US (1) | US4692097A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0207867B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE61302T1 (en) |
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FI (1) | FI862633A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2584144B1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO162373C (en) |
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US3357496A (en) * | 1966-07-28 | 1967-12-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Adjustable pitch axial flow fan blades |
US3490537A (en) * | 1967-04-17 | 1970-01-20 | United Aircraft Corp | Quick disconnect retention |
GB1250485A (en) * | 1968-04-29 | 1971-10-20 |
-
1985
- 1985-06-26 FR FR8510367A patent/FR2584144B1/en not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-06-19 ES ES556269A patent/ES8706904A1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-06-19 FI FI862633A patent/FI862633A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-06-19 DK DK289386A patent/DK289386A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-06-24 AT AT86420161T patent/ATE61302T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-06-24 DE DE8686420161T patent/DE3677837D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-06-24 EP EP86420161A patent/EP0207867B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-06-25 NO NO862563A patent/NO162373C/en unknown
- 1986-06-25 US US06/878,304 patent/US4692097A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0207867A1 (en) | 1987-01-07 |
DK289386A (en) | 1986-12-27 |
ES8706904A1 (en) | 1987-07-01 |
NO862563D0 (en) | 1986-06-25 |
ES556269A0 (en) | 1987-07-01 |
NO162373C (en) | 1991-02-22 |
FI862633A0 (en) | 1986-06-19 |
ATE61302T1 (en) | 1991-03-15 |
FR2584144A1 (en) | 1987-01-02 |
US4692097A (en) | 1987-09-08 |
NO862563L (en) | 1986-12-29 |
NO162373B (en) | 1989-09-11 |
DE3677837D1 (en) | 1991-04-11 |
FR2584144B1 (en) | 1988-01-08 |
DK289386D0 (en) | 1986-06-19 |
FI862633A (en) | 1986-12-27 |
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