EP0201409B1 - Broad-band directional coupler for a microstrip line - Google Patents

Broad-band directional coupler for a microstrip line Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0201409B1
EP0201409B1 EP86400924A EP86400924A EP0201409B1 EP 0201409 B1 EP0201409 B1 EP 0201409B1 EP 86400924 A EP86400924 A EP 86400924A EP 86400924 A EP86400924 A EP 86400924A EP 0201409 B1 EP0201409 B1 EP 0201409B1
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Prior art keywords
main line
line section
fraction
core
section
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EP86400924A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0201409A1 (en
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René Le Dain
Henri Havot
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Ministere des PTT
Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
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Ministere des PTT
Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
Centre National dEtudes des Telecommunications CNET
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/18—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers
    • H01P5/184—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers the guides being strip lines or microstrips
    • H01P5/185—Edge coupled lines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to directional couplers usable for the derivation or distribution of very high frequency signals whose transmission requires the use of microstrip lines.
  • couplers intended for such applications. Many have a low passband and directivity, for example 12 dB over 1 or 2 octaves, and / or high losses, the latter case being notably that of resistor distributors.
  • various applications make it desirable to have a very directive coupler, usable in a very wide frequency band.
  • couplers for collective or community antenna and for cable television networks, for which it is already desirable to anticipate the evolution of frequencies of use towards high values.
  • this coupler there is no real relationship between this coupler and those concerned by the invention.
  • Their propagation modes are entirely different: in one case, we have a coaxial structure that we seek to modify as little as possible to avoid altering the propagation conditions and performance, in the other case, an asymmetric structure ( microstrip conductor and ground plane) whose performance is improved.
  • we have a homogeneous or almost homogeneous dielectric in the other case, we have a non-homogeneous dielectric, composed of two elements (substrate and air).
  • the invention aims to provide a coupler for microstrip line having low losses and a high directivity, therefore allowing a cascade mounting of several couplers, without excessively penalizing the range, and this in a high frequency range, while remaining low implementation cost.
  • the invention provides in particular a directional coupler according to claim 1.
  • a second fraction of the straight section will generally be used and making a constant angle with the main line.
  • the constant coupling of the first fraction will generally be less than 10 dB.
  • the frequency response curve of the coupler can be modeled by modifying the length ratio of the two fractions. It will in particular be possible to carry out a pre-emphasis compensating for the characteristic of the main line.
  • the section may have a total length corresponding to a14, A. being the wavelength for a frequency of 460 MHz.
  • the coupler which will be described by way of example is of a type which can be used for distributing or deriving signals in a range which can reach and exceed five octaves with high directivity and low losses.
  • the coupler is intended to take energy from a core microstrip line 10. This line is produced on an insulating substrate 12, the lower face of which carries a conductive coating 14 (FIG. 2).
  • the substrate 12 may in particular consist of resin (epoxy resin for example) reinforced, for example, by glass fiber, according to a technology which is that of printed circuits.
  • the coupler comprises a section of microstrip line produced on the substrate 12.
  • This section comprises a core 16 having a first fraction, of length L1, parallel to the core 10 and at a short distance from the latter to ensure tight coupling, and a second fraction, of length L2, diverging from the line and usually straight.
  • the free end of the second fraction is provided with an outlet 18 closed on impedance 20, characteristic impedance of the line section 16.
  • the other end of the section is provided with an outlet 22, which constitutes the outlet of the diverter . It is possible to provide, on the output 22, a metallized element 24 of compensation, allowing an adjustment of improvement of the standing wave ratio.
  • the coupler comprises enclosing a microcapacity placed in the extension of the first fraction 16, beyond the outlet 22.
  • This microcapacity is formed by a microstrip element 26 of length L3.
  • the length of microstrip line of the coupler will be given a total length L such that: where AT. is the wavelength in air corresponding to a frequency chosen in the desired bandwidth and ⁇ is the dielectric constant of the substrate.
  • the response curve can be modeled by adjusting the ratio of the lengths L1 and L2.
  • the angle between the second fraction and the main line may also vary, but will generally remain much less than 45 °.
  • the calculation will determine, from the spacing between the core 10 and the section 16, the thickness of the substrate and the width of the section 16, the different coupling values C: where Zoe and Zoo are the characteristic impedances in even and odd mode, respectively.
  • the length L3 of the element 26 must remain less than ⁇ / 16, so as not to disturb the operation of the main line. It is the length L3 and the spacing S ( Figure 1) which essentially determine the influence of the element 26: they will be adjusted by experience.
  • the width W of the element 26, on the other hand, has no significant influence on the directivity, and will be chosen in particular as a function of the load connected to the output 22, since it influences the output impedance.
  • the spacing S was 0.3 mm.
  • the angle a was about 3 °.
  • the same thickness of metallic coating was used to make the section 16, the outlets 18 and 22 and the element 26.
  • the performance of the coupler is further increased by the addition of an impedance 30 between the core 10 and the section 16, at the level of the output 22.
  • the value Z of this impedance 30 is chosen according to the desired coupling at low frequency. It does not alter the transmission in the rest of the band if it is suitably chosen: a resistor whose value is between 750 and 1000 Ohms has given satisfactory results for the pass band mentioned above. It can be constituted by a discrete component or be integrated on the substrate.

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  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
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Abstract

A wide band directional coupler for microstrip lines has a microstrip line section whose conductive core is coupled to the core of the main line over a length lambda /4 ( lambda being the wave length in a mid portion of the desired pass band). The section has a first fraction parallel to the main line and at a small distance therefrom so as to provide tight coupling and a second fraction diverging from the main line and closed on a matching impedance. The free end of the first fraction is connected to the load and has an extension projecting over a length less than lambda /16 for forming a microcapacitor tapping energy from the main line.

Description

L'invention concerne les coupleurs directifs utilisables pour la dérivation ou la répartition de signaux à très haute fréquence dont la transmission exige l'emploi de lignes à microruban.The invention relates to directional couplers usable for the derivation or distribution of very high frequency signals whose transmission requires the use of microstrip lines.

On connaît déjà des coupleurs destinés à de telles applications. Beaucoup ont une bande passante et une directivité faibles, par exemple 12 dB sur 1 ou 2 octaves, et/ou des pertes élevées, ce dernier cas étant notamment celui des repartiteurs à résistance. Or, diverses applications rendent souhaitable un coupleur très directif, utilisable dans une très large bande de fréquence. On peut notamment citer le cas de coupleurs pour antenne collective ou communautaire et pour réseaux de télédistribution, pour lesquels il est souhaitable de prévoir d'ores et déjà l'évolution de fréquences d'utilisation vers des valeurs élevées. Dans la pratique, le besoin se fait sentir d'un coupleur susceptible de fonctionner dans une plage de fréquences s'étendant sur plus de cing octaves et ayant une directivité élevée.There are already known couplers intended for such applications. Many have a low passband and directivity, for example 12 dB over 1 or 2 octaves, and / or high losses, the latter case being notably that of resistor distributors. However, various applications make it desirable to have a very directive coupler, usable in a very wide frequency band. We can notably cite the case of couplers for collective or community antenna and for cable television networks, for which it is already desirable to anticipate the evolution of frequencies of use towards high values. In practice, the need arises for a coupler capable of operating in a frequency range extending over more than five octaves and having a high directivity.

On connaît déjà (FR-A-2 276 705) un coupleur pour ligne à ruban, constitué par un tronçon de ligne à ruban dont l'âme présente une zone localisée de rapprochement avec l'âme de la ligne principale. Un tel coupleur ne permet pas d'obtenir une bonne directivité dans une plage de fréquence étendue.There is already known (FR-A-2 276 705) a coupler for ribbon line, constituted by a section of ribbon line, the core of which has a localized zone of approach with the core of the main line. Such a coupler does not make it possible to obtain good directivity in a wide frequency range.

On connaît également (DE-A-2 658 364) un coupleur directif pour ligne à micro-ruban comporant deux lignes couplées parallèles et prolongées par des éléments réalisant des capacités et pouvant être remplacés par des composants discrets. On obtient ainsi une amélioration de la directivité, mais sans accroître de façon appréciable la bande passante.There is also known (DE-A-2 658 364) a directional coupler for a microstrip line comprising two lines coupled in parallel and extended by elements achieving capacities and which can be replaced by discrete components. An improvement in directivity is thus obtained, but without appreciably increasing the bandwidth.

On connaît également (US-A-3 416 102) un coupleur qui, dans un mode de réalisation, comporte un tronçon de fil qui est, sur une partie de sa longueur, parallèle au conducteur central du câble coaxial et en contact avec lui. Une partie terminale au moins du tronçon de prélèvement est avantageusement oblique pour faciliter l'insertion du tronçon (colonne 4, lignes 6 à 8). L'obliquité du trou d'introduction n'a pas d'autre rôle.There is also known (US-A-3,416,102) a coupler which, in one embodiment, comprises a section of wire which is, over part of its length, parallel to the central conductor of the coaxial cable and in contact with it. At least one end portion of the sampling section is advantageously oblique to facilitate insertion of the section (column 4, lines 6 to 8). The obliquity of the insertion hole has no other role.

Il n'existe aucune parenté réelle entre ce coupleur et ceux concernés par l'invention. Leurs modes de propagation sont entièrement différents: dans un cas, on a une structure coaxiale que l'on cherche à modifier le moins possible pour éviter d'altérer les conditions de propagation et les performances, dans l'autre cas, une structure dissymétrique (conducteur microruban et plan masse) dont on améliore les performances. Dans un cas, on a un diélectrique homogène ou quasi homogène, dans l'autre cas, on a un diélectrique non homogène, composé de deux éléments (substrat et air).There is no real relationship between this coupler and those concerned by the invention. Their propagation modes are entirely different: in one case, we have a coaxial structure that we seek to modify as little as possible to avoid altering the propagation conditions and performance, in the other case, an asymmetric structure ( microstrip conductor and ground plane) whose performance is improved. In one case, we have a homogeneous or almost homogeneous dielectric, in the other case, we have a non-homogeneous dielectric, composed of two elements (substrate and air).

L'invention vise à fournir un coupleur pour ligne à microruban présentant des pertes faibles et une directivité élevèe, donc autorisant un montage en cascade de plusieurs coupleurs, sans pénaliser de façon excessive la portée, et cela dans une plage de fréquence élevée, tout en restant de coût de réalisation faible.The invention aims to provide a coupler for microstrip line having low losses and a high directivity, therefore allowing a cascade mounting of several couplers, without excessively penalizing the range, and this in a high frequency range, while remaining low implementation cost.

Dans ce but, l'invention propose notamment un coupleur directif conformément à la revendication 1.To this end, the invention provides in particular a directional coupler according to claim 1.

Le prolongement formant microcapacité, dont l'écartement par rapport à la ligne sera voisin de celui de la première fraction, permet de donner au coupleur une directivité élevée.The extension forming microcapacity, the spacing with respect to the line will be close to that of the first fraction, makes it possible to give the coupler a high directivity.

Dans la pratique, on peut sans difficulté réaliser un coupleur du type qui vient d'être défini susceptible de fonctionner dans une plage de fréquence allant de 40 MHz à 2000 MHz, donc capable d'accepter tous les types de signaux de télévision et de radio aux fréquences prévues pour la télédistribution, et notamment de permettre la distribution directe à la première fréquence intermédiaire normalisée pour les canaux de diffusion directe par satellite.In practice, it is without difficulty to make a coupler of the type which has just been defined capable of operating in a frequency range from 40 MHz to 2000 MHz, therefore capable of accepting all types of television and radio signals. at the frequencies provided for cable distribution, and in particular to allow direct distribution at the first standardized intermediate frequency for direct broadcasting satellite channels.

Pour cette application, on utilisera généralement une deuxième fraction du tronçcon rectiligne et faisant un angle constant avec la ligne principale. Le couplage constant de la première fraction sera en règle générale inférieur à 10 dB. La courbe de réponse en fréquence du coupleur pourra être modelée en modifiant le rapport des longueurs des deux fractions. Il sera en particulier possible d'effectuer une préaccentuation compensant la caractéristique de la ligne principale. Le tronçon pourra présenter une longueur totale correspondant à a14, À. étant la longueur d'onde pour une fréquence de 460 MHz.For this application, a second fraction of the straight section will generally be used and making a constant angle with the main line. The constant coupling of the first fraction will generally be less than 10 dB. The frequency response curve of the coupler can be modeled by modifying the length ratio of the two fractions. It will in particular be possible to carry out a pre-emphasis compensating for the characteristic of the main line. The section may have a total length corresponding to a14, A. being the wavelength for a frequency of 460 MHz.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui suit d'un mode particulier de réalisation, donné à titre d'exemple non limitatif. La description se réfère au dessin qui l'accompagne, dans lequel:

  • - la Figure 1 est une vue de dessus schématique d'un coupleur suivant l'invention, faisant apparaître une fraction d'un second coupleur;
  • - la figure 2 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne II-II de la Figure 1;
  • - la Figure 3, similaire à la Figure 1, montre une variante.
The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of a particular embodiment, given by way of non-limiting example. The description refers to the accompanying drawing, in which:
  • - Figure 1 is a schematic top view of a coupler according to the invention, showing a fraction of a second coupler;
  • - Figure 2 is a sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1;
  • - Figure 3, similar to Figure 1, shows a variant.

Le coupleur qui sera décrit à titre d'exemple est d'un type utilisable pour la répartition ou la dérivation de signaux dans une plage pouvant atteindre et dépasser cinq octaves avec une directivité élevée et des pertes faibles. Le coupleur est destiné à prélever de l'énergie sur une ligne à microruban d'âme 10. Cette ligne est réalisée sur un substrat isolant 12 dont la face inférieure porte un revêtement conducteur 14 (Figure 2). Le substrat 12 pourra notamment être constitué de résine (résine epoxy par exemple) renforcée, par exemple, par de la fibre de verre, suivant une technologie qui est celle de circuits imprimés.The coupler which will be described by way of example is of a type which can be used for distributing or deriving signals in a range which can reach and exceed five octaves with high directivity and low losses. The coupler is intended to take energy from a core microstrip line 10. This line is produced on an insulating substrate 12, the lower face of which carries a conductive coating 14 (FIG. 2). The substrate 12 may in particular consist of resin (epoxy resin for example) reinforced, for example, by glass fiber, according to a technology which is that of printed circuits.

Le coupleur comprend un tronçon de ligne à microruban réalisé sur le substrat 12. Ce tronçon comporte une âme 16 ayant une première fraction, de longueur L1, parallèle à l'âme 10 et à faible distance de cette dernière pour assurer un couplage serré, et une seconde fraction, de longueur L2, divergeant de la ligne et habituellement rectiligne. Dans le cas envisagé plus haut d'un coupleur destiné à fonctionner dans une bande de 40 à 2000 MHz, l'angle a des deux fractions ne dépassera en général pas 10° car, au-delà, le couplage cesse d'être satisfaisant. L'extrémité libre de la seconde fraction est munie d'une sortie 18 fermée sur l'impédance 20, impédance caractéristique du tronçon de ligne 16. L'autre extrémité du tronçon est munie d'une sortie 22, qui constitue la sortie du dérivateur. Il est possible de prévoir, sur la sortie 22, un élément métallisé 24 de compensation, permettant un ajustement d'amélioration du rapport d'onde stationnaire.The coupler comprises a section of microstrip line produced on the substrate 12. This section comprises a core 16 having a first fraction, of length L1, parallel to the core 10 and at a short distance from the latter to ensure tight coupling, and a second fraction, of length L2, diverging from the line and usually straight. In the case considered above of a coupler intended to operate in a band from 40 to 2000 MHz, the angle a of the two fractions will generally not exceed 10 ° because, beyond, the coupling ceases to be satisfactory. The free end of the second fraction is provided with an outlet 18 closed on impedance 20, characteristic impedance of the line section 16. The other end of the section is provided with an outlet 22, which constitutes the outlet of the diverter . It is possible to provide, on the output 22, a metallized element 24 of compensation, allowing an adjustment of improvement of the standing wave ratio.

Le coupleur comprend enclore une microcapacité placée dans le prolongement de la première fraction 16, au-delà de la sortie 22. Cette microcapacité est formée par un élément de microruban 26 de longueur L3. La microcapacité ainsi réalisée, placée avant la zone de couplage, prélève de l'énergie sur la ligne d'âme 10, mais ne participe pas (du moins dans la partie basse de la bande passante) au couplage proprement dit.The coupler comprises enclosing a microcapacity placed in the extension of the first fraction 16, beyond the outlet 22. This microcapacity is formed by a microstrip element 26 of length L3. The microcapacity thus produced, placed before the coupling zone, takes energy from the core line 10, but does not participate (at least in the lower part of the bandwidth) in the coupling itself.

On donnera au tronçon de ligne à microruban du coupleur une longueur totale L telle que:

Figure imgb0001
où À. est la longueur d'onde dans l'air correspondant à une fréquence choisie dans la bande passante recherchée et ε est la constante diélectrique du substrat.The length of microstrip line of the coupler will be given a total length L such that:
Figure imgb0001
 where AT. is the wavelength in air corresponding to a frequency chosen in the desired bandwidth and ε is the dielectric constant of the substrate.

On peut modeler la courbe de réponse par ajustement du rapport des longueurs L1 et L2. L'angle entre la seconde fraction et la ligne principale peut également varier mais restera en règle générale largement inférieur à 45°.The response curve can be modeled by adjusting the ratio of the lengths L1 and L2. The angle between the second fraction and the main line may also vary, but will generally remain much less than 45 °.

Le calcul permettra de déterminer, à partir de l'écartement entre l'âme 10 et le tronçon 16, de l'épaisseur du substrat et de la largeur du tronçon 16, les différentes valeurs de couplage C :

Figure imgb0002
où Zoe et Zoo sont les impédances caractéristiques en mode pair et en mode impair, respectivement.The calculation will determine, from the spacing between the core 10 and the section 16, the thickness of the substrate and the width of the section 16, the different coupling values C:
Figure imgb0002
 where Zoe and Zoo are the characteristic impedances in even and odd mode, respectively.

La longueur L3 de l'élément 26 doit rester inférieure à λ/16, pour ne pas perturber le fonctionnement de la ligne principale. Ce sont la longueur L3 et l'écartement S (Figure 1) qui déterminent essentiellement l'influence de l'élément 26 : ils seront ajustés par l'expérience. La largeur W de l'élément 26 est par contre sans influence notable sur la directivité, et sera choisie notamment en fonction de la charge reliée à la sortie 22, étant donné qu'elle influence l'impédance de sortie.The length L3 of the element 26 must remain less than λ / 16, so as not to disturb the operation of the main line. It is the length L3 and the spacing S (Figure 1) which essentially determine the influence of the element 26: they will be adjusted by experience. The width W of the element 26, on the other hand, has no significant influence on the directivity, and will be chosen in particular as a function of the load connected to the output 22, since it influences the output impedance.

Grâce à la disposition qui vient d'être décrite, on obtient sans difficulté une bande passante dépassant cinq octaves et une directivité sur toute cette plage allant de 20 à 12 dB (la directivité étant le rapport des puissances sortant en 22 et en 18).Thanks to the arrangement which has just been described, one obtains without difficulty a bandwidth exceeding five octaves and a directivity over this entire range going from 20 to 12 dB (the directivity being the ratio of the powers exiting at 22 and 18).

A titre d'exemple, on peut indiquer qu'un coupleur sur substrat verre-epoxy, sur 1,6 mm d'épaisseur a été réalisé avec L = 80 mm, L1 = 25 mm, L3 = 15 mm. L'écartement S était de 0,3 mm. L'angle a était d'environ 3°. La même épaisseur de revêtement métallique a été utilisée pour réaliser le tronçon 16, les sorties 18 et 22 et l'élément 26.By way of example, it can be indicated that a coupler on a glass-epoxy substrate, 1.6 mm thick, was produced with L = 80 mm, L1 = 25 mm, L3 = 15 mm. The spacing S was 0.3 mm. The angle a was about 3 °. The same thickness of metallic coating was used to make the section 16, the outlets 18 and 22 and the element 26.

Dans la variante de réalisation montrée en Figure 3, les performances du coupleur sont encore accrues par l'adjonction d'une impédance 30 entre l'âme 10 et le tronçon 16, à hauteur de la sortie 22. La valeur Z de cette impédance 30 est choisie en fonction du couplage désiré en basse fréquence. Elle n'altère pas la transmission dans le reste de la bande si elle est convenablement choisie : une résistance dont la valeur est comprise entre 750 et 1000 Ohms a donné des résultats satisfaisants pour la bande passante mentionnée plus haut. Elle peut être constituée par un composant discret ou être intégrée sur le substrat.In the alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the performance of the coupler is further increased by the addition of an impedance 30 between the core 10 and the section 16, at the level of the output 22. The value Z of this impedance 30 is chosen according to the desired coupling at low frequency. It does not alter the transmission in the rest of the band if it is suitably chosen: a resistor whose value is between 750 and 1000 Ohms has given satisfactory results for the pass band mentioned above. It can be constituted by a discrete component or be integrated on the substrate.

Claims (7)

1. Directional coupler for a main microstrip line, comprising a rectilinear section of the main line and an additional microstrip line section whose core (16) is coupled to the core (10) of the main line section over a length equal to λ/4, λ being the wave length in a median part of the passband to be obtained, a first end of the additional line section being connected to an output toward a load and being extended for forming an extension (L3) having a length lesser than λ/16, characterized in that the additional line section consists of a first fraction (L1) which is parallel to the main line section and is at a low distance therefrom for having a tight coupling and the second fraction (L2) diverging from the main line section and closed, at its free end, which corresponds to a second end of the additional line section, on a matched impedance (20), the free end of the first fraction (L1) constituting said first end of the additional line section, and in that said extension is parallel to said main line section for constituting a microcapacitor taking off energy from the main line.
2. Coupler according to claim 1, characterized in that the second fraction is rectilinear and is at a constant angle with the core (10) of the main line.
3. Coupler according to claim 1 or 2, for remote distribution of radio or TV signals in the frequency range comprised between 40 and 2000 MHz, characterized in that the wavelength λ is the wavelength for a frequency of 460 MHz.
4. Coupler according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the first fraction has a degree of coupling with the main line which is lesser than 10dB.
5. Coupler according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the core of the extension of the first fraction (26) has the same thickness as the core of said additional line section.
6. Coupler according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a resistive impedance (30) is located between the core (10) of the main line section and the core (16) of the additional line section, in close proximity to the output (22) toward the load.
7. Coupler according to claim 3 or 7, characterized in that said impedance is of from 750 to 1000 Ohm.
EP86400924A 1985-04-26 1986-04-25 Broad-band directional coupler for a microstrip line Expired - Lifetime EP0201409B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86400924T ATE56313T1 (en) 1985-04-26 1986-04-25 BROADBAND DIRECTIONAL COUPLER FOR A MICROSTIRE CONDUCTOR.

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FR8506422 1985-04-26
FR8506422A FR2581256B1 (en) 1985-04-26 1985-04-26 BROADBAND DIRECTIVE COUPLER FOR MICRO-TAPE LINE

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EP0201409A1 EP0201409A1 (en) 1986-12-17
EP0201409B1 true EP0201409B1 (en) 1990-09-05

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EP (1) EP0201409B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE56313T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3673863D1 (en)
ES (1) ES8704293A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2581256B1 (en)

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DE10316047B4 (en) * 2003-04-08 2006-11-30 Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg Directional coupler in coplanar waveguide technology
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DE3673863D1 (en) 1990-10-11
EP0201409A1 (en) 1986-12-17
FR2581256A1 (en) 1986-10-31
ES8704293A1 (en) 1987-04-01
US4677399A (en) 1987-06-30
FR2581256B1 (en) 1988-04-08
ES554303A0 (en) 1987-04-01
ATE56313T1 (en) 1990-09-15

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