EP0195655A2 - Automatic setup of electrophotographic printing machines - Google Patents
Automatic setup of electrophotographic printing machines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0195655A2 EP0195655A2 EP86301991A EP86301991A EP0195655A2 EP 0195655 A2 EP0195655 A2 EP 0195655A2 EP 86301991 A EP86301991 A EP 86301991A EP 86301991 A EP86301991 A EP 86301991A EP 0195655 A2 EP0195655 A2 EP 0195655A2
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- photoreceptor
- patch
- scan
- illumination
- test
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/50—Machine control of apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern, e.g. regulating differents parts of the machine, multimode copiers, microprocessor control
- G03G15/5033—Machine control of apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern, e.g. regulating differents parts of the machine, multimode copiers, microprocessor control by measuring the photoconductor characteristics, e.g. temperature, or the characteristics of an image on the photoconductor
- G03G15/5041—Detecting a toner image, e.g. density, toner coverage, using a test patch
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00025—Machine control, e.g. regulating different parts of the machine
- G03G2215/00029—Image density detection
- G03G2215/00033—Image density detection on recording member
- G03G2215/00037—Toner image detection
- G03G2215/00042—Optical detection
Definitions
- This invention relates to effectrophotographic printing machines and, more particularly, to a completely automated apparatus and process for establishing basic xerographic parameters at values previously determined to produce optimum output copy quality
- a photoconductive surface is charged to a substantially uniform potential.
- the charged portion of the photoconductive surface is exposed to a light image of an original document being reproduced, forming an electrostatic latent image at the photoconductive surface corresponding to the informal areas contained within the original document
- the electrostatic latent image is subsequently developed by bringing a developer mixture into contact therewith.
- the developed image is subsequently transferred to an output copy sheet.
- the powder image on the output sheet is then heated to permanently affix it to the sheet in the image configuration.
- a primary control objective is to maintain uniform optimum copy quality from machine to machine. This goal has proven difficult to achieve since each machine experiences its own peculiar changes during extended operation. These. changes include aging of the developer mixture, changes in environment variations in the dark development potential, and residual voltage of the photoconductor or photoreceptor surface, a thinning of the photoreceptor surface due to abrasion,- photoreceptor fatigue, exposure lamp illumination variations, and changes in the toner material concentration due to consumption. These variations, singly or cumulatively, have adverse effects on output copy quality that must be identified and compensated for on a continuous basis.
- the present invention relates to apparatus for optimizing the operation of an electrophotographic printing machine having a corona device for applying a charge to the machine photoreceptor, a scan-illumination optical system for illuminating a document to be copied on a platen surface and for projecting an image of the document along an optical path onto the photoreceptor to form a latent image thereof, a developer unit for applying toner to the belt surface, said apparatus comprising,
- PIDC photo-induced discharge curve
- optical test patch generation means comprising part of said scan-illumination system, said patch generation means adapted to form at least a dark development V DDP patch, a second, full illumination V BG patch and a third intermediate development patch on said photoreceptor,
- a voltmeter for sensing photoreceptor voltage at said test patch areas and for sending representative signals to said memory means
- first logic means within said controller for analyzing the voltmeter input signals representing the values V DDP and V BG levels, comparing the difference (constant contrast volt age V c ), between these signals and a preset optimum value of V e stored within the memory means and selectively regulating the corona device and the developer unit in an iterative process until convergence is obtained between said difference and said preset value,
- said logic means being adapted to analyze the voltmeter input signals representing said intermediate development patch, comparing said signal with a preset optimum value stored within the memory means and selectively regulating the illumination output level of said scan-illumination optical system in an iterative process until convergence is obtained between said measured and stored values.
- the invention relates to an electrophotographic printing machine wherein a document is scanned and an image thereof projected onto a photoreceptor surface, having an optical illumination and scanning system adapted to operate in a first and second mode of operation, said system comprising:
- said moving means adapted to move said illumination and scan assembly, in a second, test mode of operation, to a first position outside the start of scan position, said motion occuring coincident with the positioning of an opaque occluder in the optical path to form a dark decay test patch at the photoreceptor surface
- said moving means further adapted to move said illumination and scan assembly from said first position to a second position beneath said target strip
- an apparatus for automatically adjusting basic xerographic parameters in a periodic initialization mode so as to establish predetermined copy quality and density includes optical means operable in a normal document scanning mode and in a test mode for forming at least four varying density patches on a precharged photoconductive surface, means for sensing the charged levels at three of said density patches, control means having stored therein a set of interrelated electrical values which define a predetermined photo-induced discharge curve (PIDC), said control means adapted to evaluate said sensed charge levels and determine whether they establish convergence with the desired PIDC and, through an iterative process, to vary charge current and exposure levels, until such convergence is realized and means responsive to the density of toner particles deposited on a fourth density patch for controlling the concentration of toner particles in the developer mixture.
- PIDC photo-induced discharge curve
- FIG. 1 schematically depicts the various components of an illustrative electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the control system of the present invention therein. It will become apparent from the following discussion that this control system is equally well suited for use in a wide variety of electrophotographic printing machines and is not necessarily limited in its application to the particular embodiment shown herein.
- the electrophotographic printing machine uses a photoreceptor belt 10 having a photoconductive surface 12 formed on a conductive substrate.
- belt 12 has characteristics disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,265,990.
- Belt 10 moves in the indicated direction, advancing sequentially through the various xerographic process stations.
- the belt is entrained about drive roller 16 and tension rollers 18, 20.
- Roller 16 is driven by conventional motor means, not shown.
- a portion of belt 10 passes through charging station A where a corona generating device, indicated generally by the reference numeral 22, charges photoconductive surface 12 to a relatively high, substantially uniform, negative potential.
- Device 22 comprises a charging electrode 24 and a conductive shield 26.
- a high voltage supply 30 controlled by a portion of controller 31, is connected to shield 26.
- a change in the output of power supply 30 causes a change in charging current, l c , and consequently, a change in the charge potential applied to surface 12.
- Optics assembly 36 contains the optical components which incrementally scan-illuminate the document and project a reflected image onto surface 12 of belt 10. Shown schematically, these optical components comprise an illumination scan assembly 40, comprising illumination lamp 42, associated reflector 43 and full rate scan mirror 4 4 , all three components mounted on a scan carnage 45.
- the carriage ends are adapted to ride along guide rails (not shown) so as to travel along a path parallel to and beneath, the platen. Lamp 42 illuminates an incremental line portion of document 32.
- the reflected image is reflected by scan mirror 44 to comer mirror assembly 46 on a second scan carriage 46A moving at 1/2 the rate of mirror 44.
- the document image is projected through lens 47 and reflected by a second comer mirror 48 and belt mirror 50, both moving at a predetermined relationship so as to precess the projected image, while maintaining the required rear conjugate onto surface 12 to form thereon an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the informational areas contained within original document 32.
- Adjustable illumination power supply 51 controlled by a portion of controller 31, supplies power to lamp 42.
- the optics assembly 36 besides operating in a document scanning mode, is also used in the automatic setup mode of the present invention, to generate and project four alternating density patches onto the centerline of the belt 10 for purposes to be described more fully below.
- Voltmeter 52 Positioned between exposure station B and development station C, and adjacent to surface 12, is electrostatic voltmeter 52.
- Voltmeter 52 preferably is capable of measuring either positive or negative potentials and utilizes ac circuitry requiring no field calibration.
- Voltmeter 52 in the automatic setup mode, generates a first signal proportional to the dark decay potential V o on photoconductive surface 12.
- the dark development potential is the charge at surface 12 after charging and exposure reflected from an opaque object.
- the voltmeter also generates a second signal proportional to background potential V B , on the photoreceptor surface.
- the background potential is the charge on the photoreceptor after exposure with light reflected from a white object
- Controller 31 operates upon these values, comparing them to values related to a desired output quantity in the controller memory. Adjustments are made by the controller to the charging and development bias voltage and to the illumination power supply in an iterative process described in further detail below:
- discrete patch generator 53 is a calibrated LED light source which is energized in one of two modes of operation.
- a dedicated digital input provides for LED energization at a high fixed level. This mode is used primarily for erasing test patch areas generated during the setup procedures.
- an analog reference input to the generator 53 provides for energization of the LEDs so as to generate a variable light intensity for use in toner control in several contrast modes as described in greater detail below.
- a magnetic brush development system advances an insulating development material into contact with the electrostatic latent image.
- magnetic brush development system 5 4 includes a developer roller 56 within a housing. 58..
- Roller 56 transports. a .brush .of developer material comprising magnetic carrier granules and toner particles into contact with belt 10.
- Roller 56 is positioned so that the brush of developer material deforms belt 10 in an arc with the belt conforming, at least partially, to the configuration of the developer material.
- the thickness of the layer of developer material adhering to developer roller 56 is adjustable.
- Roller 56 is biased by voltage source 57 to a voltage level V D .
- the electrostatic latent image attracts the toner particles from the carrier granules forming a toner powder image on photoconductive surface 12.
- the detailed structure of the magnetic brush development system is more fully disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,397,264.
- a toner particle dispenser indicated generally by the reference numeral 60 provides additional toner particles to housing 58 for subsequent use by developer roller 56.
- Toner dispenser 60 includes a container for storing a supply of toner particles therein and means (not shown) for introducing the particles into developer housing 58.
- a motor 62 when energized, initiates the operation of dispenser 60.
- Infrared densitometer 64 positioned adjacent belt 10 and located between developer station C and transfer station D, directs infrared light onto surface 12 upon appropriate signals from the controller 31.
- the ratio of reflected light on a developed area to that of a bare area is an indication of toner patch developability.
- the densitometer generates output signals and sends them to controller 31 through appropriate conversion circuitry.
- the controller operates upon these signals and sends appropriate output signals to motor 62 to control dispensing of toner particles.
- Densitometer 64 is also used to periodically measure the light rays reflected from the bare photoconductive surface - (i.e. without developed toner particles) to provide a reference level for calculation of the signal ratios.
- an output copy sheet 66 taken from a supply tray 67 is moved into contact with the toner powder image at transfer station D.
- the support material is conveyed to station D by a pair of feed rollers 68, 70.
- Transfer station D includes a corona generating device 71 which sprays ions onto the backside of sheet 66, thereby attracting the toner powder image from surface 12 to sheet 66.
- the sheet advances to fusing station E where a fusing roller assembly 72 affixes the transferred powder image.
- sheet 66 advances to an output tray (not shown) for subsequent removal by the operator.
- the residual toner particles and the toner particles of developed test patch areas are removed at cleaning station F.
- a discharge lamp floods surface 12 with light to dissipate any residual charge remaining thereon prior to the charging thereof for the next imaging cycle.
- PIDC photo-induced discharge curve
- controller 31 consists of Input/Output Board 80, and master control board 82, Input/Output processor 86 and a serial bus controller 88.
- Input signals from the densitometer 64, voltmeter 52 and patch generator 53 are converted by I/O board 80; sent to I/O processor 86 and then to processor 84. Output signals are sent to adjust the corona generator, system illumination, toner dispenser and development bias via processor 86. Operation of the optical scanning system is controlled by processor 84 via controller 88.
- the master control processor is an Intel Model 8085 which can be programmed to perform the described iterative functions, using the algorithms set forth in the Appendix. Incorporation of these algorithms into a larger and central unit is a procedure well understood by those skilled in the art.
- the automatic setup mode is initiated by applying initial power application to the machine.
- the sequence of operations occurring thereafter is shown with reference to Figure 4a, 4b.
- Figure 4a, 4b is a flow chart sequence of these operations.
- Figure 5 is a side view schematic drawing of the scan carriage at different density patch generating positions.
- Figure 6 is a time vs. voltage plot of the test patch generation sequence, and
- Figure 7 is a top view of belt 10 showing the imaged patched zones.
- Figure 9 is a flow chart of the test patch generator and machine functions. Referring to Figures 4a, 5, and 6, once machine power is turned on, the photoreceptor moves through a first cycle of operation at the system process speed. Scan carriage 45 moves to the home park position. Carriage 45, in this position is shown to the left of the platen in Figure 5. The components are shown dotted. Scan lamp 42 is energized at the normal lamp power level used during the preceding operational interval.
- An opaque occluder 90 is positioned in the optical path at a point above the belt 10 surface 12, thus preventing light from falling on the surface in an area corresponding to the occluder.
- a first test patch 100 shown formed on the belt centerline in Figure 7 is therefore at the dark decay charging level V DDP .
- Carriage 45 is then moved to the right, scanning at a constant velocity, until it reaches park position 1 past the end of scan position (shown in solid line in Figure 5). At this position, a 0.3 density target strip 92 centrally overlies the scan carriage.
- lamp 42 output is doubled so as to form a second patch area 102 conforming in size to strip 92 representing a 100% transmission, completely discharged strip at background voltage level, V BG .
- Electrostatic voltmeter 52 shown in Figure 1, is used to directly sense photoreceptor voltage at the test patch areas 100, 102, 104, 106.
- the voltmeter is positioned approximately 3 mm from the belt surface.
- FIG 4b shows the functional flow diagram for the voltmeter readings and the related microprocessor control operation.
- the voltmeter measures each of test patch charge levels on successive belt cycles.
- Signals representing the voltage at patch 100 (V CDP ), patch 102 (V BG ) and patch 104 (V O . 3D ) are sent to the control processor 84 through the associated I/O circuitry and temporarily stored therein.
- the difference between V DDP and V SG is computed by logic means within the controller and a signal, representing this value and designated constant contrast voltage (V c ) is generated. This signal is compared to a preset V CSET (V S ).
- Vc Vs, (no convergence)
- a signal is generated within the processor and sent to change the bias (V GRID ) on the charge electrode 24 ( Figure 1) thereby changing the value of charge current l c and the value of V DDP .
- Signals are also sent to patch generator 53 to erase the previously generated patch areas.
- Scan carriage 45 then repeats the sequence described with respect to Figures 4a and 5, beginning at the home park position and continuing to park position 2.
- the newly formed patches are again read by the voltmeter and compared to processor 84 (Fig. 4b).
- This process is an iterative one governed by a control algorithm set forth in Appendix; the process is continued until the measured value of V c conforms to Vs. At this point, the value of V DDP and V BG conforms to the PIDC for the machine.
- a second iterative process is controlled by logic means within processor 8 4 , which compares the measured values of the V 0.30 patch to a preset V 0.3DS value.
- System illumination' is varied to achieve identity of the set and measured values; convergence establishes a third point on the PIDC.
- processor 84 measures the difference between the test value of V. 3D and the V .3DS , set into the processor memory. If V 0.30 V . 3DS (no convergence) processor 84 sends a signal to lamp power supply 51 to vary the output of lamp 42 and to patch generator 53 to erase the V. 3D patch 104.
- Scan carriage 45 repeats the process beginning at the home position 1 and the voltmeter again measures the charge at patch 104 sending the output signal to the processor.
- This iterative process is controlled by a second algorithm provided in the Appendix.
- V O . 3D and V O . 3DS Upon convergence of V O . 3D and V O . 3DS , the value of E o, system exposure level, is stored. Convergence has assured that the 0.3D voltage also falls on the PIDC curve shown in Figure 2. Thus, the charge at the high (V DDP ), low (V BG ) and intermittent levels all lie along the predetermined PIDC, thus ensuring that the copy quality will be consistent with machine population utilizing that particular PIDC.
- Both patches 108 and 110 are developed at development station C ( Figure 1) and pass beneath densitometer 64. As illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 11, the densitometer detects the density of the developed test area and produces electrical output signals indicative thereof. Thus the densitometer produces output signals proportional to the toner mass deposited on the V 0.7D patch 108 and the V DPG patch 110. These signals are conveyed to processor 84 through conversion circuitry shown in Figure 3. Processor 83 compares the two values and if there is a difference (Voss ) a signal is generated which changes the voltage level at the patch generator. The developed patches are cleaned at cleaning station F, Figure 1, and patches 108 and 110 are laid down as previously described, developed and again measured by densitometer 64. Adjustments are made to patch generator 53 in an iterative process gov- emed by the algorithm set forth in the Appendix until the two measured values are equal. When this occurs, the patch generator is property calibrated to the system parameters and value representing V PG is stored.
- the final task of the setup procedure is to adjust the developer parameters, if necessary. An adjustment may not be necessary since the toner concentration level is monitored during normal operation and toner periodically added, as is known in the art Therefore, a previous operation cycle should have left the toner concentration in a proper operating condition.
- the present setup procedure ensures proper toner concentrations by comparing the last V DDS value measured and stored by processor 84 with a previously stored V DSS value representing a value of V DSS which if exceeded, indicates a low level of toner concentration is present As shown in Figure 9, if the difference between the two exceeds a set value, processor 84 activates toner dispenser motor 63 causing toner dispenser 60 to discharge toner particles into toner container 62.
- Carriage 45 forms a subsequent V O . 70 , V DDP patch.
- Densitometer 64 measures the respective density and processor 82 determines a new V DSS value as described above. The new V DSS is compared with the V DSS set, the process repeated, if necessary. Once the values are within the predefined difference range, toner developability parameters have been defined and the automatic setup procedure is terminated. Normal machine operation then begins.
- vbiasc linfid is the cleaning field in terms of developer bias. There is a value for each of the normal copy modes. During setup the value is for CN.
- the particular mode is found in the Table "multinational Standard Modes" at the end of the Appendix.
- the illumination control voltage adjustment for the exposure setup is expressed in terms of bit count as follows:
- the pre-developability patch generator adjustment is as follows:
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Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to efectrophotographic printing machines and, more particularly, to a completely automated apparatus and process for establishing basic xerographic parameters at values previously determined to produce optimum output copy quality
- In electrophotographic devices, such as a xerographic copier or printer, a photoconductive surface is charged to a substantially uniform potential. The charged portion of the photoconductive surface is exposed to a light image of an original document being reproduced, forming an electrostatic latent image at the photoconductive surface corresponding to the informal areas contained within the original document The electrostatic latent image is subsequently developed by bringing a developer mixture into contact therewith. The developed image is subsequently transferred to an output copy sheet. The powder image on the output sheet is then heated to permanently affix it to the sheet in the image configuration.
- For any given population of electrophotographic printing machines, a primary control objective is to maintain uniform optimum copy quality from machine to machine. This goal has proven difficult to achieve since each machine experiences its own peculiar changes during extended operation. These. changes include aging of the developer mixture, changes in environment variations in the dark development potential, and residual voltage of the photoconductor or photoreceptor surface, a thinning of the photoreceptor surface due to abrasion,- photoreceptor fatigue, exposure lamp illumination variations, and changes in the toner material concentration due to consumption. These variations, singly or cumulatively, have adverse effects on output copy quality that must be identified and compensated for on a continuous basis.
- Various control schemes are known to compensate for the variable factors listed above. These schemes involve adjustment of basic control parameters; viz. adjusting the current of the device used to deposit the charge on the photoconductive surface, adjusting the bias applied to the development unit, varying the concentration of the toner mixture and changing the exposure level. All of these adjustments are interrelated and their proper selection by a machine operator during operation, or a technician during initial setup, have proven difficult and expensive to achieve, as well as time consuming. Generally also, some kind of test density target, either a special document, or an articulated device is necessary to calibrate exposure levels.
- It would be desirable, therefore, to provide a control apparatus that adjusts for these various functions in a manner that is automated so as to reduce the potential for human error and to perform these adjustments within a relatively short period of time, using an apparatus that is wholly self-contained, e.g. does not require the use of portable current and voltage measuring devices. It would also be desirable to calibrate exposure levels by using optical components which are used during normal system scan operations.
- According to a first aspect, the present invention relates to apparatus for optimizing the operation of an electrophotographic printing machine having a corona device for applying a charge to the machine photoreceptor, a scan-illumination optical system for illuminating a document to be copied on a platen surface and for projecting an image of the document along an optical path onto the photoreceptor to form a latent image thereof, a developer unit for applying toner to the belt surface, said apparatus comprising,
- memory means within said controller, having stored therein a digital representation of the photo-induced discharge curve (PIDC) for the machine photoreceptor,
- optical test patch generation means comprising part of said scan-illumination system, said patch generation means adapted to form at least a dark development VDDP patch, a second, full illumination VBG patch and a third intermediate development patch on said photoreceptor,
- a voltmeter for sensing photoreceptor voltage at said test patch areas and for sending representative signals to said memory means, and
- first logic means within said controller for analyzing the voltmeter input signals representing the values VDDP and V BG levels, comparing the difference (constant contrast volt age Vc), between these signals and a preset optimum value of Ve stored within the memory means and selectively regulating the corona device and the developer unit in an iterative process until convergence is obtained between said difference and said preset value,
- said logic means being adapted to analyze the voltmeter input signals representing said intermediate development patch, comparing said signal with a preset optimum value stored within the memory means and selectively regulating the illumination output level of said scan-illumination optical system in an iterative process until convergence is obtained between said measured and stored values.
- According to a further aspect the invention relates to an electrophotographic printing machine wherein a document is scanned and an image thereof projected onto a photoreceptor surface, having an optical illumination and scanning system adapted to operate in a first and second mode of operation, said system comprising:
- means for moving an illumination and scan assembly mounted beneath said platen in a first, document copying, mode from a start of scan to an end of scan to the start of scan position whereby a latent image of the document is formed on the photoreceptor surface,
- said moving means adapted to move said illumination and scan assembly, in a second, test mode of operation, to a first position outside the start of scan position, said motion occuring coincident with the positioning of an opaque occluder in the optical path to form a dark decay test patch at the photoreceptor surface,
- said moving means further adapted to move said illumination and scan assembly from said first position to a second position beneath said target strip, and
- means for selectively and sequentially altering the illumination level directed to said target strip to thereby form test patches of varying density at the photoreceptor surface.
- In a particular embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for automatically adjusting basic xerographic parameters in a periodic initialization mode so as to establish predetermined copy quality and density. This apparatus includes optical means operable in a normal document scanning mode and in a test mode for forming at least four varying density patches on a precharged photoconductive surface, means for sensing the charged levels at three of said density patches, control means having stored therein a set of interrelated electrical values which define a predetermined photo-induced discharge curve (PIDC), said control means adapted to evaluate said sensed charge levels and determine whether they establish convergence with the desired PIDC and, through an iterative process, to vary charge current and exposure levels, until such convergence is realized and means responsive to the density of toner particles deposited on a fourth density patch for controlling the concentration of toner particles in the developer mixture.
- Other aspects of the present invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds and upon reference to the drawings in which:
- Figure 1 is a side schematic view of an electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the features of the present invention;
- Figure 2 shows PIDC plot of Exposure vs. Photoreceptor Potential;
- Figure 3 is a block diagram of-thê system controller;
- Figure 4a, 4b is a functional flow diagram of the patch generation portion of the automatic setup procedure;
- Figure 5 is a side schematic view of the scan carriage at separate density generating positions;
- Figure 6 is a time vs. voltage plot of the test patch genera- . tion sequence;
- Figure 7 is a top view of a portion of the photoreceptor belt having test patches formed thereon;
- Figure 8 is a functional flow diagram of the 0.3D density patch generation;
- Figure 9 is a functional flow diagram showing the exposure convergence sequence;
- Figure 10 is a time vs. voltage plot of the 0.7 density test patch generation;
- Figure 11 is a top view of a portion of the photoreceptor but having 0.7 density patch formed thereon.
- For a general understanding of the features of the present invention, reference is made to the drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals have been used throughout to designate identical elements. Figure 1 schematically depicts the various components of an illustrative electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the control system of the present invention therein. It will become apparent from the following discussion that this control system is equally well suited for use in a wide variety of electrophotographic printing machines and is not necessarily limited in its application to the particular embodiment shown herein.
- Inasmuch as the art of electrophotgraphic printing is well known, the various processing stations employed in the Figure 1 printing machine will be shown hereinafter - schematically and their operation described briefly with reference thereto.
- Turning now to Figure 1, the electrophotographic printing machine uses a
photoreceptor belt 10 having aphotoconductive surface 12 formed on a conductive substrate. Preferably,belt 12 has characteristics disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,265,990.Belt 10 moves in the indicated direction, advancing sequentially through the various xerographic process stations. The belt is entrained aboutdrive roller 16 andtension rollers Roller 16 is driven by conventional motor means, not shown. - With continued reference to Figure 1, a portion of
belt 10 passes through charging station A where a corona generating device, indicated generally by thereference numeral 22, chargesphotoconductive surface 12 to a relatively high, substantially uniform, negative potential.Device 22 comprises a charging electrode 24 and aconductive shield 26. Ahigh voltage supply 30 controlled by a portion ofcontroller 31, is connected toshield 26. A change in the output ofpower supply 30 causes a change in charging current, lc, and consequently, a change in the charge potential applied tosurface 12. - As
belt 10 continues to advance, the charged, portion. ofsurface 12 moves into exposure station B. Anoriginal document 32 is positioned, either manually, or by a document feeder mechanism (not shown) on the surface of atransparent platen 34.Optics assembly 36 contains the optical components which incrementally scan-illuminate the document and project a reflected image ontosurface 12 ofbelt 10. Shown schematically, these optical components comprise anillumination scan assembly 40, comprisingillumination lamp 42, associatedreflector 43 and fullrate scan mirror 44, all three components mounted on ascan carnage 45. The carriage ends are adapted to ride along guide rails (not shown) so as to travel along a path parallel to and beneath, the platen.Lamp 42 illuminates an incremental line portion ofdocument 32. The reflected image is reflected byscan mirror 44 tocomer mirror assembly 46 on a second scan carriage 46A moving at 1/2 the rate ofmirror 44. The document image is projected throughlens 47 and reflected by asecond comer mirror 48 andbelt mirror 50, both moving at a predetermined relationship so as to precess the projected image, while maintaining the required rear conjugate ontosurface 12 to form thereon an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the informational areas contained withinoriginal document 32. Adjustableillumination power supply 51, controlled by a portion ofcontroller 31, supplies power tolamp 42. Theoptics assembly 36, besides operating in a document scanning mode, is also used in the automatic setup mode of the present invention, to generate and project four alternating density patches onto the centerline of thebelt 10 for purposes to be described more fully below. Positioned between exposure station B and development station C, and adjacent to surface 12, iselectrostatic voltmeter 52.Voltmeter 52 preferably is capable of measuring either positive or negative potentials and utilizes ac circuitry requiring no field calibration.Voltmeter 52, in the automatic setup mode, generates a first signal proportional to the dark decay potential Vo onphotoconductive surface 12. The dark development potential is the charge atsurface 12 after charging and exposure reflected from an opaque object. The voltmeter also generates a second signal proportional to background potential VB, on the photoreceptor surface. The background potential is the charge on the photoreceptor after exposure with light reflected from a white object Both of the voltmeter output signals are sent tocontroller 31 through suitable conversion circuitry.Controller 31 operates upon these values, comparing them to values related to a desired output quantity in the controller memory. Adjustments are made by the controller to the charging and development bias voltage and to the illumination power supply in an iterative process described in further detail below: - Referring again to Figure 1,
discrete patch generator 53 is a calibrated LED light source which is energized in one of two modes of operation. In a first mode, operable during the automatic setup mode, a dedicated digital input provides for LED energization at a high fixed level. This mode is used primarily for erasing test patch areas generated during the setup procedures. In a second mode of operation, following the initial system setup, an analog reference input to thegenerator 53 provides for energization of the LEDs so as to generate a variable light intensity for use in toner control in several contrast modes as described in greater detail below. - At development station C, a magnetic brush development system, indicated generally by the
reference numeral 54 , advances an insulating development material into contact with the electrostatic latent image. Preferably, magnetic brush development system 54 includes adeveloper roller 56 within a housing. 58..Roller 56 transports. a .brush .of developer material comprising magnetic carrier granules and toner particles into contact withbelt 10.Roller 56 is positioned so that the brush of developer material deformsbelt 10 in an arc with the belt conforming, at least partially, to the configuration of the developer material. The thickness of the layer of developer material adhering todeveloper roller 56 is adjustable.Roller 56 is biased byvoltage source 57 to a voltage level VD. - The electrostatic latent image attracts the toner particles from the carrier granules forming a toner powder image on
photoconductive surface 12. The detailed structure of the magnetic brush development system is more fully disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,397,264. - As successive latent images are developed, toner par- tides are depleted from the developer material: A toner particle dispenser, indicated generally by the
reference numeral 60 provides additional toner particles tohousing 58 for subsequent use bydeveloper roller 56.Toner dispenser 60 includes a container for storing a supply of toner particles therein and means (not shown) for introducing the particles intodeveloper housing 58. Amotor 62, when energized, initiates the operation ofdispenser 60. -
Infrared densitometer 64, positionedadjacent belt 10 and located between developer station C and transfer station D, directs infrared light ontosurface 12 upon appropriate signals from thecontroller 31. The ratio of reflected light on a developed area to that of a bare area is an indication of toner patch developability. The densitometer generates output signals and sends them tocontroller 31 through appropriate conversion circuitry. The controller operates upon these signals and sends appropriate output signals tomotor 62 to control dispensing of toner particles.Densitometer 64 is also used to periodically measure the light rays reflected from the bare photoconductive surface - (i.e. without developed toner particles) to provide a reference level for calculation of the signal ratios. - Continuing with the system description, an
output copy sheet 66 taken from asupply tray 67, is moved into contact with the toner powder image at transfer station D. The support material is conveyed to station D by a pair offeed rollers 68, 70. Transfer station D includes a corona generating device 71 which sprays ions onto the backside ofsheet 66, thereby attracting the toner powder image fromsurface 12 tosheet 66. After transfer, the sheet advances to fusing station E where a fusingroller assembly 72 affixes the transferred powder image. After fusing,sheet 66 advances to an output tray (not shown) for subsequent removal by the operator. - After the sheet of support material is separated from
belt 10, the residual toner particles and the toner particles of developed test patch areas are removed at cleaning station F. - Subsequent to cleaning, a discharge lamp, not shown, floods surface 12 with light to dissipate any residual charge remaining thereon prior to the charging thereof for the next imaging cycle.
- It is believed that the foregoing description is sufficient for purposes of the present application to illustrate the general operation of an electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the features of the present invention therein.
- The setup mode described in more detil below may be briefly summarized as:
- 1. Control of pre-development photoreceptor
potentials using voltmeter 52 and associated controller circuitry; - 2. Generation, of multiple exposure levels (test patches) using the
system optics assembly 36; and - 3. Control of developed image density by using
densitometer 64 to measure the reflectance of developed toner patches. - Only two of the sensors, the voltmeter and the densitometer, need to maintain an absolute calibration. All major xerographic parameters are automatically established during the automatic setup mode and are automatically maintained thereafter. The setup procedure is reproducible over time within a single machine and from machine to machine across a population of machines.
- Upon initial installation of a particular electrophotographic printing machine and periodically (daily) thereafter, the basic machine parameters are automatically checked and adjusted. Each machine is associated with the same development potentials (Vr -Vo) by adjustment of the shape of the photo-induced discharge curve (PIDC) which has previously been determined to ensure uniform output copy quality across the machine population. A PIDC is a fundamental characteristic of a photoreceptor that has been charged to a specific dark potential VO in combination with the reflective density of the input document and the document illumination intensity. But any given population of photoreceptors will have a distrubution of shapes. Figure 2 shows a typical plot for a machine with the range of values indicated. Digital values representing the PIDC slope are contained within
controller 31 memory of each machine. The setup mode and associated apparatus is designed to measure the basic parameters of the particular machine and plot the PIDC, based on these measured values. Insofar as the actual PIDC shape varies from the standard, adjustments are made to the basic parameters of charge voltage IC, developer bias VBIAS and system exposure Eo in an iterative process, until covergence of the measured, with the preset, values is realized. These basic control circuit subsystems which accomplish these operations are shown in Figure 3. Referring to this Figure,controller 31 consists of Input/Output Board 80, andmaster control board 82, Input/Output processor 86 and aserial bus controller 88. Input signals from thedensitometer 64,voltmeter 52 andpatch generator 53 are converted by I/O board 80; sent to I/O processor 86 and then toprocessor 84. Output signals are sent to adjust the corona generator, system illumination, toner dispenser and development bias viaprocessor 86. Operation of the optical scanning system is controlled byprocessor 84 viacontroller 88. - The master control processor is an Intel Model 8085 which can be programmed to perform the described iterative functions, using the algorithms set forth in the Appendix. Incorporation of these algorithms into a larger and central unit is a procedure well understood by those skilled in the art.
- The automatic setup mode is initiated by applying initial power application to the machine. The sequence of operations occurring thereafter is shown with reference to Figure 4a, 4b.
- Figure 4a, 4b is a flow chart sequence of these operations. Figure 5 is a side view schematic drawing of the scan carriage at different density patch generating positions. Figure 6 is a time vs. voltage plot of the test patch generation sequence, and Figure 7 is a top view of
belt 10 showing the imaged patched zones. Figure 9 is a flow chart of the test patch generator and machine functions. Referring to Figures 4a, 5, and 6, once machine power is turned on, the photoreceptor moves through a first cycle of operation at the system process speed.Scan carriage 45 moves to the home park position.Carriage 45, in this position is shown to the left of the platen in Figure 5. The components are shown dotted.Scan lamp 42 is energized at the normal lamp power level used during the preceding operational interval. An opaque occluder 90 is positioned in the optical path at a point above thebelt 10surface 12, thus preventing light from falling on the surface in an area corresponding to the occluder. Thus afirst test patch 100 shown formed on the belt centerline in Figure 7 is therefore at the dark decay charging level VDDP. Carriage 45 is then moved to the right, scanning at a constant velocity, until it reachespark position 1 past the end of scan position (shown in solid line in Figure 5). At this position, a 0.3density target strip 92 centrally overlies the scan carriage. At this point,lamp 42 output is doubled so as to form asecond patch area 102 conforming in size to strip 92 representing a 100% transmission, completely discharged strip at background voltage level, VBG. - With
carriage 45 still in the solid line position shown in Figure 5, the lamp illumination input is halved. The exposedpatch area 104 onbelt 10 forms a 0.3density patch 104 on the photoreceptor.Carriage 45 is then returned to the home position and a second VDDP patch 106 is formed on the center line ofbelt 10. - Further operation of the carriage is dependent upon whether PIDC convergence is present as determined by comparisons of voltmeter-generated signals processed by the
microprocessor 84 and compared to values stored in the microprocessor memory. -
Electrostatic voltmeter 52, shown in Figure 1, is used to directly sense photoreceptor voltage at thetest patch areas - Figure 4b shows the functional flow diagram for the voltmeter readings and the related microprocessor control operation. Referring to this figure, and to Figure 6, the voltmeter measures each of test patch charge levels on successive belt cycles. Signals representing the voltage at patch 100 (VCDP), patch 102 (VBG) and patch 104 (VO.3D) are sent to the
control processor 84 through the associated I/O circuitry and temporarily stored therein. The difference between VDDP and VSG is computed by logic means within the controller and a signal, representing this value and designated constant contrast voltage (Vc) is generated. This signal is compared to a preset VCSET(VS). If Vc = Vs, (no convergence), a signal is generated within the processor and sent to change the bias (VGRID) on the charge electrode 24 (Figure 1) thereby changing the value of charge current lc and the value of VDDP. Signals are also sent to patchgenerator 53 to erase the previously generated patch areas.Scan carriage 45 then repeats the sequence described with respect to Figures 4a and 5, beginning at the home park position and continuing to parkposition 2. The newly formed patches are again read by the voltmeter and compared to processor 84 (Fig. 4b). This process is an iterative one governed by a control algorithm set forth in Appendix; the process is continued until the measured value of Vcconforms to Vs. At this point, the value of VDDP and VBG conforms to the PIDC for the machine. These values, as well as Vs, Vo and VBIAS are stored in the processor memory. - According to one feature of the present invention, a second iterative process is controlled by logic means within
processor 84, which compares the measured values of the V0.30 patch to a preset V0.3DSvalue. System illumination' is varied to achieve identity of the set and measured values; convergence establishes a third point on the PIDC. As shown in Figure 8,processor 84 measures the difference between the test value of V.3D and the V.3DS, set into the processor memory. If V0.30 V .3DS(no convergence)processor 84 sends a signal tolamp power supply 51 to vary the output oflamp 42 and to patchgenerator 53 to erase the V.3D patch 104.Scan carriage 45 repeats the process beginning at thehome position 1 and the voltmeter again measures the charge atpatch 104 sending the output signal to the processor. This iterative process is controlled by a second algorithm provided in the Appendix. - Upon convergence of VO.3D and VO.3DS, the value of E o, system exposure level, is stored. Convergence has assured that the 0.3D voltage also falls on the PIDC curve shown in Figure 2. Thus, the charge at the high (VDDP), low (VBG) and intermittent levels all lie along the predetermined PIDC, thus ensuring that the copy quality will be consistent with machine population utilizing that particular PIDC.
- To summarize the automatic setup procedure to this point, the basic xerographic parameters of charge current, illumination level and the developer bias have been set. The remainder of the setup procedure is directed to the calibration of the patch generator based on these values and the adjustment, if necessary, of toner concentration. Figure 9 shows a functional flow diagram setting forth these steps.
- Referring to Figures 5 and 9, and to the timing diagram shown in Figure 10, scan
carriage 45 is moved to the right,past park position 1 to parkposition 2 where it is parked directly beneath a centrally located 0.7density target strip 107. A 0.7 patch 108(Fig. 11) is thus formed along the centerline ofbelt 10 conforming in area to strip 107. The carriage then returns to the home position where a VDDP patch 110 is formed. Aspatch 110 passes beneathdensitometer 64, the patch is illuminated by a light output from the generator determined by the bias voltage VPG applied to the patch generator. Thecharge level patch 110 is therefore reduced to level V CPG which is lower than V0.7D. - Both
patches densitometer 64. As illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 11, the densitometer detects the density of the developed test area and produces electrical output signals indicative thereof. Thus the densitometer produces output signals proportional to the toner mass deposited on the V0.7D patch 108 and the VDPG patch 110. These signals are conveyed toprocessor 84 through conversion circuitry shown in Figure 3. Processor 83 compares the two values and if there is a difference (Voss ) a signal is generated which changes the voltage level at the patch generator. The developed patches are cleaned at cleaning station F, Figure 1, andpatches densitometer 64. Adjustments are made to patchgenerator 53 in an iterative process gov- emed by the algorithm set forth in the Appendix until the two measured values are equal. When this occurs, the patch generator is property calibrated to the system parameters and value representing VPGis stored. - The final task of the setup procedure is to adjust the developer parameters, if necessary. An adjustment may not be necessary since the toner concentration level is monitored during normal operation and toner periodically added, as is known in the art Therefore, a previous operation cycle should have left the toner concentration in a proper operating condition. However, the present setup procedure ensures proper toner concentrations by comparing the last VDDS value measured and stored by
processor 84 with a previously stored VDSS value representing a value of VDSS which if exceeded, indicates a low level of toner concentration is present As shown in Figure 9, if the difference between the two exceeds a set value,processor 84 activates toner dispenser motor 63 causingtoner dispenser 60 to discharge toner particles intotoner container 62. This increases the concentration of toner particles in the developer mixture so as to increase the density of subsequent developed test patches.Carriage 45 forms a subsequent VO.70, VDDP patch.Densitometer 64 measures the respective density andprocessor 82 determines a new VDSS value as described above. The new V DSS is compared with the VDSS set, the process repeated, if necessary. Once the values are within the predefined difference range, toner developability parameters have been defined and the automatic setup procedure is terminated. Normal machine operation then begins. -
- (1) The grid bias control voltage adjustment for contrast setup is as follows:
- (2) The grid bias additive adjustments for the Pictorial Copy modes (Pmode) are determined as follows:
- (3) The Vddp setpoint for the pictorial modes is as follows:
- (4) The following equation for developer bias can be used for determining the required bias during ABS(autosetup) and customer access mode) as well as for determining Vbiassu:
-
-
-
-
-
at least one density target strip affixed to the bottom surface of the platen at a location outside the end of scan position,
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US71337185A | 1985-03-18 | 1985-03-18 | |
US06/713,530 US4618248A (en) | 1985-03-18 | 1985-03-18 | Test patch generation utilizing system scan optics |
US713371 | 1985-03-18 | ||
US713530 | 1985-03-18 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0195655A2 true EP0195655A2 (en) | 1986-09-24 |
EP0195655A3 EP0195655A3 (en) | 1987-04-01 |
EP0195655B1 EP0195655B1 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
Family
ID=27108989
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19860301991 Expired - Lifetime EP0195655B1 (en) | 1985-03-18 | 1986-03-18 | Automatic setup of electrophotographic printing machines |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0195655B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS61213865A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3679095D1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3936255A1 (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1990-05-03 | Toshiba Kk | IMAGING DEVICE WITH INITIAL SETTING SYSTEM |
EP0531171A2 (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1993-03-10 | Xerox Corporation | Electrostatic target recalculation in a xerographic imaging apparatus |
EP0589131A2 (en) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-03-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus and image forming method |
EP0589135A2 (en) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-03-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus and method of manufacturing the same |
EP0599294A2 (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1994-06-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Image forming apparatus |
EP0743568A2 (en) * | 1994-12-22 | 1996-11-20 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replacement part with integral memory for usage and calibration data |
EP0789322A3 (en) * | 1996-01-08 | 1998-05-06 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replaceable part with integral memory for usage, calibration and other data |
EP1107070A2 (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2001-06-13 | Xerox Corporation | Method and apparatus for adaptive black solid area estimation in a xerographic apparatus |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2546261B2 (en) * | 1987-03-13 | 1996-10-23 | ミノルタ株式会社 | Copier |
JPH02296266A (en) * | 1989-05-10 | 1990-12-06 | Canon Inc | Image forming device |
US5227270A (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1993-07-13 | Xerox Corporation | Esv readings of toner test patches for adjusting ird readings of developed test patches |
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DE2741713A1 (en) * | 1976-09-17 | 1978-03-23 | Canon Kk | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STABILIZATION OF AN ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE |
US4215930A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1980-08-05 | Ricoh Company, Limited | Method of maintaining the correct conditions of an electrophotographically duplicated image |
DE3221618A1 (en) * | 1981-06-11 | 1982-12-30 | Canon K.K., Tokyo | IMAGE GENERATION DEVICE |
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DE3340959A1 (en) * | 1982-11-11 | 1984-05-17 | Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A DEGREENING LEVEL |
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JPS5589859A (en) * | 1978-12-28 | 1980-07-07 | Canon Inc | Method and apparatus for forming stable image |
US4348099A (en) * | 1980-04-07 | 1982-09-07 | Xerox Corporation | Closed loop control of reproduction machine |
JPS56161554A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1981-12-11 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Control device for electronic copying machine |
JPS5749955A (en) * | 1980-09-11 | 1982-03-24 | Canon Inc | Electrophotographic device |
-
1986
- 1986-03-17 JP JP61059084A patent/JPS61213865A/en active Pending
- 1986-03-18 EP EP19860301991 patent/EP0195655B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-03-18 DE DE8686301991T patent/DE3679095D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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DE2741713A1 (en) * | 1976-09-17 | 1978-03-23 | Canon Kk | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STABILIZATION OF AN ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE |
US4215930A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1980-08-05 | Ricoh Company, Limited | Method of maintaining the correct conditions of an electrophotographically duplicated image |
DE3221618A1 (en) * | 1981-06-11 | 1982-12-30 | Canon K.K., Tokyo | IMAGE GENERATION DEVICE |
DE3304966A1 (en) * | 1982-02-12 | 1983-09-01 | Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo | METHOD FOR CONTROLLING AN IMAGE DENSITY LEVEL |
DE3340959A1 (en) * | 1982-11-11 | 1984-05-17 | Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A DEGREENING LEVEL |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5166730A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1992-11-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus having automatic initial adjustment system |
DE3936255A1 (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1990-05-03 | Toshiba Kk | IMAGING DEVICE WITH INITIAL SETTING SYSTEM |
EP0531171A3 (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1994-08-03 | Xerox Corp | |
EP0531171A2 (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1993-03-10 | Xerox Corporation | Electrostatic target recalculation in a xerographic imaging apparatus |
EP0589131A3 (en) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-08-24 | Toshiba Kk | Image forming apparatus and image forming method |
EP0589135A2 (en) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-03-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus and method of manufacturing the same |
EP0589131A2 (en) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-03-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus and image forming method |
EP0599294A2 (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1994-06-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Image forming apparatus |
EP0599294A3 (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1994-06-29 | Sharp Kk | Image forming apparatus. |
US5477308A (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1995-12-19 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Image forming apparatus having an image-quality correction function |
EP0833211A1 (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1998-04-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Image forming apparatus |
EP0743569A2 (en) * | 1994-12-22 | 1996-11-20 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replacement part with integral memory for usage and calibration data |
EP0743568A2 (en) * | 1994-12-22 | 1996-11-20 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replacement part with integral memory for usage and calibration data |
EP0743569A3 (en) * | 1994-12-22 | 1998-05-06 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replacement part with integral memory for usage and calibration data |
EP0743568A3 (en) * | 1994-12-22 | 1998-11-25 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replacement part with integral memory for usage and calibration data |
EP0789322A3 (en) * | 1996-01-08 | 1998-05-06 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Replaceable part with integral memory for usage, calibration and other data |
EP1107070A2 (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2001-06-13 | Xerox Corporation | Method and apparatus for adaptive black solid area estimation in a xerographic apparatus |
EP1107070A3 (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2005-03-16 | Xerox Corporation | Method and apparatus for adaptive black solid area estimation in a xerographic apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS61213865A (en) | 1986-09-22 |
EP0195655A3 (en) | 1987-04-01 |
DE3679095D1 (en) | 1991-06-13 |
EP0195655B1 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
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