EP0147311B1 - Prefabricated civil engineering element, application to the construction of a structure and resulting structure - Google Patents

Prefabricated civil engineering element, application to the construction of a structure and resulting structure Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0147311B1
EP0147311B1 EP84402660A EP84402660A EP0147311B1 EP 0147311 B1 EP0147311 B1 EP 0147311B1 EP 84402660 A EP84402660 A EP 84402660A EP 84402660 A EP84402660 A EP 84402660A EP 0147311 B1 EP0147311 B1 EP 0147311B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
organs
organ
accordance
line
tubular elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84402660A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0147311A2 (en
EP0147311A3 (en
Inventor
Jean Aubert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
HYDRO-ORGUE
Original Assignee
HYDRO-ORGUE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by HYDRO-ORGUE filed Critical HYDRO-ORGUE
Priority to AT84402660T priority Critical patent/ATE30610T1/en
Publication of EP0147311A2 publication Critical patent/EP0147311A2/en
Publication of EP0147311A3 publication Critical patent/EP0147311A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0147311B1 publication Critical patent/EP0147311B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E02D17/205—Securing of slopes or inclines with modular blocks, e.g. pre-fabricated
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0208—Gabions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a prefabricated civil engineering structure, its application to the construction of a structure, and the resulting structure such as a cut in the flow of water, a dam, a bajoyer of a lock, a sea wall and the like.
  • US Patent 4,297,052 describes a structure for regulating erosion comprising a retaining wall, means for collecting sandy gravel and breaker means which are installed substantially parallel to the shore to support the force of the water.
  • the structure protects the shore from erosion and helps the formation of beaches.
  • One of the aims of the present invention is to produce an assembly constituting a heavy indivisible mass, capable of economically replacing a concrete mass acting by its weight, this assembly being arranged so as to constitute a structure such as a cut, a dam, a bridge abutment, a lock locker, or the like, which is not displaced, even by a strong current.
  • Another object of the invention is to produce a structure which can be several tens of meters high and weighing several hundreds or thousands of tonnes, while using only small quantities of a noble material such as steel.
  • a civil engineering structure comprising a series of associated rigid tubular elements, integral with one another and comprising filling orifices, characterized in that it comprises means for temporarily ensuring its flotation on water and means for ensuring the simultaneous rupture of said flotation means, with a view to rapid immersion of the organ, in particular by practically total release of the filling orifices.
  • the tubular elements are associated in at least one row extending transversely to the axis of the elements and the dimensions of the organ transversely to the axis of the elements are greater than its dimension along this axis.
  • the assembly has a very great stability when it is put in place.
  • the tubular elements are straight cylinders with a circular base, this arrangement allowing slight deformation of the tubular elements during the introduction of the riprap.
  • the tubular cylindrical elements have a triangular base and the structure is made easily by a combination of sheets folded in zig zag associated with flat sheets.
  • the sheets folded in zig zag consist of a succession of sheets in W placed end to end, separated by parallel flat sheets, the cell assembly thus produced being completed by plating sheets extending along the organ and constituting the walls thereof.
  • a structure comprises several organ lines, at least partially superimposed, an embankment being produced on one side of each organ line, and the organ lines situated at different levels being offset relative to the other.
  • FIG 1 there is shown in Figure 1, in a perspective view, an organ A according to the invention placed in a watercourse B.
  • the banks C of the water stream have been fitted out so as to create a channel of substantially constant width and a height sufficient to contain the watercourse during periods of high water.
  • the organ A comprises a series of tubular elements 2 cylindrical parallel to each other, with a circular base joined to one another and welded together along generatrices.
  • Each tubular element can for example be produced from a steel sheet 3 mm thick, 2 meters high and 4.41 meters long, making it possible to produce a cylinder 1.5 meters in diameter by bending. sheet metal and welding of the two extreme edges brought into contact with each other.
  • the organ A comprises several rows of tubular elements 2 joined together in parallel, the rows extending transversely to the axis XX of the elements 2 and constituting an indivisible structure whose dimensions (L, 1) transversely to the axis XX of the elements are greater than the dimension (h) along this axis.
  • the organ shown all the elements have the same length and the organ therefore has substantially the shape of a parallelepiped whose long side is arranged perpendicular to the banks C.
  • the tubular elements 2 are open at their two ends which are located in two parallel planes, orthogonal to the axes of these elements.
  • the cylindrical elements are filled with heavy materials such as stones.
  • the weight of the assembly is sufficient to keep the organ in place in the stream and this organ has a substantially horizontal upper edge transversely to the stream of water so that there is nowhere an acceleration of the water current likely to cause disorders.
  • Tubular elements with a circular base have the advantage of not being deformed when they are filled with heavy material. But in the case of a cut made with an organ according to the invention, even fairly large deformations do not have any significant drawbacks and it is possible to replace the cylinders with circular base by prisms, in particular with triangular base allowing an easier realization of the organs.
  • FIG. 2 shows a top view of an organ comprising tubular elements of this type forming a bundle of prismatic elements with a triangular base.
  • the organ is then formed by a series of flat sheets 3 between which are arranged zigzag sheets, and more particularly 4-W sheets connected to the flat sheets by weld beads 5.
  • the folded sheets can be brought to the site already folded.
  • FIG. 2 shows a partial view of two adjacent organs having complementary ends 7 and 8. It can be seen that these ends 7 and 8 can either rest directly on the banks of a watercourse, or embed one in front of the other so as to create a line of organs with a certain rigidity.
  • the rigidity of a line of associated organs can be increased by providing additional means of association such as welded legs joining the flat faces of two adjacent organs or cables 32.
  • these flotation means are balloons 9 made of an expandable plastic material such as rubber or neoprene, comprising an inflation valve and a means for destroying the envelope, such as an explosive primer 11 which can be electrically controlled by means of a wire 12 connected to an appropriate firing member, or by any other means.
  • the balloon 9 is preferably placed at the base of the tubular element, as shown in FIG. 3, and thus ensures buoyancy with a minimum draft of the organ, when the latter is placed in the current. of water.
  • the preferred means of flotation is a balloon
  • other means are also provided according to the invention for ensuring the temporary flotation of the organ.
  • the base or the top of the tubular elements 2 can be temporarily closed by means of a flexible (sheet of plastic) or rigid (sheet) membrane.
  • a floating belt placed outside the organ and held against it by any suitable means, the objective being to be able to simultaneously remove all of the means of flotation of the organs so that they are submerged together as will be seen later.
  • a submersible pontoon comprising ballasts and moored along a bank.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic view from above of a watercourse on which three associated organs 13 equipped with their flotation means are held upstream of the abutments 14 between which the cut-off must be carried out.
  • the width of the watercourse must be greater than the spacing of the abutments so that the organs can be aligned and assembled.
  • cables are fixed at one end to bollards 20 secured to the organ, the cables also being wound on winches 16 arranged on the bank of the watercourse or on emerged temporary platforms 17, carried by driven piles in the river.
  • the organs 13 are thus kept in line to produce a line of floating organs D, of length substantially equal to the distance between the abutments 14.
  • the floating line of organs D along F is allowed to drift parallel to itself under the effect of the current by giving slack to the moorings 15, until the line of organs comes to D1 above the disposal site, after which all the balloons are burst simultaneously.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a stream at the time of making a cut.
  • a base 18 is firstly placed on the bottom of the stream between the banks not shown. This base 18 consists of riprap of sufficient size not to be entrained by the current.
  • the base 18 must extend downstream of the stranded organs so that the water flowing over their crest does not risk causing scouring.
  • the horizontality of the base 18 is checked by means of a device called a "guillotine" comprising a horizontal bar carried by two uprights, each of which can pivot in a vertical plane. If necessary, local recharges are carried out. To flatten the riprap surface, a kind of harrow moved by cables is advantageously used. Once the base 18 is produced, one or more organs 13a in line are brought into line with the base 18, giving slack to the moorings 15.
  • the flotation means are destroyed simultaneously.
  • experience shows that during the piercing of an inflated balloon, there is no progressive deflation but a real explosion of the balloon, the tear initially started being prolonged with very high speed.
  • the line of organs immerses quickly while remaining horizontal until the base of the tubular elements 2 comes into contact with the surface of the base 18.
  • the line of organs 13a then creates a dam with horizontal crowning over the entire width of the watercourse and the tubular elements 2 can be gradually filled with a heavy material.
  • the filling of the tubular elements 2 of the organs can be carried out by any suitable means by means of a suction dredge taking directly from the bed of the course of 'water, small riprap that we have previously supplied or by pontoon-cranes unloading barges containing the necessary materials, or by a blonde.
  • this dam preferably comprises a sealing coating, for example a solid mass of clay 46.
  • the flow can flow over its crest.
  • a water intake intended for example to supply a hydroelectric plant is located at a level lower than the level of the crest of the structure. By suspending the work during large waters, the upper part of the structure can be built dry.
  • the organ further comprises a wire mesh 23 serving as a circulation path.
  • the organ finally comprises V-shaped slings 24 arranged in the upper plane of the organ and fixed to the tubular elements, for example by welds.
  • the scarves 24 thus distribute over several tubular elements 2 the forces supported by the mooring bollards 25.
  • bollards 20 or 25 are used to hold the organs before they are stranded, these bollards can be set back from the edge of the organ as seen in Figures 2, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9. These bollards also play the role of abutment as seen in FIG. 8.
  • Figure 10 a schematic sectional view of a dam made with organs according to the invention.
  • the dam has a series of organs 13 superimposed and offset from each other.
  • the steps have different widths, in particular the bottom steps can have a width E greater than that of the top steps, as shown in FIG. 10.
  • the organs progressively have an increasing height from the bottom to the top of the structure so that the slope of the downstream facing increases as the structure rises.
  • the materials for the realization of the organs can be various.
  • the steel sheets can be metallized or even be made with a slightly oxidizable steel.
  • a concrete covering is also provided on the steps in order to prevent the water falling from the upper floor from carrying part of the materials which fill the organs, but it is then desirable to provide vents 22 allowing drainage of the organ lines and avoiding pressurization of the concrete coating by the water rising through the organ lines.
  • the filling of the upper part of the constituent elements of the organs is carried out with sufficiently heavy riprap, some being joined by concrete.
  • each of the organs of the organ lines 13a, 13b and 13c comprises three rows of elements 2a, 2b and 2c of similar height and a row of elements 2d of lower height which thus achieve, on the upper surface of the organ, a recess 32 extending along the upstream edge of the organ.
  • the slope of this line can be varied by varying the ratio of the number of rows of elements 2 of high height to the number of rows of elements 2 of lower height or by varying the depth of the offset.
  • the recess 32 constitutes a stop similar to the bollards 20 and therefore facilitates the establishment of successive organ lines according to a perfectly aligned assembly.
  • FIG. 12 An alternative embodiment of the implementation method described with reference to Figures 6 to 8 is shown in Figure 12.
  • the section is partially truncated to allow a representation of the elements involved in the variant while remaining within the limits of the figure.
  • the organs are previously assembled in line as before.
  • the winches 17 are this time mounted on the organs themselves.
  • the end of the cables 15 opposite to that fixed on the winches 17 is provided with a hook 33 engaged in a loop 34 secured to a dead body 35 such as according to the invention stranded and filled with riprap upstream of the site of the cut.
  • a dead body 35 such as according to the invention stranded and filled with riprap upstream of the site of the cut.
  • the organs are then kept in the desired plumb position by means of clamps 30 fixed on them and which tighten the cables 15.
  • the winches 17 are then dismantled and brought back to the ground then the organs are stranded and filled with riprap in the same way as previously.
  • the cables 15 can be recovered or, on the contrary, left in place to constitute anchor rods as shown in FIG. 13.
  • organ lines 13a, 13b and 13c are put in place, these have been connected to an organ 35a previously stranded and filled with riprap and each of the retaining cables, respectively 15a to 15c, has been held in place so that the organ lines 13a to 13c are stabilized in position not only by the weight which acts on them but also by the traction on the cables 15 to 15c connected to the dead bodies 35a and 35b.
  • the upstream embankment is extended to the first dead body 35a which is thus integrated into the structure, before putting in place a second dead body 35b connected to the organs 13d to 13f by means of cables 15d to 15f respectively.
  • This alternative embodiment makes it possible to build structures having a downstream face having a very large slope without risk landslide of it.
  • a series of sheet piles 37 threshed in the ground are also provided, plumb with the downstream edge of the lower organ line and which constitutes a lightning shield opposing scouring of the work.
  • Figure 14 shows the embodiment according to the invention of a seawall of the type that can be used for tidal factories.
  • the identical organ lines 13a to 13c are arranged in a staircase symmetrically with respect to the dike to cover the latter, an organ line 13f forming the final cover at the top of the dike.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates the embodiment according to the invention of a vertical quay wall exposed to a direct attack from the sea.
  • the rapid variations in water in front of the vertical wall cause the production of very violent horizontal currents in front of the structure so that fatal scouring of the stability of the wall itself may occur there.
  • a series of organ lines 13a to 13g are superimposed with one of their edges perpendicular to the others in order to constitute a continuous vertical wall 51.
  • the wall is extended towards the sea by a paving 52 formed by rows of organs 1 pm to 13 k arranged on the bottom of the sea one beside the other at the same level and constituting indivisible masses of several hundred tons comforting each other.
  • a lock comprising two vertical bajoyers 39 and 40, one can use organs with triangular elements as described with reference to FIG. 2.
  • the visible face of a bajoyer consists of adjoining rectangular sheets.
  • the construction of the structure being assumed to be dry, it is inexpensive to weld the sheets together to obtain a perfectly sealed structure.
  • it is preferably chosen for the production of organs, a steel grade particularly resistant to rust and wear produced by the friction of boats. To better resist the shocks of these, inevitable, especially near the heads, the elements immediately in contact with the sheets constituting the facing could be filled with concrete and not with heavy materials.
  • Figure 17 is the cross section of the downstream portion of a spilling structure 42 and the scour pit 43 which usually follows it. It is in this pit, whose depth downstream from certain natural waterfalls, to reach a hundred meters, that the energy produced by the fall dissipates in vortices. A similar scour phenomenon occurs downstream of certain dams.
  • the bottom of the pit 43 is protected by a paving 44 comprising one or more rows of organs joined in a layer near the structure 42 followed by one or more organs 46 in ascending staircase which break the current so that it is no longer in torrential regime at the exit of the scour pit 43.
  • FIG. 18 illustrates the construction of a navigation channel 53, the banks of which are protected against the movement resulting from the passage of boats by a continuous line of organs 13 embedded in the bank 45.
  • One of the methods that can be used is the construction of background thresholds.
  • tubular elements may have various shapes, for example square or hexagonal sections.
  • tubular elements can be combined so as to produce curved organs in top view, so a vault will then be obtained.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Foundations (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

System for the construction and utilization of multitubular structures called modules A, whose joined elements (2) have a cylindrical or prismatic shape. The dimensions (L, l) transversely to the axis (X-X) of the elements (2) are greater than the dimension (h) along this axis (X-X). Several joined modules constitute a line of modules, used to close off a river. Several lines of modules can be superimposed to build an overspill structure of a certain height. Structure is provided to float a line of modules into place above its sinking site. Modules can also be used advantageously for certain works built on dry ground.

Description

La présente invention concerne une structure de génie civil préfabriquée, son application à la construction d'un ouvrage, et l'ouvrage en résultant tel qu'une coupure d'un courant d'eau, un barrage, un bajoyer d'écluse, une digue à la mer et analogues.The present invention relates to a prefabricated civil engineering structure, its application to the construction of a structure, and the resulting structure such as a cut in the flow of water, a dam, a bajoyer of a lock, a sea wall and the like.

La structure préfabriquée visée par l'invention, de nature multitubulaire, ainsi qu'il sera vu, sera pour plus de simplicité dénommée "orgue" dans la description et les revendications qui suivent.The prefabricated structure targeted by the invention, of multitubular nature, as will be seen, will for simplicity be called "organ" in the description and the claims which follow.

On sait que pour réaliser une coupure, c'est-à-dire un ouvrage établi en travers d'un courant d'eau allant d'une berge jusqu'à l'autre afin de relever le niveau des eaux en amont, un procédé connu consiste à opérer simultanément sur toute la largeur du courant d'eau et en progressant depuis le fond jusqu'à la surface. On réalise alors ce qu'on appelle une coupure horizontale.We know that to make a cut, that is to say a structure established across a stream of water going from one bank to another in order to raise the water level upstream, a process known is to operate simultaneously over the entire width of the water stream and progressing from the bottom to the surface. We then realize what is called a horizontal cut.

On sait également que lors de la réalisation d'une telle coupure, la pente du parement aval du massif augmente avec le poids des enrochements utilisés et il en résulte que la longueur et le volume du massif diminuent dans les mêmes conditions.It is also known that when making such a cut, the slope of the downstream facing of the massif increases with the weight of the riprap used and it follows that the length and volume of the massif decrease under the same conditions.

De plus, lors de la réalisation d'une coupure, on cherche à répartir de façon égale les matériaux sur toute la longueur du massif afin d'éviter la formation d'un point bas. En effet, la force d'érosion augmente avec la profondeur d'eau et un abaissement local de la crête du massif tend donc à augmenter cette force d'érosion. On se trouve alors en présence d'un phénomène instable et si l'arrivée des matériaux que l'on déverse pour réhausser le point bas est trop lente, ces matériaux sont emportés et viennent se déposer sur le talus aval, l'érosion se poursuivant dans ce cas jusqu'à ce que la pente aval du massif de coupure soit devenue très faible. Il faut alors mettre en oeuvre un volume d'enrochements très important pour rétablir le niveau initial du massif.In addition, when making a cut, we seek to distribute the materials evenly over the entire length of the block to avoid the formation of a low point. Indeed, the erosion force increases with the depth of water and a local lowering of the crest of the massif therefore tends to increase this erosion force. We then find ourselves in the presence of an unstable phenomenon and if the arrival of the materials that we pour to raise the low point is too slow, these materials are washed away and come to settle on the downstream slope, erosion continuing in this case until the downstream slope of the cutoff block has become very small. It is then necessary to implement a very large volume of riprap to restore the initial level of the massif.

Toutefois, la mise en place régulière sur toute la largeur d'un courant d'eau de masses très lourdes, qu'il s'agisse d'enrochements naturels ou d'enrochements artificiels tels que des blocs de béton préfabriqués, présente de grandes difficultés. En effet, l'acheminement simultané ou presque simultané des enrochements lourds le long de toute la ligne de coupure est très difficile à réaliser et nécessite généralement la mise en oeuvre d'installations très onéreuses.However, the regular placement over the entire width of a stream of water of very heavy masses, whether natural riprap or artificial riprap such as precast concrete blocks, presents great difficulties. . Indeed, the simultaneous or almost simultaneous routing of heavy armourstone along the entire cutoff line is very difficult to achieve and generally requires the implementation of very expensive installations.

Le brevet américain 4 297 052 décrit une structure pour réguler l'érosion comprenant un mur de retenue, des moyens pour collecter du gravier sablonneux et des moyens briseurs qui sont installés sensiblement parallèlement à la rive pour supporter la force de l'eau. La structure protège la rive de l'érosion et aide à la formation de plages.US Patent 4,297,052 describes a structure for regulating erosion comprising a retaining wall, means for collecting sandy gravel and breaker means which are installed substantially parallel to the shore to support the force of the water. The structure protects the shore from erosion and helps the formation of beaches.

Un des buts de la présente invention est de réaliser un ensemble constituant une lourde masse indivisible, susceptible de remplacer économiquement un massif de béton agissant par son poids, cet ensemble étant disposé de façon à constituer un ouvrage tel qu'une coupure, un barrage, une culée de pont, un bajoyer d'écluse, ou analogue, qui ne soit pas déplacé, même par un courant violent.One of the aims of the present invention is to produce an assembly constituting a heavy indivisible mass, capable of economically replacing a concrete mass acting by its weight, this assembly being arranged so as to constitute a structure such as a cut, a dam, a bridge abutment, a lock locker, or the like, which is not displaced, even by a strong current.

Un autre but de l'invention est de réaliser un ouvrage pouvant avoir plusieurs dizaines de mètres de hauteur et pesant plusieurs centaines ou milliers de tonnes, tout en n'utilisant que de petites quantités d'un matériau noble tel que l'acier.Another object of the invention is to produce a structure which can be several tens of meters high and weighing several hundreds or thousands of tonnes, while using only small quantities of a noble material such as steel.

En vue d'atteindre ces buts, on prévoit selon l'invention une structure de génie civil dénommée "orgue" comportant une série d'éléments tubulaires rigides associés, faisant corps entre eux et comportant des orifices de remplissage, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend des moyens pour assurer temporairement sa flottaison sur l'eau et des moyens pour assurer la rupture simultanée desdits moyens de flottaison, en vue de l'immersion rapide de l'orgue, en particulier par libération pratiquement totale des orifices de remplissage.In order to achieve these goals, there is provided according to the invention a civil engineering structure called "organ" comprising a series of associated rigid tubular elements, integral with one another and comprising filling orifices, characterized in that it comprises means for temporarily ensuring its flotation on water and means for ensuring the simultaneous rupture of said flotation means, with a view to rapid immersion of the organ, in particular by practically total release of the filling orifices.

Ainsi on peut amener en position une série d'orgues semblables puis immerger simultanément les orgues afin de réaliser une coupure qui ne présente pas de point bas.So we can bring into position a series of similar organs and then simultaneously immerse the organs in order to achieve a cut that has no low point.

Selon une réalisation avantageuse, les éléments tubulaires sont associés selon au moins une rangée s'étendant transversalement à l'axe des éléments et les dimensions de l'orgue transversalement à l'axe des éléments sont supérieures à sa dimension selon cet axe. Ainsi l'ensemble a une très grande stabilité lorsqu'il est mis en place.According to an advantageous embodiment, the tubular elements are associated in at least one row extending transversely to the axis of the elements and the dimensions of the organ transversely to the axis of the elements are greater than its dimension along this axis. Thus the assembly has a very great stability when it is put in place.

Selon un mode de réalisation particulier, les éléments tubulaires sont des cylindres droits à base circulaire, cette disposition permettant une faible déformation des éléments tubulaires lors de l'introduction des enrochements.According to a particular embodiment, the tubular elements are straight cylinders with a circular base, this arrangement allowing slight deformation of the tubular elements during the introduction of the riprap.

Selon une autre variante de réalisation avantageuse de l'invention, les éléments cylindriques tubulaires ont une base triangulaire et la structure est réalisée de façon aisée par une association de tôles pliées en zig zag associées à des tôles planes. En particulier, les tôles pliées en zig zag sont constituées par une succession de tôles en W mises bout à bout, séparées par des tôles planes parallèles, l'assemblage cellulaire ainsi réalisé étant complété par des tôles de bordé s'étendant le long de l'orgue et constituant les parois de celui-ci.According to another advantageous alternative embodiment of the invention, the tubular cylindrical elements have a triangular base and the structure is made easily by a combination of sheets folded in zig zag associated with flat sheets. In particular, the sheets folded in zig zag consist of a succession of sheets in W placed end to end, separated by parallel flat sheets, the cell assembly thus produced being completed by plating sheets extending along the organ and constituting the walls thereof.

Suivant l'invention, le procédé de réalisation d'un ouvrage au moins en partie immergé au moyen d'au moins un orgue est caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte les étapes suivantes :

  • - on réalise un socle ayant une surface sensiblement plane sur toute la largeur du courant d'eau ;
  • - on amène une ligne d'orgues flottante au-dessus du socle ;
  • - on échoue sur le socle la ligne d'orgues de telle sorte que les éléments tubulaires de chaque orgue soient disposés de manière sensiblement verticale, cet échouage étant provoqué par une rupture simultanée des moyens de flottaison,
  • - on remplit les éléments tubulaires de chaque orgue avec des matériaux pondéreux.
According to the invention, the process for producing a structure at least partially submerged by means of at least one organ is characterized in that it comprises the following stages:
  • - A base is produced having a substantially flat surface over the entire width of the water stream;
  • - a floating line of organs is brought above the base;
  • - the line of organs is stranded on the base so that the tubular elements of each organ are arranged in a substantially vertical manner, this stranding being caused by a simultaneous failure of the flotation means,
  • - the tubular elements of each organ are filled with heavy materials.

Selon une variante avantageuse un ouvrage comprend plusieurs lignes d'orgues, au moins partiellement superposées, un remblai étant réalisé sur un côté de chaque ligne d'orgues, et les lignes d'orgues situées à des niveaux différents étant décalées les unes par rapport aux autres.According to an advantageous variant, a structure comprises several organ lines, at least partially superimposed, an embankment being produced on one side of each organ line, and the organ lines situated at different levels being offset relative to the other.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention résulteront de la description ci-après d'exemples non limitatifs, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • - la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'une coupure à orgue selon l'invention disposé dans un cours d'eau à sec ;
  • - la figure 2 est une vue de dessus partielle de deux orgues comportant des éléments tubulaires à base triangulaire ;
  • - la figure 3 est une vue en coupe diamétrale d'un élément tubulaire à base circulaire équipé d'un moyen de flottabilité (non coupé) et disposé sur un plan d'eau,
  • - la figure 4 est une vue de dessus d'un élément tubulaire en forme de prisme à base triangulaire équipé d'un moyen de flottabilité,
  • - la figure 5 est une vue de dessus schématique d'un courant d'eau dans lequel trois orgues associés sont en cours de mise en place ;
  • - la figure 6 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un cours d'eau lors de la mise en place d'une première ligne d'orgues ;
  • - la figure 7 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un cours d'eau lors de la mise en place d'une deuxième ligne d'orgues ;
  • - la figure 8 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un cours d'eau comportant une coupure selon l'invention,
  • - la figure 9 est une vue en perspective d'un orgue comportant des éléments tubulaires cylindriques à base circulaire,
  • - la figure 10 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un barrage réalisé avec des orgues selon l'invention,
  • - la figure 11 est une vue en coupe d'une coupure comportant une variante de réalisation des orgues,
  • - la figure 12 est une vue en coupe d'un cours d'eau lors de la mise en place d'une ligne d'orgues, selon une variante d'exécution,
  • - la figure 13 est une vue en coupe d'une variante de réalisation d'une coupure,
  • - la figure 14 est une vue en coupe schématique d'une digue à la mer,
  • - la figure 15 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un mur de quai,
  • - la figure 16 est une vue en coupe schématique des bajoyers d'une écluse,
  • - la figure 17 est une vue en coupe schématique d'une fosse d'affouillement en aval d'un barrage, - la figure 18 est une vue en coupe schématique partielle d'un canal de navigation.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will result from the following description of nonlimiting examples, with reference to the appended drawings in which:
  • - Figure 1 is a perspective view of an organ cutout according to the invention arranged in a dry stream;
  • - Figure 2 is a partial top view of two organs comprising tubular elements with a triangular base;
  • FIG. 3 is a view in diametral section of a tubular element with a circular base equipped with a buoyancy means (not cut) and placed on a body of water,
  • FIG. 4 is a top view of a tubular element in the shape of a prism with a triangular base equipped with a buoyancy means,
  • - Figure 5 is a schematic top view of a stream of water in which three associated organs are being set up;
  • - Figure 6 is a schematic sectional view of a stream during the establishment of a first line of organs;
  • - Figure 7 is a schematic sectional view of a stream during the establishment of a second line of organs;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view of a watercourse comprising a cutoff according to the invention,
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an organ comprising cylindrical tubular elements with a circular base,
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic sectional view of a dam made with organs according to the invention,
  • FIG. 11 is a sectional view of a cut including an alternative embodiment of the organs,
  • FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a watercourse during the installation of an organ line, according to an alternative embodiment,
  • FIG. 13 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a cut,
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic sectional view of a sea dike,
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view of a quay wall,
  • FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic sectional view of the locks of a lock,
  • - Figure 17 is a schematic sectional view of a scour pit downstream of a dam, - Figure 18 is a partial schematic sectional view of a navigation channel.

On a représenté sur la figure 1, selon une vue en perspective, un orgue A selon l'invention mis en place dans un cours d'eau B. Pour assurer le calage de l'orgue A, les berges C du courant d'eau ont été aménagées de façon à réaliser un chenal de largeur sensiblement constante et d'une hauteur suffisante pour contenir le cours d'eau en périodes de hautes eaux.There is shown in Figure 1, in a perspective view, an organ A according to the invention placed in a watercourse B. To ensure the setting of the organ A, the banks C of the water stream have been fitted out so as to create a channel of substantially constant width and a height sufficient to contain the watercourse during periods of high water.

Au niveau de la coupure, les berges C sont soutenues par des rideaux de palplanches métalliques 1.At the cut, the banks C are supported by metal sheet pile curtains 1.

Dans cet exemple de réalisation, l'orgue A comprend une série d'éléments tubulaires 2 cylindriques parallèles entre eux, à base circulaire accolés les uns aux autres et soudés entre eux le long de génératrices. Chaque élément tubulaire peut par exemple être réalise à partir d'une tôle d'acier de 3 mm d'épaisseur, 2 mètres de hauteur et de 4,41 mètres de longueur permettant de réaliser un cylindre de 1,5 mètres de diamètre par cintrage de la tôle et soudure des deux bords extrêmes mis en contact l'un avec l'autre. Dans l'exemple considéré, l'orgue A comprend plusieurs rangées d'éléments tubulaires 2 accolés parallèles entre eux, les rangées s'étendant transversalement à l'axe X-X des éléments 2 et constituant une structure indivisible dont les dimensions (L, 1) transversalement à l'axe X-X des éléments sont supérieures à la dimension (h) selon cet axe. Sur l'orgue représenté, tous les éléments ont la même longueur et l'orgue a donc sensiblement la forme d'un parallélépipède dont le grand côté est disposé perpendiculairement aux berges C. Les éléments tubulaires 2 sont ouverts à leurs deux extrémités lesquelles sont situées dans deux plans parallèles, orthogonaux aux axes de ces éléments.In this exemplary embodiment, the organ A comprises a series of tubular elements 2 cylindrical parallel to each other, with a circular base joined to one another and welded together along generatrices. Each tubular element can for example be produced from a steel sheet 3 mm thick, 2 meters high and 4.41 meters long, making it possible to produce a cylinder 1.5 meters in diameter by bending. sheet metal and welding of the two extreme edges brought into contact with each other. In the example considered, the organ A comprises several rows of tubular elements 2 joined together in parallel, the rows extending transversely to the axis XX of the elements 2 and constituting an indivisible structure whose dimensions (L, 1) transversely to the axis XX of the elements are greater than the dimension (h) along this axis. On the organ shown, all the elements have the same length and the organ therefore has substantially the shape of a parallelepiped whose long side is arranged perpendicular to the banks C. The tubular elements 2 are open at their two ends which are located in two parallel planes, orthogonal to the axes of these elements.

Une fois que l'orgue est mis en place dans le cours d'eau, (comme il sera décrit par la suite), les éléments cylindriques sont remplis avec des matériaux pondéreux tel que des pierrailles.Once the organ is placed in the stream, (as will be described later), the cylindrical elements are filled with heavy materials such as stones.

Ainsi, même si les éléments tubulaires 2 ne sont pas tous complètement remplis, le poids de l'ensemble est suffisant pour maintenir l'orgue en place dans le courant et cet orgue présente transversalement au courant d'eau un bord supérieur sensiblement horizontal de sorte qu'il n'y a nulle part une accélération du courant d'eau susceptible d'entraîner des désordres.Thus, even if the tubular elements 2 are not all completely filled, the weight of the assembly is sufficient to keep the organ in place in the stream and this organ has a substantially horizontal upper edge transversely to the stream of water so that there is nowhere an acceleration of the water current likely to cause disorders.

Des éléments tubulaires à base circulaire présentent l'avantage de ne pas se déformer lorsqu'on les remplit de matériau pondéreux. Mais dans le cas d'une coupure réalisée avec un orgue selon l'invention, des déformations, mêmes assez importantes ne présentent pas d'inconvénients notables et il est possible de remplacer les cylindres à base circulaire par des prismes, en particulier à base triangulaire permettant une réalisation plus aisée des orgues.Tubular elements with a circular base have the advantage of not being deformed when they are filled with heavy material. But in the case of a cut made with an organ according to the invention, even fairly large deformations do not have any significant drawbacks and it is possible to replace the cylinders with circular base by prisms, in particular with triangular base allowing an easier realization of the organs.

On a représenté sur la figure 2 une vue de dessus d'un orgue comportant des éléments tubulaires de ce type formant un faisceau d'éléments prismatiques à base triangulaire. L'orgue est alors constitué par une série de tôles planes 3 entre lesquelles sont disposées des tôles en zig zag, et plus particulièrement des tôles 4 en W reliées aux tôles planes par des cordons de soudure 5. Dans ce cas, les tôles pliées peuvent être amenées sur le chantier déjà pliées.FIG. 2 shows a top view of an organ comprising tubular elements of this type forming a bundle of prismatic elements with a triangular base. The organ is then formed by a series of flat sheets 3 between which are arranged zigzag sheets, and more particularly 4-W sheets connected to the flat sheets by weld beads 5. In this case, the folded sheets can be brought to the site already folded.

On a représenté sur la figure 2 une vue partielle de deux orgues adjacents comportant des extrémités complémentaires 7 et 8. On constate que ces extrémité 7 et 8 peuvent soit directement s'appuyer sur les rives d'un cours d'eau, soit s'encastrer l'une dant l'autre de façon à réaliser une ligne d'orgues présentant une certaine rigidité. La rigidité d'une ligne d'orgues associés peut être augmentée en prévoyant des moyens d'association complémentaires tels que des pattes soudées réunissant les faces planes de deux orgues adjacents ou des câbles 32.FIG. 2 shows a partial view of two adjacent organs having complementary ends 7 and 8. It can be seen that these ends 7 and 8 can either rest directly on the banks of a watercourse, or embed one in front of the other so as to create a line of organs with a certain rigidity. The rigidity of a line of associated organs can be increased by providing additional means of association such as welded legs joining the flat faces of two adjacent organs or cables 32.

Si un orgue est soumis à un certain effort de flexion, il y a intérêt à remplacer les tôles minces extérieures, ou au moins l'une des tôles de l'orgue qui jouent le rôle de semelle d'une poutre travaillant à la flexion, par des tôles plus épaisses 3a (fig. 2).If an organ is subjected to a certain bending force, it is advantageous to replace the thin external sheets, or at least one of the sheets of the organ which play the role of sole of a beam working on bending, by thicker sheets 3a (fig. 2).

Selon l'invention, et afin de réaliser une mise en place d'une lignes d'orgues dans une eau courante, on prévoit selon l'invention d'équipe, les orgues de moyens de flottaison temporaires. Dans une forme de réalisation préférée, ces moyens de flottaison, tels que représentés sur les figures 3 et 4, sont des ballons 9 en une matière plastique expansible telle que du caoutchouc ou du néoprène, comportant une valve de gonflage et un moyen de destruction de l'enveloppe, tel qu'une amorce explosive 11 pouvant être commandée électriquement au moyen d'un fil 12 relié à un organe de mise en feu approprié, ou par tout autre moyen.According to the invention, and in order to carry out an installation of an organ lines in running water, according to the team invention, the organs of temporary flotation means are provided. In a preferred embodiment, these flotation means, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, are balloons 9 made of an expandable plastic material such as rubber or neoprene, comprising an inflation valve and a means for destroying the envelope, such as an explosive primer 11 which can be electrically controlled by means of a wire 12 connected to an appropriate firing member, or by any other means.

L'expérience montre qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de gonfler les ballons 9 fortement pour obtenir un frottement suffisant pour que tout risque de glissement soit éliminé. En particulier, dans le cas d'éléments tubulaires à base triangulaire, comme représentés sur la figure 4, le contact entre la paroi du ballon 9 et la tôle pliée 4 se fait le long d'une partie seulement de chaque côté du triangle mais assure néanmoins un frottement suffisant pour supporter l'effort de sustentation de l'élément tubulaire correspondant. En effet, lorsqu'un ballon 9 est disposé dans chaque élément tubulaire 2, le poids à supporter par le ballon 9 est minime. Au contraire, le frottement entre la paroi du ballon 9 et la tôle 4 peut, si on le désire, être considérable : il suffit pour cela de gonfler fortement le ballon 9.Experience shows that it is not necessary to inflate the balloons 9 strongly to obtain sufficient friction so that any risk of slipping is eliminated. In particular, in the case of tubular elements with a triangular base, as shown in FIG. 4, the contact between the wall of the balloon 9 and the folded sheet 4 takes place along only part of each side of the triangle but ensures nevertheless sufficient friction to support the lifting force of the corresponding tubular element. In fact, when a balloon 9 is placed in each tubular element 2, the weight to be supported by the balloon 9 is minimal. On the contrary, the friction between the wall of the balloon 9 and the sheet 4 can, if desired, be considerable: it suffices for this to strongly inflate the balloon 9.

Le ballon 9 est de préférence disposé à la base de l'élément tubulaire, comme représenté sur la figure 3, et assure ainsi une flottabilité avec un minimum de tirant d'eau de l'orgue, lorsque celui-ci est disposé dans le courant d'eau.The balloon 9 is preferably placed at the base of the tubular element, as shown in FIG. 3, and thus ensures buoyancy with a minimum draft of the organ, when the latter is placed in the current. of water.

On notera qu'il n'est pas indispensable de munir tous les éléments tubulaires 2 de ballons. En effet, la flottabilité est assurée par l'immersion d'une partie seulement du ballon. Dès l'instant où un nombre réduit de ballons assure la flottaison d'un orgue, les autres éléments tubulaires peuvent rester vides. Néanmoins, on prévoit de préférence un ballon dans chaque élément car cette disposition permet d'obtenir le tirant d'eau minimum.Note that it is not essential to provide all the tubular elements 2 with balloons. In fact, buoyancy is ensured by the immersion of only part of the balloon. As soon as a reduced number of balloons ensures the buoyancy of an organ, the other tubular elements can remain empty. However, it is preferable to provide a balloon in each element because this arrangement makes it possible to obtain the minimum draft.

Bien que le moyen préféré de flottaison soit un ballon, on prévoit aussi selon l'invention d'autres moyens pour assurer la flottaison temporaire de l'orgue. En particulier, on peut fermer temporairement la base ou le haut des éléments tubulaires 2 au moyen d'une membrane souple (feuille de matière plastique) ou rigide (tôle). On peut également prévoir une ceinture flottante disposée à l'extérieur de l'orgue et maintenue contre celui-ci par tout moyen approprié, l'objectif étant de pouvoir supprimer simultanément l'ensemble des moyens de flottaison des orgues afin que ceux-ci soient immergés ensemble ainsi qu'il sera vu plus loin.Although the preferred means of flotation is a balloon, other means are also provided according to the invention for ensuring the temporary flotation of the organ. In particular, the base or the top of the tubular elements 2 can be temporarily closed by means of a flexible (sheet of plastic) or rigid (sheet) membrane. It is also possible to provide a floating belt placed outside the organ and held against it by any suitable means, the objective being to be able to simultaneously remove all of the means of flotation of the organs so that they are submerged together as will be seen later.

Lors de la construction des orgues, il est possible de construire une cale de radoub en bordure du cours d'eau sur lequel on doit opérer.During the construction of the organs, it is possible to build a dry dock on the edge of the watercourse on which one must operate.

On fait en sorte que son radier soit, à volonté, tantôt à sec et tantôt recouvert de quelques décimètres d'eau. Lorsque les soudures d'un orgue sont terminées, on assure sa flottabilité, par exemple en mettant en place les ballons. Dans le cas où l'on utilise des ballons, ceux-ci doivent être mis en place et gonflés à la pression assurant un frottement suffisant alors que l'orgue est encore à sec, faute de quoi le ballon s'élèverait dans l'élément tubulaire 2 dès que l'orgue serait mis à l'eau et ne remplirait plus sa fonction. En effet, si l'on gonflait une enveloppe de ballon qui serait immergée, elle s'éléverait jusqu'à la surface de l'eau dès le début de l'opération, c'est-à-dire avant que le ballon ait pris un volume suffisant pour frotter sur les parois.We make sure that its raft is, at will, sometimes dry and sometimes covered with a few decimetres of water. When the soldering of an organ is completed, its buoyancy is ensured, for example by placing the balloons. In the case where balloons are used, these must be put in place and inflated to the pressure ensuring sufficient friction while the organ is still dry, otherwise the balloon would rise in the element tubular 2 as soon as the organ is put in the water and no longer fulfills its function. Indeed, if one inflates a balloon envelope which would be submerged, it would rise to the surface of the water from the start of the operation, that is to say before the balloon took sufficient volume to rub on the walls.

On laisse ensuite d'eau entrer sur la cale de radoub de sorte que l'orgue peut être évacué vers le cours d'eau. La cale de radoub est ensuite asséchée pour entreprendre commodément la construction de l'orgue suivant.Water is then allowed to enter the refit block so that the organ can be evacuated to the watercourse. The dry dock is then dried to conveniently undertake the construction of the next organ.

Selon une autre forme de réalisation, on prévoit un ponton immergeable comportant des ballasts et amarré le long d'une berge. Lorsqu'un orgue a été construit et équipé de ses moyens de flottaison, l'eau est admise dans les ballasts et le ponton est légèrement immergé, son enfoncement étant limité par des chaînes amarrées à la rive et à des flotteurs indépendants. Après évacuation de l'orgue, l'eau est à nouveau éliminée des ballasts et le ponton émerge, prêt pour la constructions d'un nouvel orgue.According to another embodiment, there is provided a submersible pontoon comprising ballasts and moored along a bank. When an organ has been built and equipped with its means of flotation, water is admitted into the ballasts and the pontoon is slightly submerged, its penetration being limited by chains moored to the shore and to independent floats. After evacuation of the organ, the water is again removed from the ballasts and the pontoon emerges, ready for the construction of a new organ.

On a représenté sur la figure 5 une vue schématique de dessus d'un cours d'eau sur lequel trois orgues associés 13 équipés de leur moyen de flottaison sont maintenus en amont des culées 14 entre lesquelles doit être effectuée la coupure. En amont des culées, la largeur du cours d'eau doit être supérieure à l'écartément des culées afin que l'on puisse aligner et assembler les orgues. Afin d'éviter une dérive dans le courant, symbolisé par une flèche F, des câbles sont fixés à une extrémité à des bollards 20 solidaires de l'orgue, les câbles étant par ailleurs enroulés sur des treuils 16 disposés sur la rive du cours d'eau ou sur des plates-formes provisoires émergées 17, portées par des pieux battus en rivière. Les orgues 13 sont ainsi maintenus en ligne pour réaliser une ligne d'orgues flottante D, de longueur sensiblement égale à la distance entre les culées 14.FIG. 5 shows a schematic view from above of a watercourse on which three associated organs 13 equipped with their flotation means are held upstream of the abutments 14 between which the cut-off must be carried out. Upstream of the abutments, the width of the watercourse must be greater than the spacing of the abutments so that the organs can be aligned and assembled. In order to avoid drift in the current, symbolized by an arrow F, cables are fixed at one end to bollards 20 secured to the organ, the cables also being wound on winches 16 arranged on the bank of the watercourse or on emerged temporary platforms 17, carried by driven piles in the river. The organs 13 are thus kept in line to produce a line of floating organs D, of length substantially equal to the distance between the abutments 14.

Pour sa mise en place, on laisse dériver parallèlement à elle-même la ligne d'orgues flottante D suivant F sous l'effet du courant en donnant du mou aux amarres 15, jusqu'à ce que la ligne d'orgues vienne en D1 au-dessus du site d'immersion, après quoi on crève simultanément tous les ballons.For its installation, the floating line of organs D along F is allowed to drift parallel to itself under the effect of the current by giving slack to the moorings 15, until the line of organs comes to D1 above the disposal site, after which all the balloons are burst simultaneously.

On se reportera maintenant à la figure 6 qui représente une vue en coupe schématique d'un cours d'eau au moment de la réalisation d'une coupure. Un socle 18 est tout d'abord mis en place sur le fond du cours d'eau entre les berges non figurées. Ce socle 18 est constitué par des enrochements d'une dimension suffisante pour ne pas être entraînés par le courant.Referring now to Figure 6 which shows a schematic sectional view of a stream at the time of making a cut. A base 18 is firstly placed on the bottom of the stream between the banks not shown. This base 18 consists of riprap of sufficient size not to be entrained by the current.

Le socle 18, doit se prolonger en aval des orgues échoués pour que l'eau s'écoulant par dessus leur crête ne risque pas de provoquer des affouillements.The base 18 must extend downstream of the stranded organs so that the water flowing over their crest does not risk causing scouring.

L'horizontalité du socle 18 est vérifiée au moyen d'un dispositif appelé "guillotine" comprenant une barre horizontale portée par deux montants, chacun d'eux pouvant pivoter dans un plan vertical. S'il y a lieu, on procède aux rechargements locaux nécessaires. Pour aplanir la surface d'enrochements, on utilise avantageusement une sorte de herse déplacée par des câbles. Une fois que le socle 18 est réalisé, un ou plusieurs orgues 13a en ligne sont amenés à l'aplomb du socle 18 en donnant du mou aux amarres 15.The horizontality of the base 18 is checked by means of a device called a "guillotine" comprising a horizontal bar carried by two uprights, each of which can pivot in a vertical plane. If necessary, local recharges are carried out. To flatten the riprap surface, a kind of harrow moved by cables is advantageously used. Once the base 18 is produced, one or more organs 13a in line are brought into line with the base 18, giving slack to the moorings 15.

Lorsque la couche d'orgues 13a est à l'aplomb du socle 18, les moyens de flottaison sont détruits simultanément. En particulier, l'expérience montre que lors du percement d'un ballon gonflé, il n'y a pas dégonflage progressif mais une véritable explosion du ballon, la déchirure initialement amorcée se prolongeant avec une très grande vitesse. La ligne d'orgues s'immerge rapidement tout en restant horizontale jusqu'au moment où la base des éléments tubulaires 2 vient en contact avec la surface du socle 18. La ligne d'orgues 13a réalise alors un barrage à couronnement horizontal sur toute la largeur du cours d"eau et les éléments tubulaires 2 peuvent être progressivement remplis avec un matériau pondéreux. Le remplissage des éléments tubulaires 2 des orgues peut être effectué par tout moyen approprié au moyen d'une drague suceuse prélevant directement dans le lit du cours d'eau, de petits enrochements que l'on y aura préalablement approvisionnés ou par des pontons-grues déchargeant des chalands contenant les matériaux nécessaires, ou encore par un blondin.When the organ layer 13a is plumb with the base 18, the flotation means are destroyed simultaneously. In particular, experience shows that during the piercing of an inflated balloon, there is no progressive deflation but a real explosion of the balloon, the tear initially started being prolonged with very high speed. The line of organs immerses quickly while remaining horizontal until the base of the tubular elements 2 comes into contact with the surface of the base 18. The line of organs 13a then creates a dam with horizontal crowning over the entire width of the watercourse and the tubular elements 2 can be gradually filled with a heavy material. The filling of the tubular elements 2 of the organs can be carried out by any suitable means by means of a suction dredge taking directly from the bed of the course of 'water, small riprap that we have previously supplied or by pontoon-cranes unloading barges containing the necessary materials, or by a blonde.

On aurait pu craindre que les orgues, même remplis d'enrochements, soient entraînés par le courant en faisant rouler sous eux les enrochements du socle. L'expérience a montré qu'il n'en était rien.One might have feared that the organs, even filled with rockfill, would be dragged by the current by causing the rockfill in the base to roll under them. Experience has shown that this is not the case.

On ne pourrait réaliser une coupure d'une hauteur importante avec une seule ligne d'orgues. Selon une forme de réalisation on prévoit, après mise en place et remplissage d'une première ligne ou couche d'orgues, de disposer de la même façon une deuxième ligne d'orgues au-dessus de la première, la deuxième ligne d'orgues étant un peu plus longue que la première si la vallée a une section en V. Pour éviter des affouillements du lit du cours d'eau en aval de la coupure, il pourra être préférable de diviser la hauteur dela chute en une série de chutes élémentaires décalées les unes par rapport aux autres de l'amont vers l'aval.We could not make a cut of a significant height with a single line of organs. According to one embodiment, after placing and filling a first row or layer of organs, it is planned to have a second row of organs in the same way above the first, the second row of organs being a little longer than the first if the valley has a V-shaped section. To avoid scouring of the stream bed downstream of the cut, it may be preferable to divide the height of the fall into a series of elementary falls offset from each other from upstream to downstream.

Cette série de chutes élémentaires est obtenue ainsi que cela est représenté sur la figure 7 en réalisant un remblai 19 en amont de la première ligne d'orgues 13 après remplissage de celle-ci par des enrochements. La surface du remblai prolonge en amont la surface supérieure de la première ligne d'orgues et constitue alors une surface de réception pour une deuxième ligne d'orgues 13b mise en place, échouée et remplie de la même façon que la première ligne d'orgues. Un nouveau remblai peut être effectué en amont de la deuxième ligne d'orgues et on obtient alors la structure représentée sur la figure 8, par adjonction d'une troisième ligne 13c, ces diverses lignes 13a, 13b, 13c étant décalées les unes par rapport aux autres en partant de la base de la coupure vers son sommet.This series of elementary falls is obtained as shown in Figure 7 by making an embankment 19 upstream of the first line of organs 13 after filling thereof with riprap. The surface of the embankment extends upstream the upper surface of the first line of organs and then constitutes a receiving surface for a second line of organs 13b placed, grounded and filled in the same way as the first line of organs . A new backfill can be made upstream of the second line of organs and the structure shown in FIG. 8 is then obtained by adding a third line 13c, these various lines 13a, 13b, 13c being offset from each other. to others from the base of the cut to its top.

On peut ainsi superposer une série de lignes d'orgues et réaliser une coupure remontant de façon sensible le niveau du cours d'eau et même réaliser ainsi un barrage. Sur sa face amont, ce barrage comporte de préférence un revêtement d'étanchéité, par exemple un massif d'argile 46.It is thus possible to superimpose a series of organ lines and make a cut that significantly raises the level of the watercourse and thus even make a dam. On its upstream face, this dam preferably comprises a sealing coating, for example a solid mass of clay 46.

Lorsque le barrage est terminé, le débit peut s'écouler en passant par dessus sa crête.When the dam is completed, the flow can flow over its crest.

Il arrivera souvent qu'une prise d'eau, destinée par exemple à alimenter une usine hydroélectrique soit implantée à une cote inférieure à la cote de la crête de l'ouvrage. En suspendant le travail pendant les grandes eaux, la partie supérieure de l'ouvrage pourra être construite à sec.It will often happen that a water intake, intended for example to supply a hydroelectric plant is located at a level lower than the level of the crest of the structure. By suspending the work during large waters, the upper part of the structure can be built dry.

Sur la variante de la figure 9, l'orgue comporte en outre un treillis métallique 23 servant de chemin de circulation.In the variant of FIG. 9, the organ further comprises a wire mesh 23 serving as a circulation path.

L'orgue comporte enfin des écharpes en V 24 disposées dans le plan supérieur de l'orgue et fixées aux éléments tubulaires, par exemple par des soudures. Les écharpes 24 répartissent ainsi sur plusieurs éléments tubulaires 2 les efforts supportés par les bollards d'amarrage 25.The organ finally comprises V-shaped slings 24 arranged in the upper plane of the organ and fixed to the tubular elements, for example by welds. The scarves 24 thus distribute over several tubular elements 2 the forces supported by the mooring bollards 25.

De telles écharpes ne sont pas nécessaires avec des orgues à éléments triangulaires, l'effort exercé à un noeud étant directement transmis à six tôles qui assurent une bonne répartition des efforts dans la masse de la structure.Such scarves are not necessary with organs with triangular elements, the force exerted at a node being directly transmitted to six sheets which ensure a good distribution of the forces in the mass of the structure.

Dans une variante de réalisation où plusieurs lignes d'orgues sont superposées, si des bollards 20 ou 25 sont utilisés pour retenir les orgues avant leur échouage, ces bollards peuvent être placés en retrait par rapport au bord de l'orgue ainsi qu'on le voit sur les figures 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Ces bollards jouent également le rôle de butée ainsi qu'on le voit sur la figure 8.In an alternative embodiment where several organ lines are superimposed, if bollards 20 or 25 are used to hold the organs before they are stranded, these bollards can be set back from the edge of the organ as seen in Figures 2, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9. These bollards also play the role of abutment as seen in FIG. 8.

On a représenté sur la figure 10 une vue en coupe schématique d'un barrage réalisé avec des orgues conformes à l'invention.There is shown in Figure 10 a schematic sectional view of a dam made with organs according to the invention.

Le barrage comporte une série d'orgues 13 superposés et décalés les uns par rapport aux autres.The dam has a series of organs 13 superimposed and offset from each other.

On a réalisé à sa partie supérieure un couronnement constitué par une dalle en béton 29 sur laquelle est disposé un barrage mobile 30.At its upper part, a crown formed by a concrete slab 29 on which a movable barrier 30 is placed has been produced.

La question des dimensions en hauteur et en largeur des diverses marches d'escalier est importante. Il est en effet souhaitable que l'eau de crue s'écoule sans s'accélérer sur le parement aval de l'ouvrage. Dans de telles conditions, on pourra se dispenser de prévoir à l'aval un dispositif dissipateur d'énergie. Il est cependant souhaitable que les derniers gradins se trouvent noyés sous le niveau de la retenue aval.The question of the height and width dimensions of the various stair treads is important. It is indeed desirable that the flood water flows without accelerating on the downstream facing of the structure. Under such conditions, it will be possible to dispense with providing an energy dissipating device downstream. However, it is desirable that the last steps be submerged below the level of the downstream reservoir.

Eventuellement, les marches présentent des largeur différentes, en particulier les marches du bas peuvent avoir une largeur E supérieure à celle e des marches du haut, comme représenté sur la figure 10.Optionally, the steps have different widths, in particular the bottom steps can have a width E greater than that of the top steps, as shown in FIG. 10.

Selon une variante, les orgues ont progressivement une hauteur de plus en plus grande du bas vers le haut de l'ouvrage de sorte que la pente du parement aval augmente au fur et à mesure que l'ouvrage s'élève.According to a variant, the organs progressively have an increasing height from the bottom to the top of the structure so that the slope of the downstream facing increases as the structure rises.

Les matériaux pour la réalisation des orgues peuvent être divers. En particulier, pour éviter les problèmes de corrosion, les tôles d'acier peuvent être métallisées ou encore être réalisées avec un acier peu oxydable.The materials for the realization of the organs can be various. In particular, to avoid corrosion problems, the steel sheets can be metallized or even be made with a slightly oxidizable steel.

Selon une variante, on prévoit également un revêtement en béton sur les marches afin d'empêcher l'eau tombant de l'étage supérieur d'emporter une partie des matériaux qui remplissent les orgues, mais il est alors souhaitable de prévoir des évents 22 permettant un drainage des lignes d'orgues et évitant une mise sous pression du revêtement bétonné par l'eau remontant à travers les lignes d'orgues. Alternativement le remplissage de la partie supérieure des éléments constitutifs des orgues est effectué avec des enrochements suffisamment lourds, quelques-uns étant solidarisés par du béton.According to a variant, a concrete covering is also provided on the steps in order to prevent the water falling from the upper floor from carrying part of the materials which fill the organs, but it is then desirable to provide vents 22 allowing drainage of the organ lines and avoiding pressurization of the concrete coating by the water rising through the organ lines. Alternatively, the filling of the upper part of the constituent elements of the organs is carried out with sufficiently heavy riprap, some being joined by concrete.

Dans la variante de la figure 11, chacun des orgues des lignes d'orgue 13a, 13b et 13c comprend trois rangées d'éléments 2a, 2b et 2c de hauteur semblable et une rangée d'éléments 2d de hauteur plus faible qui réalisent ainsi, sur la surface supérieure de l'orgue, un décrochement 32 s'étendant le long du bord amont de l'orgue.In the variant of FIG. 11, each of the organs of the organ lines 13a, 13b and 13c comprises three rows of elements 2a, 2b and 2c of similar height and a row of elements 2d of lower height which thus achieve, on the upper surface of the organ, a recess 32 extending along the upstream edge of the organ.

Lors de la mise en place des orgues, le bord inférieur aval de chaque orgue vient en appui sur le décrochement 32 de l'orgue disposé à l'étage immédiatement inférieur, de sorte que la résultante des forces auxquelles l'orgue est soumis, se trouve dirigée sensiblement suivant la ligne joignant la base des décrochements 32 et qui est représentée en pointillés sur la figure 13.When the organs are put in place, the lower downstream edge of each organ comes to rest on the recess 32 of the organ arranged on the immediately lower stage, so that the result of the forces to which the organ is subjected, is directed substantially along the line joining the base of the recesses 32 and which is shown in dotted lines in FIG. 13.

On peut faire varier la pente de cette ligne en faisant varier le rapport du nombre de rangées d'éléments 2 de grande hauteur au nombre de rangées d'éléments 2 de hauteur plus faible ou en faisant varier la profondeur du décrochement.The slope of this line can be varied by varying the ratio of the number of rows of elements 2 of high height to the number of rows of elements 2 of lower height or by varying the depth of the offset.

En outre, le décrochement 32 constitue une butée analogue aux bollards 20 et facilite donc la mise en place des lignes d'orgues successives selon un ensemble parfaitement aligné.In addition, the recess 32 constitutes a stop similar to the bollards 20 and therefore facilitates the establishment of successive organ lines according to a perfectly aligned assembly.

Une variante de réalisation du procédé de mise en place décrit en référence aux figures 6 à 8 est représentée sur la figure 12. La coupe est partiellement tronquée pour permettre une représentation des éléments intervenant dans la variante tout en restant dans les limites de la figure.An alternative embodiment of the implementation method described with reference to Figures 6 to 8 is shown in Figure 12. The section is partially truncated to allow a representation of the elements involved in the variant while remaining within the limits of the figure.

Selon cette variante, les orgues sont préalablement assemblés en ligne comme précédemment. Toutefois, les treuils 17 sont cette fois montés sur les orgues eux-mêmes. L'extrémité des câbles 15 opposée à celle fixée sur les treuils 17 est munie d'un crochet 33 engagé dans une boucle 34 solidaire d'un corps mort 35 tel qu selon l'invention échoué et rempli d'enrochements en amont du site de la coupure. De la même façon que précédemment, lorsque les orgues sont alignés selon un barrage flottant en travers du courant d'eau, du mou est donné aux câbles 15 pour amener la ligne d'orgues à l'aplomb de sa zone d'échouage.According to this variant, the organs are previously assembled in line as before. However, the winches 17 are this time mounted on the organs themselves. The end of the cables 15 opposite to that fixed on the winches 17 is provided with a hook 33 engaged in a loop 34 secured to a dead body 35 such as according to the invention stranded and filled with riprap upstream of the site of the cut. In the same way as previously, when the organs are aligned according to a dam floating across the stream of water, slack is given to the cables 15 to bring the line of organs vertically in line with its stranding area.

Les orgues sont alors maintenus à l'aplomb voulu au moyen de pinces 30 fixées sur eux et qui serrent les câbles 15. Les treuils 17 sont ensuite démontés et ramenés à terre puis les orgues sont échoués et remplis d'enrochements de la même façon que précédemment. Après ancrage des orgues, les câbles 15 peuvent être récupérés ou au contraire laissés en place pour constituer des tirants d'ancrage ainsi que cela est représenté sur la figure 13.The organs are then kept in the desired plumb position by means of clamps 30 fixed on them and which tighten the cables 15. The winches 17 are then dismantled and brought back to the ground then the organs are stranded and filled with riprap in the same way as previously. After anchoring the organs, the cables 15 can be recovered or, on the contrary, left in place to constitute anchor rods as shown in FIG. 13.

Selon cette réalisation, au fur et à mesure de la mise en place des lignes d'orgues 13a, 13b et 13c, celles-ci ont été reliées à un orgue 35a préalablement échoué et rempli d'enrochements et chacun des câbles de retenue, respectivement 15a à 15c, a été maintenu en place de sorte que les lignes d'orgues 13a à 13c sont stabilisées en position non seulement par le poids qui agit sur elles mais également par la traction sur les câbles 15 à 15c reliés aux corps morts 35a et 35b. Pour éviter un angle trop important des câbles 15 avec l'horizontale, on prévoit avantageusement qu'après avoir posé plusieurs orgues, on étend le remblai amont jusqu'au premier corps mort 35a qui se trouve ainsi intégré à l'ouvrage, avant de mettre en place un deuxième corps mort 35b relié aux orgues 13d à 13f au moyen de câbles 15d à 15f respectivement.According to this embodiment, as the organ lines 13a, 13b and 13c are put in place, these have been connected to an organ 35a previously stranded and filled with riprap and each of the retaining cables, respectively 15a to 15c, has been held in place so that the organ lines 13a to 13c are stabilized in position not only by the weight which acts on them but also by the traction on the cables 15 to 15c connected to the dead bodies 35a and 35b. To avoid too great an angle of the cables 15 with the horizontal, it is advantageously provided that after having laid several organs, the upstream embankment is extended to the first dead body 35a which is thus integrated into the structure, before putting in place a second dead body 35b connected to the organs 13d to 13f by means of cables 15d to 15f respectively.

Cette variante de réalisation permet de construire des ouvrages ayant une face aval présentant une très grande pente sans risque d'éboulement de celle-ci.This alternative embodiment makes it possible to build structures having a downstream face having a very large slope without risk landslide of it.

Sur la réalisation de la figure 13, on a également prévu une série de palplanches 37 battues dans le sol à l'aplomb du bord aval de la ligne d'orgues inférieure et qui constitue un écran parafouille s'opposant à un affouillement de l'ouvrage.In the embodiment of FIG. 13, a series of sheet piles 37 threshed in the ground are also provided, plumb with the downstream edge of the lower organ line and which constitutes a lightning shield opposing scouring of the work.

La figure 14 montre la réalisation selon l'invention d'une digue à la mer du type de celles pouvant servir pour les usines marémotrices.Figure 14 shows the embodiment according to the invention of a seawall of the type that can be used for tidal factories.

Dans ce cas, les lignes d'orgues identiques 13a à 13c sont disposées en escalier de façon symétrique par rapport à la digue pour recouvrir celle-ci, une ligne d'orgues 13f formant la couverture finale au sommet de la digue. Ainsi, il est possible de réaliser une digue en mettant en oeuvre un matériau très meuble tel que du sable, cette digue présentant malgré cela des flancs ayant une pente forte et diminuant en conséquence le volume total de la digue.In this case, the identical organ lines 13a to 13c are arranged in a staircase symmetrically with respect to the dike to cover the latter, an organ line 13f forming the final cover at the top of the dike. Thus, it is possible to make a dam by using a very loose material such as sand, this dam having despite this flanks having a steep slope and consequently reducing the total volume of the dam.

Le même remplacement d'un talus très doux par un escalier d'orgues est indiqué lorsque l'on est amené à construire une île artificielle. En effet, dans ce cas comme dans celui de la digue, on cherche à réduire dans la mesure du possible le volume de sable mis en oeuvre.The same replacement of a very soft slope by an organ staircase is indicated when one is brought to build an artificial island. Indeed, in this case as in that of the dam, we seek to reduce as much as possible the volume of sand used.

La figure 15 illustre la réalisation selon l'invention d'un mur de quai vertical exposé à une attaque directe de la mer. Les rapides variations d'eau devant le mur vertical entraînent la production de très violents courants horizontaux devant l'ouvrage de sorte que des affouillements funestes à la stabilité du mur lui-même peuvent s'y produire.FIG. 15 illustrates the embodiment according to the invention of a vertical quay wall exposed to a direct attack from the sea. The rapid variations in water in front of the vertical wall cause the production of very violent horizontal currents in front of the structure so that fatal scouring of the stability of the wall itself may occur there.

Dans le cas représenté, une série de lignes d'orgues 13a à 13g sont superposées avec l'un de leurs bords à l'aplomb des autres afin de constituer une paroi verticale continue 51.In the case shown, a series of organ lines 13a to 13g are superimposed with one of their edges perpendicular to the others in order to constitute a continuous vertical wall 51.

Selon la réalisation avantageuse représentée, le mur est prolongé vers le large par un pavage 52 formé de lignes d'orgues 13h à 13k disposées sur le fond de la mer les unes à côté des autres au même niveau et constituant des masses indivisibles de plusieurs centaines de tonnes se confortant les unes les autres.According to the advantageous embodiment represented, the wall is extended towards the sea by a paving 52 formed by rows of organs 1 pm to 13 k arranged on the bottom of the sea one beside the other at the same level and constituting indivisible masses of several hundred tons comforting each other.

Pour construire (figure 16) une écluse comportant deux bajoyers verticaux 39 et 40, on peut utiliser des orgues à éléments triangulaires comme décrit en référence à la figure 2. La face visible d'un bajoyer est constituée par des tôles rectangulaires jointives. La construction de l'ouvrage étant supposée faite à sec, il est peu coûteux de souder les tôles les unes aux autres pour obtenir un ouvrage parfaitement étanche. Dans ce cas, on choisit de préférence pour la réalisation des orgues, une nuance d'acier particulièrement résistante à la rouille et à l'usure produite par le frottement des bateaux. Pour mieux résister aux chocs de ceux-ci, inévitables, notamment près des têtes, les éléments situés immédiatement au contact des tôles constituant le parement pourraient être remplis avec du béton et non pas avec des matériaux pondéreux.To build (figure 16) a lock comprising two vertical bajoyers 39 and 40, one can use organs with triangular elements as described with reference to FIG. 2. The visible face of a bajoyer consists of adjoining rectangular sheets. The construction of the structure being assumed to be dry, it is inexpensive to weld the sheets together to obtain a perfectly sealed structure. In this case, it is preferably chosen for the production of organs, a steel grade particularly resistant to rust and wear produced by the friction of boats. To better resist the shocks of these, inevitable, especially near the heads, the elements immediately in contact with the sheets constituting the facing could be filled with concrete and not with heavy materials.

La figure 17 est la coupe transversale de la portion aval d'un ouvrage déversant 42 et de la fosse 43 d'affouillement qui lui fait habituellement suite. C'est dans cette fosse, dont la profondeur en aval de certaines cascades naturelles, pour atteindre une centaine de mètres, que se dissipe en tourbillons l'énergie produite par la chute. Un phénomène analogue d'affouillements se produit en aval de certains barrages.Figure 17 is the cross section of the downstream portion of a spilling structure 42 and the scour pit 43 which usually follows it. It is in this pit, whose depth downstream from certain natural waterfalls, to reach a hundred meters, that the energy produced by the fall dissipates in vortices. A similar scour phenomenon occurs downstream of certain dams.

Pour limiter l'approfondissement de la fosse, celle-ci est parfois entièrement revêtue de maçonneries. Dans d'autres circonstances son approfondissement est parfois limité par l'utilisation de très gros enrochements.To limit the deepening of the pit, it is sometimes entirely covered with masonry. In other circumstances its deepening is sometimes limited by the use of very large riprap.

Dans le cadre de la présente invention, le fond de la fosse 43 est protégé par un pavage 44 comprenant une ou plusieurs lignes d'orgues accolées selon une couche à proximité de l'ouvrage 42 suivi d'un ou plusieurs orgues 46 en escalier montant qui cassent le courant afin que celui-ci ne soit plus en régime torrentiel à la sortie de la fosse d'affouillement 43.In the context of the present invention, the bottom of the pit 43 is protected by a paving 44 comprising one or more rows of organs joined in a layer near the structure 42 followed by one or more organs 46 in ascending staircase which break the current so that it is no longer in torrential regime at the exit of the scour pit 43.

La figure 18 illustre la réalisation d'un canal de navigation 53 dont les rives sont protégées contre le batillage résultant du passage des bateaux par une ligne continue d'orgues 13 encastrée dans la rive 45.FIG. 18 illustrates the construction of a navigation channel 53, the banks of which are protected against the movement resulting from the passage of boats by a continuous line of organs 13 embedded in the bank 45.

Les exemples de réalisation non limitatifs qui précèdent mettent en évidence que la structure de génie civil préfabriquée conforme à l'invention se prête de manière simple à la constitution de très nombreux ouvrages, remarquables par la simplicité et la rapidité de l'edification, la robustesse et la faible coût des moyens mis en oeuvre.The above nonlimiting exemplary embodiments show that the prefabricated civil engineering structure in accordance with the invention lends itself in a simple manner to the construction of a large number of works, remarkable for the simplicity and speed of construction, the robustness and the low cost of the means used.

Parmi les utilisations qu'il n'a pas été jugé indispensable de réprésenter par des figures, on peut citer l'utilisation d'une ou plusieurs lignes d'orgues pour constituer le type d'ouvrage appelé seuil de fond.Among the uses that it has not been deemed essential to represent by figures, we can cite the use of one or more organ lines to constitute the type of structure called bottom threshold.

On sait qu'à la suite de modification par les ingénieurs du tracé en plan de certains cours d'eau, modifications telles que le raccourcissement du tracé ou la concentration des eaux dans un lit unique, le lit risque de s'approfondir. Un approfondissement continu est notamment constaté sur certaines portions non canalisées du cours du Rhin. Il est parfois reconnu nécessaire de lutter contre ce phénomène qui risquerait de se poursuivre pendant des dizaines ou même des centaines d'années.We know that following modifications by the engineers of the plan layout of certain watercourses, modifications such as the shortening of the route or the concentration of water in a single bed, the bed risks deepening. A continuous deepening is notably noted on certain non-channeled portions of the course of the Rhine. It is sometimes recognized that it is necessary to combat this phenomenon, which would risk continuing for tens or even hundreds of years.

La construction de seuils de fond est l'un des procédés auxquels on peut avoir recours.One of the methods that can be used is the construction of background thresholds.

Quelques lignes d'orgues allant d'une rive à l'autre du fleuve constitueraient un remède très économique. Il n'est pas exclu que l'on puisse, dans un tel cas, se dispenser de remplir les alvéoles par des matériaux pondéreux, le débit solide du cours d'eau pouvant de lui-même effectuer, au moins partiellement, un tel remplissage.A few organ lines going from one bank to the other of the river would constitute a very economical remedy. It is not excluded that, in such a case, it is possible to dispense with filling the cells with heavy materials, the solid flow of the watercourse itself being able to effect, at least partially, such filling. .

De même, il est possible que l'on soit amené, tant pour protéger le fond d'un cours d'eau, que pour exécuter différents travaux à la mer, à étendre sur le fond un tapis d'orgues. La réalisation d'une telle opération sérait particulièrement simple et elle pourrait comporter les étapes suivantes :

  • - On commencera par constituer le tapis en assemblant rigidement les uns aux autres, un certain nombre d'orgues flottant à la surface de l'eau. Un certain nombre de cellules seront remplies totalement par des ballons, tandis que les autres resteront libres.
  • - Dans les cellules libres, on disposera un certain nombre de masses, chacune d'elles étant retenue par un filin terminé par un crochet fixé à la partie supérieure d'une tôle.
  • - On utilisera un certain nombre de câbles de retenue, par exemple aux quatre coins du tapis, si celui-ci a une forme rectangulaire.
  • - L'immersion totale se produisant après la mise en place d'un nombre suffisant de masses de lestage. On la contrôlera au moyen de câbles.
  • - Au fur et à mesure de la descente, le volume des ballons ira en diminuant du fait de la compression des ballons par la pression croissante de l'eau, de sorte que l'on sera amené à couper un certain nombre de filins supportant le lest.
In the same way, it is possible that one has, as much to protect the bottom of a watercourse, as to execute various works at sea, to spread on the bottom a carpet of organs. The carrying out such an operation was particularly simple and it could include the following steps:
  • - We will start by building the carpet by rigidly assembling to each other, a number of organs floating on the surface of the water. A certain number of cells will be completely filled with balloons, while the others will remain free.
  • - In the free cells, there will be a certain number of masses, each of them being retained by a rope terminated by a hook fixed to the upper part of a sheet.
  • - We will use a certain number of retaining cables, for example at the four corners of the carpet, if it has a rectangular shape.
  • - Total immersion occurring after the installation of a sufficient number of ballast masses. We will control it with cables.
  • - As the descent progresses, the volume of the balloons will decrease due to the compression of the balloons by the increasing pressure of the water, so that we will have to cut a certain number of ropes supporting the ballast.

Lorsque le tapis se trouvera à une faible distancé du fond supposé grossièrement horizontal, il faudra l'amener au-dessus de son emplacement exact d'échouage. Cette opération sera très simple, car elle s'effectuera sans frottement, comme le déplacement d'un bateau en eaux calmes. Les hommes-grenouilles auront d'ailleurs la possibilité d'utiliser de petits moteurs sous-marins analogues à ceux qu'ils sont habitués à employer dans leurs déplacements.When the mat is at a slight distance from the supposedly rough horizontal bottom, it will have to be brought above its exact grounding location. This operation will be very simple, because it will be carried out without friction, like moving a boat in calm waters. The frogmen will also have the possibility of using small underwater engines similar to those they are used to using in their movements.

La présente invention n'est pas limitée aux exemples de réalisation qui ont été décrits mais est susceptible de variantes qui apparaîtront à l'homme de métier. En particulier, les éléments tubulaires pourront avoir diverses formes, par exemple les sections carrées ou hexagonales.The present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments which have been described but is susceptible of variants which will appear to a person skilled in the art. In particular, the tubular elements may have various shapes, for example square or hexagonal sections.

Bien que l'invention ait été décrite en liaison avec des orgues sensiblement rectilignes, on comprendra que les éléments tubulaires peuvent être associés de façon à réaliser des orgues cintrés en vue de dessus, de sorte de voûte sera alors obtenu.Although the invention has been described in connection with substantially straight organs, it will be understood that the tubular elements can be combined so as to produce curved organs in top view, so a vault will then be obtained.

Bien que la mise en place des orgues ait été décrite selon une réalisation préférée par insertion de ballons maintenus en place dans les éléments tubulaires par gonflement, on peut, selon une autre version avantageuse, prévoir de tendre des câbles ou des filets en travers des éléments tubulaires à une hauteur prédéterminée et disposer les ballons sous les câbles ou les filets afin que ces ballons soient retenus par ces câbles ou ces filets. Cette réalisation permet d'ajouter des ballons alors que l'orgue est déjà dans l'eau afin d'augmenter la flottabilité de l'orgue ou de remplacer des ballons qui se seraient crevés lors des manipulations.Although the placement of the organs has been described according to a preferred embodiment by insertion of balloons held in place in the tubular elements by inflation, it is possible, according to another advantageous version, to provide for tensioning cables or nets across the elements tubular at a predetermined height and arrange the balloons under the cables or nets so that these balloons are retained by these cables or nets. This realization makes it possible to add balloons while the organ is already in the water in order to increase the buoyancy of the organ or to replace balloons which would have burst during handling.

Claims (21)

1. Civil engineering structure designated as an "organ" (A) for the construction of at least partially submerged structural assemblies, comprising a series of associated rigid tubular elements (2) securely joined together and provided with filling orifices, characterized in that it includes means (9) for ensuring that it floats temporarily on the water and means (11) for carrying out simultaneous puncturing of said floating means (9) with a view to achieving rapid sinking of the organ (A), in particular by practically total freeing of the filling orifices.
2. Organ in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the tubular elements are associated along at least one row extending transversely to the axis (X-X) of the elements (2) and that the dimensions (L, 1) of the organ transversely to the axis (X-X) of the elements (2) are greater than its dimension (h) along this axis (X-X).
3. Organ in accordance with claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the tubular elements (2) are placed in contiguous relation to each other.
4. Organ in accordance with one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the tubular elements (2) are cylinders of revolution.
5. Organ in accordance with one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the tubular elements (2) are prisms having a triangular base.
6. Organ in accordance with claim 5, characterized in that the tubular prismatic elements (2) comprise sheets (4) bent in a zigzag shape and placed between flat sheets (3).
7. Organ in accordance with one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one of its lateral ends has a sinuous profile (7) which is intended to permit interengagement with the end of an adjacent organ having a complementary profile (8) so as to form a line of organs.
8. Organ in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises at least one stepped recess (32) in its top surface.
9. Organ in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that at least one of the walls (3a) has a thickness greater than the other walls.
10. Organ in accordance with one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the floating means comprise inflatable balloons (9) placed inside the tubular elements.
11. Organ in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the means for carrying out puncturing of the floating means comprise explosive bolts (11) placed on the floating means and actuated remotely.
12. Method of construction whereby a structure which is at least partially submerged is constructed by means of at least one organ (A) in accordance with one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it involves the following steps :
- construction of a base (18) having a substantially flat surface over the full width of the watercourse ;
- bringing a floating line of organs into position above the base ;
- sinking of the line of organs on the base (18) so that the tubular elements (2) of each organ are placed in a substantially vertical manner, this sinking operation being initiated by simultaneous puncturing of the floating means ;
- filling of the tubular elements (2) of each organ with heavy materials.
13. Method in accordance with claim 12, characterized in that the floating line of organs (D) is formed so as to extend substantially over the entire width of the watercourse by placing a plurality of organs (13) in end-to-end relation and by securing them to each other.
14. Method in accordance with claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the organ or the assembly of organs rigidly coupled together, constituting the floating line of organs (D) is placed transversely to the current and retained by mooring cables (15) wound on winches (16) placed upstream of the sinking site and that the floating line of organs (D) is allowed to drift under the action of the current while controlling the unwinding of the mooring cables (15) until the floating line of organs is located directly above the sinking site.
15. Method in accordance with one of claims 12 to 14, characterized in that several lines of organs (13a, 13b, 13c) are placed successively so as to bring them into at least partially superposed relation, each line of organs being filled with heavy materials before positioning of the following line of organs.
16. Method in accordance with claim 15, characterized in that an embankment (19) is formed upstream of each line of organs after filling of this latter and that the successive lines of organs (13a, 13b, 13c) are lowered into position in displaced relation to each other.
17. Method in accordance with one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that, after sinking and filling of the organs, a portion (21) of the free upper ends of the tubular elements (2) is concreted.
18. Structure formed by means of organs in accordance with one of claims 1 to 11 and comprising a series of lines of organs which are at least partially superposed, the tubular elements (2) of each organ being placed in a substantially vertical manner and being filled with heavy material, characterized in that it comprises cables (15a 15f) tensioned between the organs and anchor blocks (35a, 35b) located upstream relatively to the thrust developed by water pressure.
19. Structure in accordance with claim 18, characterized in that the cables (15a - 15f) and the anchor blocks (35a, 35b) are embedded in the body of the structure.
20. Structure in accordance with claim 18 or with claim 19, characterized in that the anchor blocks (35a, 35b) are organs themselves.
EP84402660A 1983-12-23 1984-12-19 Prefabricated civil engineering element, application to the construction of a structure and resulting structure Expired EP0147311B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84402660T ATE30610T1 (en) 1983-12-23 1984-12-19 PREFABRICATED ENGINEERING COMPONENT, APPLICATION IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A STRUCTURE AND THE RESULTING STRUCTURE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8320666A FR2557172B1 (en) 1983-12-23 1983-12-23 PREFABRICATED CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURE, APPLICATION TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURE THEREOF
FR8320666 1983-12-23

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0147311A2 EP0147311A2 (en) 1985-07-03
EP0147311A3 EP0147311A3 (en) 1985-08-28
EP0147311B1 true EP0147311B1 (en) 1987-11-04

Family

ID=9295492

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84402660A Expired EP0147311B1 (en) 1983-12-23 1984-12-19 Prefabricated civil engineering element, application to the construction of a structure and resulting structure

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4661014A (en)
EP (1) EP0147311B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE30610T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3467202D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2557172B1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007016491B4 (en) * 2007-04-05 2015-01-22 Hans-Joachim Jungmann Method for producing a dam

Families Citing this family (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0239287B1 (en) * 1986-03-26 1991-03-06 Alethea Rosalind Melanie Hall A method of forming a fixed structure
DE4011504A1 (en) * 1989-09-16 1991-10-17 Buesching Fritz Bank protecting structure from waves
FR2656354B1 (en) * 1989-12-21 1992-03-06 Gtm Batiment Travaux Publics S FLOOD SPRINKLER FOR DAMS AND SIMILAR WORKS.
FR2671116B1 (en) * 1990-12-28 1993-05-07 Gtm Batimen Travaux Publ EXCEPTIONAL FLOOD SPRINKLER FOR DAM COMPRISING AT LEAST TWO FLOOD SPRAYING DEVICES.
DE4105930A1 (en) * 1991-02-26 1992-08-27 Huesker Synthetic Gmbh & Co Large volume bag for construction of protective embankments - has suspension loops along upper edge with at least one rapidly opening closure emerging from upper edge
EP0575647A1 (en) * 1992-06-22 1993-12-29 Shigeru Kaneko Barrage block for river construction and improvement works
FR2733260B1 (en) * 1995-04-19 1997-05-30 Hydroplus DEVICE FOR TRIGGERING THE DESTRUCTION OF A SELECTED PART OF A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE SUCH AS A LIFTING, A DYK OR A DAM IN FILLING, AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE CONTAINING SUCH A DEVICE
US6059490A (en) * 1998-05-05 2000-05-09 Kauppi; Frederick J. Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same
WO2000014339A1 (en) * 1998-09-03 2000-03-16 Alethea Rosalind Melanie Hall Method of constructing a wall element
US6267533B1 (en) * 1999-08-18 2001-07-31 George S. Bourg Erosion control system
US6485230B2 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-11-26 Robert A. Robinson Submersible modular dike and method for segregating body of water
CN1625634A (en) * 2002-04-19 2005-06-08 李槿禧 Method for structuring check dam or fire prevention dam using gear-type block
US6863473B1 (en) * 2004-02-10 2005-03-08 Luther C. Tucker Barrier island forming method for beach renourishment
US7651298B2 (en) * 2005-11-22 2010-01-26 Boudreaux Jr James C Flood levee and barrier module and system
US7214005B1 (en) * 2006-06-12 2007-05-08 Davis George T Sectionalized flood control barrier
DE502007002075D1 (en) * 2006-08-24 2009-12-31 Walger Holger FLOOD PROTECTION DEVICE
US7993080B2 (en) 2007-09-27 2011-08-09 Prs Mediterranean Ltd. Earthquake resistant earth retention system using geocells
US7708495B1 (en) 2007-11-20 2010-05-04 Chris Antee Levee system
AU2011283647B2 (en) * 2010-07-30 2016-05-12 Alfreds & Alfreds, Inc Retaining wall systems and methods of constructing same
US8740500B2 (en) 2011-09-01 2014-06-03 Dale A. Conway Pumping system for use on a moveable flood control barrier
US20120207545A1 (en) * 2011-12-14 2012-08-16 Clarence A. Cassidy Rapid Deployment, Self-Inflating, Interlocking, Modular Flood-Water Barrier Wall System
US9689130B1 (en) 2012-02-29 2017-06-27 J.F. Brennan Co., Inc. Submersible bulkhead system and method of operating system
US8876431B1 (en) 2012-02-29 2014-11-04 J.F. Brennan Co., Inc. Submersible bulkhead system and method of operating same
US9982406B2 (en) * 2012-07-06 2018-05-29 Bradley Industrial Textiles, Inc. Geotextile tubes with porous internal shelves for inhibiting shear of solid fill material
US9512581B2 (en) * 2014-02-27 2016-12-06 Caylym Technologies International, Llc Rapid deployment barrier system
US10267004B2 (en) 2016-08-17 2019-04-23 Thomas A. Smith Flood protection system
KR101746097B1 (en) * 2016-08-24 2017-06-13 (주)유주 Construction method for caisson block and structure of caisson blocks
US10822894B2 (en) * 2017-11-08 2020-11-03 Jose Guerrero, JR. Fluid containment structure and system
US10364564B2 (en) * 2017-11-29 2019-07-30 Xuejie Liu Super drainage system and method for flood control
JP7037449B2 (en) * 2018-07-20 2022-03-16 日鉄建材株式会社 Civil engineering structures such as steel cell dams

Family Cites Families (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1310461A (en) * 1919-07-22 Floatable concrete construction
US231957A (en) * 1880-09-07 Submarine and surface wall
US137659A (en) * 1873-04-08 Improvement in the construction of breakwaters
US478154A (en) * 1892-07-05 carson
US690840A (en) * 1901-08-03 1902-01-07 Joseph Daime Strengtened cast cement.
GB190615045A (en) * 1906-07-02 1907-05-16 Robert Rudolf Lodewyk D Muralt Improvements in Facings for Embankments, Dams, and the like.
US1075229A (en) * 1912-09-09 1913-10-07 Harry C Smith Winged-pier quay-wall.
US1189214A (en) * 1914-02-21 1916-06-27 James Spelman Concrete substructure caisson.
US1489428A (en) * 1921-01-29 1924-04-08 John F Cushing Breakwater
US1902741A (en) * 1930-12-01 1933-03-21 Weber Carl Diversion dam
US2014116A (en) * 1931-11-14 1935-09-10 George W Powers Breakwater construction
US2017899A (en) * 1933-06-13 1935-10-22 Gibson Josiah Building structure
US2063514A (en) * 1934-07-05 1936-12-08 Catherine R Meem Method and apparatus for constructing cofferdams
US2133256A (en) * 1936-02-28 1938-10-11 Ambursen Dam Company Inc Method of building a dam
US2653450A (en) * 1949-08-04 1953-09-29 Leas M Fort Retaining wall structure
GB676082A (en) * 1950-02-24 1952-07-23 Neyrpic Ets Improvements in or relating to protective structures exposed to the action of moving water
US2705403A (en) * 1950-05-19 1955-04-05 Ebert Philipp Caisson
US2966778A (en) * 1953-09-08 1961-01-03 Frederic R Harris Inc Caissons for wharf construction and method of installing same
GB848900A (en) * 1958-06-10 1960-09-21 Chiaves Carlo Earth supporting structure
US3335572A (en) * 1965-02-25 1967-08-15 Tsujioka Tokutaro Modular panels for the construction of water blockades
DE1634180B1 (en) * 1966-06-13 1970-10-01 Giuseppe Dr Vattuone Breakwater
FR1500930A (en) * 1966-07-29 1967-11-10 Entpr S Campenon Bernard Method of constructing retaining walls or quays and structures constructed using this method
DK141256B (en) * 1967-03-07 1980-02-11 Erik Nielsen Method of preventing coastal erosion.
US3640075A (en) * 1969-10-16 1972-02-08 James H La Peyre Method of installing breakwater caissons
US3889476A (en) * 1973-02-02 1975-06-17 Gerald Gerin Submersible caissons and their applications
US3990247A (en) * 1973-12-19 1976-11-09 Palmer Robert Q System of structures to resist hydrodynamic forces
US3922864A (en) * 1974-02-25 1975-12-02 Hilfiker Pipe Co Stringer for retaining wall construction
US4297052A (en) * 1975-05-02 1981-10-27 Rankin William J Bank erosion control units
SU844660A1 (en) * 1975-05-23 1981-07-07 Центральная Экспериментальная Конструкторско-Технологическая Лаборатория Гидромеханизациисельскохозяйственных Процессов/Цэлги/ Fore apron of dam
FR2379650A1 (en) * 1977-02-02 1978-09-01 Prieur Francois Screen against noise, wind or view - consists of prefabricated sections which are interlocked, filled with earth and planted
CH612233A5 (en) * 1978-01-18 1979-07-13 Heinzmann Marmor Und Kunststei
JPS5677413A (en) * 1979-11-22 1981-06-25 Nippon Steel Metal Prod Co Ltd Wave-breaking mound
GB2078833B (en) * 1980-06-25 1983-11-23 Plg Res Retaining fill in a geotechnical structure

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007016491B4 (en) * 2007-04-05 2015-01-22 Hans-Joachim Jungmann Method for producing a dam

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE147311T1 (en) 1985-09-26
FR2557172A1 (en) 1985-06-28
ATE30610T1 (en) 1987-11-15
EP0147311A2 (en) 1985-07-03
FR2557172B1 (en) 1987-04-24
EP0147311A3 (en) 1985-08-28
US4661014A (en) 1987-04-28
DE3467202D1 (en) 1987-12-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0147311B1 (en) Prefabricated civil engineering element, application to the construction of a structure and resulting structure
US9885163B2 (en) Wave suppressor and sediment collection system
US8226325B1 (en) Wave suppressor and sediment collection system
CA2032275C (en) Spillway weir for dams and like structures
EP1877625A1 (en) Elongated device for maritime and waterway planning and production method thereof
EP0028558B1 (en) Method of improving the sliding resistance of a civil engineering construction and its foundation
EP0231134B1 (en) Method for precisely positioning a prefabricated structure by sinking into the sea or into a river, and maritime or fluvial construction obtained by said method
EP3707371B1 (en) Floating hydroelectric power plant for shallow rivers
JP6923282B2 (en) Rubble stone structure and its construction method
EP3417111B1 (en) Use of an underlayment element for a mound breakwater, and associated method for manufacturing a breakwater
US20200308790A1 (en) Modular marine foundation
EP0060578A1 (en) Method of forming an elevation partially or entirely under water, an elevation formed by this method and a boundary means to be used for the formation of the elevation
JP2008231705A (en) Method for improving roughness of revetment structure
FR2528463A1 (en) Frame for preventing erosion of beaches - comprises prefabricated beams pivotally interconnected at ends
WO2015028650A1 (en) Submerged modular device for breaking and monitoring waves
CN111119137B (en) Method for manually regulating and controlling flushing of bottom plate of discharge groove of barrier lake
EP2585640B1 (en) Device and system affording protection against shoreline erosion
FR3010098A1 (en) MODULAR IMMERSION DEVICE FOR DEFROSTING AND CONTROLLING THE WAVE
JPH02157309A (en) Erosion preventing/sand sediment promotor and construction thereof
FR2677052A1 (en) Breakwater
EP0143776B1 (en) Device for the collection of various substances present in a liquid
CA1127856A (en) Diversion sluice gate with wheel retracting system for hydro-electric plant
EP1053371A1 (en) Structure and method for crossing a head drop, and navigation canal
WO2011128524A1 (en) Wall for protection against tsunamis
FR2752432A1 (en) Structure and process for overcoming change of level in waterways and navigation canal

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19841222

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT CH DE FR GB IT LI NL SE

TCAT At: translation of patent claims filed
ITCL It: translation for ep claims filed

Representative=s name: BARZANO' E ZANARDO ROMA S.P.A.

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT CH DE FR GB IT LI NL SE

DET De: translation of patent claims
TCNL Nl: translation of patent claims filed
17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19860328

R17C First examination report despatched (corrected)

Effective date: 19860528

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE FR GB IT LI NL SE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 30610

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19871115

Kind code of ref document: T

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Effective date: 19871130

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3467202

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19871210

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed

Owner name: BARZANO' E ZANARDO ROMA S.P.A.

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 19871231

Year of fee payment: 4

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19881230

Year of fee payment: 5

ITTA It: last paid annual fee
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 19890106

Year of fee payment: 5

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Effective date: 19891219

Ref country code: AT

Effective date: 19891219

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Effective date: 19891231

Ref country code: CH

Effective date: 19891231

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Effective date: 19900701

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee
NLV4 Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 19900901

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19930325

Year of fee payment: 9

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Effective date: 19940831

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST