EP0004252A1 - Method for making a funnel for aerosol containers - Google Patents

Method for making a funnel for aerosol containers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0004252A1
EP0004252A1 EP79810021A EP79810021A EP0004252A1 EP 0004252 A1 EP0004252 A1 EP 0004252A1 EP 79810021 A EP79810021 A EP 79810021A EP 79810021 A EP79810021 A EP 79810021A EP 0004252 A1 EP0004252 A1 EP 0004252A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
funnel
crack
collar
weakening
deep
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP79810021A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0004252B1 (en
Inventor
Werner Diemi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Styner and Bienz AG
Original Assignee
Styner and Bienz AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Styner and Bienz AG filed Critical Styner and Bienz AG
Publication of EP0004252A1 publication Critical patent/EP0004252A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0004252B1 publication Critical patent/EP0004252B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
    • B21D51/40—Making outlet openings, e.g. bung holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D28/00—Shaping by press-cutting; Perforating
    • B21D28/24—Perforating, i.e. punching holes
    • B21D28/32—Perforating, i.e. punching holes in other articles of special shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
    • B21D51/383—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures scoring lines, tear strips or pulling tabs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing an aerosol funnel or aerosol can lid, in which a sheet metal disk is deeply broken out to the funnel, then a circular central part is mechanically broken out and finally the remaining opening collar is rolled up.
  • the deep-drawn funnel for breaking out the circular central part is held in a tool and the central part is torn out by a stamp coming from the inside.
  • the invention has for its object to avoid the disadvantages mentioned and to significantly reduce the risk of cracking at the edge of the opening collar when rolling the same.
  • This goal is achieved by pressing a weakening gap into the deep-drawn funnel along which the middle section is then broken out.
  • the middle part breaks out, not only do the tensile stresses at the crack point become considerably lower, but the material is subjected to pressure at the edge of the opening collar that arises after pressing in a weakening crack. It has been shown that under these circumstances the formation of cracks at the edge of the opening collar when rolling it in is significantly less and that relatively hard, brittle sheet metal, for example the Weissbl ;; h known under the name "TEMPER 3", can be processed without further notice.
  • a weakening crack with a large angle of aperture is pressed, for example, 90 0, the crack occurs laterally whereby a considerable Verförmung and compressive stress of the material.
  • FIG 3 shows.
  • An annular tool 5 is now lowered against the funnel, the edge of which impresses a circular weakening crack 6 approximately in the middle of the rounded transition point between the collar 3 and the base 4.
  • the aperture angle of this weakening crack is relatively large and is 90 in the illustrated embodiment 0th However, it could, under certain circumstances, be even larger by appropriately shaping the tool 5 on its embossed edge.
  • the funnel provided with the weakening crack 6 arrives at a further station of the tool on a hollow punch 7.
  • the bottom 4 is pressed down by the hollow punch 7 by means of a punch 8 lowered from above, being torn off from the collar 3 along the weakening crack 6 .
  • the deep-drawn cover 4 comes under a shoulder 9 in the bore of the hollow punch 7 and can no longer emerge upwards when the punch 8 is subsequently raised.
  • the cover is separated from the collar 3 by radially inward forces, and these Forces are relatively low thanks to the weakening groove 6, so that the compressive stresses mentioned essentially remain on the resulting upper edge of the collar 3.
  • the body 1 When the cover is torn off, the body 1 is fixed in its position so that it cannot move upward in its position due to the radial forces that occur.
  • the funnel is then removed from the hollow punch 7 according to FIG. 2 and the collar 3 is rolled up in a manner known per se in order to form an edge bead.
  • This bead is indicated in dash-dotted lines in Fig. 2 and designated 10.
  • An advantage of the method according to the invention is that the tools 2 and 5 and of course also the tool parts 7 and 8 do not have to be very precise, since they can never come into direct contact with one another and consequently can also be produced from very hard material. The wear is therefore extremely low.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Punching Or Piercing (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Abstract

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Aerosoltrichters wobei eine Blechscheibe zum Trichter (1) tiefgezogen, dann eine Schwächungsritze (6) eingeprägt und ein kreisförmiger Mittelteil (4) längs der Ritze ausgebrochen wird, worauf der verbleibende Oeffnungskragen (3) eingerollt wird.Method for producing an aerosol funnel, wherein a sheet metal plate is deep-drawn to the funnel (1), then a weakening groove (6) is embossed and a circular central part (4) is broken out along the groove, whereupon the remaining opening collar (3) is rolled up.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Aerosoltrichters oder Aerosoldosendeckels, wobei eine Blechscheibe zum Trichter tief, dann ein kreisförmiger Mittelteil maschinell ausgebrochen und schliesslich der verbleibende Oeffnungskragen eingerollt wird. Bei diesem allgemein üblichen Verfahren wird der tiefgezogene Trichter zum Ausbrechen des kreisförmigen Mittelteils in einem Werkzeug festgehalten und der Mittelteil wird durch einen von innen kommenden Stempel ausgerissen.The present invention relates to a method for producing an aerosol funnel or aerosol can lid, in which a sheet metal disk is deeply broken out to the funnel, then a circular central part is mechanically broken out and finally the remaining opening collar is rolled up. In this generally customary method, the deep-drawn funnel for breaking out the circular central part is held in a tool and the central part is torn out by a stamp coming from the inside.

Untersuchungen haben nun gezeigt, dass durch dieses Vorgehen an der Rissstelle, d.h. am Rand des verbleibenden Oeffnungskragens des Trichters erhebliche Zugvorspannungen verbleiben, und dass beim nachträglichen Einrollen des Oeffnungskragens an seinem Rand Risse entstehen. Es war daher mit den üblichen Verfahren nicht möglich verhältnismässig hartes und entsprechend billiges Blech zu verarbeiten.Studies have now shown that this procedure at the crack site, i.e. considerable tensile pre-stresses remain at the edge of the remaining opening collar of the funnel, and cracks develop at its edge when the opening collar is rolled up subsequently. It was therefore not possible to process relatively hard and correspondingly cheap sheet metal with the usual methods.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die genannten Nachteile zu vermeiden und die Gefahr einer Rissbildung am Rand des Oeffnungskragens beim Einrollen desselben erheblich zu senken. Dieses Ziel wird dadurch erreicht, dass in den tiefgezogenen Trichter eine Schwächungsritze gepresst wird, längs welcher dann der Mittelteil ausgebrochen wird. In diesem Falle entstehen beim Ausbrechen des Mittelteils nicht nur erheblich geringere Zugbeanspruchungen an der Rissstelle sondern durch das vorherige Einpressen einer Schwächungsritze wird das Material am nachher entstehenden Rand des Oeffnungskragens auf Druck beansprucht und weist beim Einrollen Druckvorspannungen anstelle von Zugvorspannungen auf. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass unter diesen Umständen die Rissbildung am Rand des Oeffnungskragens beim Einrollen desselben wesentlich geringer ist und dass verhältnismässig hartes, sprödes Blech, beispielsweise das unter der Bezeichnung "TEMPER 3" bekannte Weissbl;;h ohne weiteres bearbeitet werden kann.The invention has for its object to avoid the disadvantages mentioned and to significantly reduce the risk of cracking at the edge of the opening collar when rolling the same. This goal is achieved by pressing a weakening gap into the deep-drawn funnel along which the middle section is then broken out. In this case, when the middle part breaks out, not only do the tensile stresses at the crack point become considerably lower, but the material is subjected to pressure at the edge of the opening collar that arises after pressing in a weakening crack. It has been shown that under these circumstances the formation of cracks at the edge of the opening collar when rolling it in is significantly less and that relatively hard, brittle sheet metal, for example the Weissbl ;; h known under the name "TEMPER 3", can be processed without further notice.

Vorzugsweise wird eine Schwächungsritze mit grossem Oeffnungswinkel von beispielsweise 900 gepresst, wodurch eine erhebliche Verförmung und Druckbeanspruchung des Materials seitlich der Ritze erfolgt.Preferably, a weakening crack with a large angle of aperture is pressed, for example, 90 0, the crack occurs laterally whereby a considerable Verförmung and compressive stress of the material.

Weiter kann es von Vorteil sein, den Mittelteil durch einen hohlen Stützdorn auszustossen und somit längs der Ritze radial nach innen vom Oeffnungskragen abzureissen. Damit wird nicht nur eine einfache Herstellung sondern eine günstige Beanspruchung an der Rissstelle erreicht.Furthermore, it can be advantageous to eject the central part through a hollow support mandrel and thus tear it off radially inward along the crack from the opening collar. This not only achieves simple manufacture but also favorable stress at the crack site.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert.

  • Fig. l zeigt ein erstes Stadium des Herstellungsvorgangs,
  • Fig. 2 zeigt ein zweites Stadium des Herstellungsvorgangs und
  • Fig. 3 zeigt einen vergrösserten Ausschnitt aus Fig. 1.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing.
  • 1 shows a first stage of the manufacturing process,
  • Fig. 2 shows a second stage of the manufacturing process and
  • FIG. 3 shows an enlarged section from FIG. 1.

Der in üblicher Weise vorbereitete und tiefgezogene Aerosoltrichter 1 wird gemäss Fig. 1 auf einen Dorn 2 aufgesetzt, dessen Durchmesser genau dem Innendurchmesser des Oeffnungskragens 3 des Trichters entspricht und der die gerundeten Uebergangsstellen zwischen dem Kragen 3 und dem Boden 4 des Trichters formschlüssig unterstützt wie Fig. 3 zeigt. Gegen den Trichter wird nun ein ringförmiges Werkzeug 5 abgesenkt, dessen Kante eine kreisförmige Schwächungsritze 6 ungefähr in der Mitte der gerundeten Uebergangsstelle zwischen dem Kragen 3 und dem Boden 4 einprägt. Der Oeffnungswinkel dieser Schwächungsritze ist verhältnismässig gross und beträgt beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel 900. Er könnte jedoch durch entsprechende Formgebung des Werkzeugs 5 an seiner Prägekante unter Umständen noch grösser sein. Wesentlich ist jedenfalls, dass eine Schwächungsritze mit verhältnismässig grossem Oeffnungswinkel geprägt wird, damit möglichst viel Material seitlich verdrängt wird, was in den angrenzenden Teilen des Kragens 3 bzw. des Bodens 4 zu einer erheblichen Materialverformung und zu Druckvorspannungen führt. Die Wirkung dieser Druckvorspannungen im nachher entstehenden Rand des Kragens 3 sind bereits erläutert worden.1 is placed on a mandrel 2, the diameter of which corresponds exactly to the inside diameter of the opening collar 3 of the funnel and which supports the rounded transition points between the collar 3 and the bottom 4 of the funnel in a form-fitting manner, as shown in FIG 3 shows. An annular tool 5 is now lowered against the funnel, the edge of which impresses a circular weakening crack 6 approximately in the middle of the rounded transition point between the collar 3 and the base 4. The aperture angle of this weakening crack is relatively large and is 90 in the illustrated embodiment 0th However, it could, under certain circumstances, be even larger by appropriately shaping the tool 5 on its embossed edge. In any case, it is essential that a weakening crack is embossed with a relatively large opening angle, so that as much material as possible is laterally displaced, which leads to considerable material deformation and compressive prestress in the adjacent parts of the collar 3 or the bottom 4. The effect of these compressive prestresses in the edge of the collar 3 that subsequently arises have already been explained.

Der mit der Schwächungsritze 6 versehene Trichter gelangt dann in eine weitere Station des Werkzeugs auf einen hohlen Stempel 7. Mittels eines von oben abgesenkten Stempels 8 wird der Boden 4 durch den hohlen Stempel 7 heruntergepresst, wobei er längs der Schwächungsritze 6 vom Kragen 3 abgerissen wird. Der dabei tiefgezogene Deckel 4 gelangt unter eine Schulter 9 in der Bohrung des Hohlstempels 7 und kann nicht mehr nach oben austreten, wenn nachträglich der Stempel 8 angehoben wird. Die Trennung des Deckels vom Kragen 3 erfolgt durch radial nach innen gerichtete Kräfte, und diese Kräfte sind dank der Schwächungsritze 6 verhältnismässig gering, so dass die erwähnten Druckvorspannungen am entstehenden oberen Rand des Kragens 3 im wesentlichen verbleiben.The funnel provided with the weakening crack 6 then arrives at a further station of the tool on a hollow punch 7. The bottom 4 is pressed down by the hollow punch 7 by means of a punch 8 lowered from above, being torn off from the collar 3 along the weakening crack 6 . The deep-drawn cover 4 comes under a shoulder 9 in the bore of the hollow punch 7 and can no longer emerge upwards when the punch 8 is subsequently raised. The cover is separated from the collar 3 by radially inward forces, and these Forces are relatively low thanks to the weakening groove 6, so that the compressive stresses mentioned essentially remain on the resulting upper edge of the collar 3.

Während des Abreissens des Deckels wird der Körper 1 in seiner Position fixiert, damit er sich durch die auftretenden radialen Kräfte in seiner Position nicht nach oben verschieben kann.When the cover is torn off, the body 1 is fixed in its position so that it cannot move upward in its position due to the radial forces that occur.

Es wird dabei darauf geachtet die Schwächungsritze 6 so tief als möglich zu führen, so dass beispielsweise noch eine Materialstärke von 0,06 bis 0,08 mm verbleibt. Zugkräfte könnten also beim Abreissen des Deckels nur noch in unmittelbar Umgebung der verbleibenden Materialstärke auftreten, jedoch gesamthaft den Effekt der vorher aufgeprägten Druckspannungen nicht mehr aufheben.Care is taken to guide the weakening groove 6 as deep as possible, so that, for example, a material thickness of 0.06 to 0.08 mm remains. When the cover is torn off, tensile forces could only occur in the immediate vicinity of the remaining material thickness, but overall no longer cancel out the effect of the previously applied compressive stresses.

Der Trichter wird sodann vom Hohlstempel 7 nach Fig. 2 entfernt und der Kragen 3 wird in an sich bekannter Weise eingerollt, um einen Randwulst zu bilden. Dieser Wulst ist in Fig. 2 in strichpunktierten Linien angedeutet und mit 10 bezeichnet.The funnel is then removed from the hollow punch 7 according to FIG. 2 and the collar 3 is rolled up in a manner known per se in order to form an edge bead. This bead is indicated in dash-dotted lines in Fig. 2 and designated 10.

Ein Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens besteht darin, dass die Werkzeuge 2 und 5 sowie natürlich auch die Werkzeugteile 7 und 8 keine sehr hohe Präzision aufzuweisen brauchen, da sie nie in direkte gegenseitigen Berührung gelangen können und demzufolge auch aus sehr hartem Material hergestellt werden können. Die Abnützung ist somit äusserst gering.An advantage of the method according to the invention is that the tools 2 and 5 and of course also the tool parts 7 and 8 do not have to be very precise, since they can never come into direct contact with one another and consequently can also be produced from very hard material. The wear is therefore extremely low.

Claims (4)

1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Aerosoltrichters, wobei eine Blechscheibe zum Trichter tiefgezogen, dann ein kreisförmiger Mittelteil maschinell ausgebrochen und schliesslich der verbleibende Oeffnungskragen eingerollt wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass in den tiefgezogenen Trichter eine Schwächungsritze gepresst wird, längs welcher dann der Mittelteil ausgebrochen wird.1. Method for producing an aerosol funnel, wherein a sheet metal plate is deep-drawn to the funnel, then a circular central part is broken out mechanically and finally the remaining opening collar is rolled in,
characterized,
that a weakening crack is pressed into the deep-drawn funnel, along which the middle part is then broken out. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass eine Schwächungsritze mit grossem Oeffnungswinkel, z.B. 90°, gepresst wiru.2. The method according to claim 1,
characterized,
that a weakening crack with a large opening angle, e.g. 90 °, is pressed. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Mittelteil durch axialen Druck gegen denselben längs der Ritze radial nach innen vom Oeffnungskragen abgerissen wird.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized,
that the middle part is torn off radially inward from the opening collar along the crack by axial pressure against it. 4. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 3,
gekennzeichnet durch einen hohlen Stützdorn (7) durch welchen der Mittelteil (4) mittels eines Stempels (8) durchstossbar ist.4. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 3,
marked by a hollow support mandrel (7) through which the central part (4) can be pierced by means of a stamp (8).
EP79810021A 1978-03-08 1979-03-05 Method for making a funnel for aerosol containers Expired EP0004252B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH2506/78 1978-03-08
CH250678A CH626545A5 (en) 1978-03-08 1978-03-08

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0004252A1 true EP0004252A1 (en) 1979-09-19
EP0004252B1 EP0004252B1 (en) 1982-05-12

Family

ID=4235325

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP79810021A Expired EP0004252B1 (en) 1978-03-08 1979-03-05 Method for making a funnel for aerosol containers

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4290294A (en)
EP (1) EP0004252B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS54131480A (en)
CH (1) CH626545A5 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013015051A1 (en) * 2013-09-12 2015-03-12 G. Staehle Gmbh U. Co. Kg Method for producing a blank of a can
CN112605258A (en) * 2020-11-30 2021-04-06 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 Aerosol can processing die and method

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT391351B (en) * 1985-11-06 1990-09-25 Steyr Daimler Puch Ag TWO-STROKE COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH CRANKCASE RINSING AND A NOZZLE FOR FUEL INJECTION
JPS6462231A (en) * 1987-09-01 1989-03-08 Shiseido Co Ltd Metal made container and its production
JPS6462232A (en) * 1987-11-11 1989-03-08 Shiseido Co Ltd Aerosol container and its production
US8118197B2 (en) * 2007-06-18 2012-02-21 Precision Valve Corporation Method of making aerosol valve mounting cups and resultant cups

Citations (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2772735A (en) * 1953-10-09 1956-12-04 Continental Can Co Multiple slide press for cutting sheet metal parts
US3706292A (en) * 1970-08-05 1972-12-19 Nat Steel Corp Manufacture of metal containers with rimmed opening
US3726244A (en) * 1971-04-12 1973-04-10 American Can Co Method and apparatus for forming a fully curled neck on a drawn and ironed pressure can
FR2217222A1 (en) * 1973-02-12 1974-09-06 Lovell W C
US3910213A (en) * 1974-11-15 1975-10-07 Continental Can Co Method of perforating the necks of aerosol containers
FR2275259A1 (en) * 1974-05-30 1976-01-16 Saurin Emmanuel Press tools for tear-off cover groove - consists of cylindrical punch and die with sloping edges to preserve inner surfaces
US3998086A (en) * 1974-11-15 1976-12-21 Continental Can Company, Inc. Apparatus for perforating the necks of aerosol containers
US4027612A (en) * 1975-07-16 1977-06-07 Continental Can Company, Inc. Method for forming container scored metal flap areas

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1173793A (en) * 1916-02-29 george
US790735A (en) * 1905-03-10 1905-05-23 Morris Martin Tool for cutting holes in metal tanks.
GB488427A (en) * 1936-01-11 1938-07-06 Crown Cork & Seal Co Improvements in metal bottles or containers and methods of manufacturing the same
JPS5313073B2 (en) * 1973-01-11 1978-05-08

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2772735A (en) * 1953-10-09 1956-12-04 Continental Can Co Multiple slide press for cutting sheet metal parts
US3706292A (en) * 1970-08-05 1972-12-19 Nat Steel Corp Manufacture of metal containers with rimmed opening
US3726244A (en) * 1971-04-12 1973-04-10 American Can Co Method and apparatus for forming a fully curled neck on a drawn and ironed pressure can
FR2217222A1 (en) * 1973-02-12 1974-09-06 Lovell W C
FR2275259A1 (en) * 1974-05-30 1976-01-16 Saurin Emmanuel Press tools for tear-off cover groove - consists of cylindrical punch and die with sloping edges to preserve inner surfaces
US3910213A (en) * 1974-11-15 1975-10-07 Continental Can Co Method of perforating the necks of aerosol containers
US3998086A (en) * 1974-11-15 1976-12-21 Continental Can Company, Inc. Apparatus for perforating the necks of aerosol containers
US4027612A (en) * 1975-07-16 1977-06-07 Continental Can Company, Inc. Method for forming container scored metal flap areas

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013015051A1 (en) * 2013-09-12 2015-03-12 G. Staehle Gmbh U. Co. Kg Method for producing a blank of a can
CN112605258A (en) * 2020-11-30 2021-04-06 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 Aerosol can processing die and method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS54131480A (en) 1979-10-12
US4290294A (en) 1981-09-22
EP0004252B1 (en) 1982-05-12
CH626545A5 (en) 1981-11-30
JPS6344456B2 (en) 1988-09-05

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