DE3726332C1 - Intake pipe part of an internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Intake pipe part of an internal combustion engineInfo
- Publication number
- DE3726332C1 DE3726332C1 DE3726332A DE3726332A DE3726332C1 DE 3726332 C1 DE3726332 C1 DE 3726332C1 DE 3726332 A DE3726332 A DE 3726332A DE 3726332 A DE3726332 A DE 3726332A DE 3726332 C1 DE3726332 C1 DE 3726332C1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- intake
- throttle valve
- intake pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M15/00—Carburettors with heating, cooling or thermal insulating means for combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
- F02M15/02—Carburettors with heating, cooling or thermal insulating means for combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture with heating means, e.g. to combat ice-formation
- F02M15/022—Carburettors with heating, cooling or thermal insulating means for combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture with heating means, e.g. to combat ice-formation near to manually operated throttle valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01M—LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
- F01M13/00—Crankcase ventilating or breathing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01M—LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
- F01M13/00—Crankcase ventilating or breathing
- F01M13/02—Crankcase ventilating or breathing by means of additional source of positive or negative pressure
- F01M13/021—Crankcase ventilating or breathing by means of additional source of positive or negative pressure of negative pressure
- F01M13/022—Crankcase ventilating or breathing by means of additional source of positive or negative pressure of negative pressure using engine inlet suction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01M—LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
- F01M5/00—Heating, cooling, or controlling temperature of lubricant; Lubrication means facilitating engine starting
- F01M5/002—Cooling
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Ansaugleitungsteil der im Oberbegriff des ersten Anspruchs angegebenen Art und geht aus von der gattungsbildenden DE-OS 15 76 355.The invention relates to an intake duct part of the kind specified in the preamble of the first claim and is based on the generic DE-OS 15 76 355.
Beschrieben ist darin eine Vorrichtung zum Entlüften des Gehäuses von Einspritz-Brennkraftmaschinen, bei der eine an das Maschinengehäuse angeschlossene Entlüftungslei tung an einer Stelle stromauf zur Drosselklappe mit dem Leitungssystem für die Ansaugluft in Verbindung steht. Um zu vermeiden, daß an der Drosselklappe bzw. an den benachbarten Wandungen bei tieferen Temperaturen Eis bildung, hervorgerufen durch Kondensate aus der Entlüf tungsleitung, auftritt, weist der Klappenstutzen für die Drosselklappe bzw. ein benachbartes Leitungsteil einen Wärmetauscher für ein Heizmittel auf.Described therein is a device for venting the Housing of injection internal combustion engines, in which one vent line connected to the machine housing at a point upstream of the throttle valve with the Pipe system for the intake air is connected. To avoid that on the throttle valve or neighboring walls at lower temperatures ice formation caused by condensates from the vent cable, occurs, the flap connection points for the Throttle valve or an adjacent line part one Heat exchanger for a heating medium.
Wenngleich mit Hilfe jener Vorrichtung die Vereisungs
gefahr der Drosselklappe deutlich herabgesetzt werden
kann, sind damit dennoch teilweise Eisbildungen im
Drosselklappenbereich feststellbar. Jene Eisbildungen
werden hervorgerufen durch sich nach Abstellen der
Brennkraftmaschine ansammelndes Kondensat, welches
schließlich - da bei stillstehender Brennkraftmaschine
keine Heizwirkung erfolgt - gefriert.
Although the risk of icing up of the throttle valve can be significantly reduced with the help of that device, ice formation in the throttle valve area can still be determined in some cases. Those ice formations are caused by condensate accumulating after the internal combustion engine has been switched off, which finally freezes - since there is no heating effect when the internal combustion engine is at a standstill.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, ein derartiges Ansaugleitungsteil so weiterzubilden, daß auch jene durch den letztgenannten Effekt bedingte Vereisungsge fahr der Drosselklappe verhindert wird.The object of the invention is therefore such Intake pipe part to develop so that those icing due to the latter effect driving the throttle valve is prevented.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des ersten Anspruchs gelöst.This task is characterized by the characteristics of the first claim.
Indem die Kurbelgehäuse-Entlüftungsleitung in eine geodätisch untenliegende wannenförmige Vertiefung des Ansaugleitungsteiles mündet, ist sichergestellt, daß sich das nach dem Abstellen der Brennkraftmaschine im Mündungsbereich ansammelnde Kondensat in jener wannen förmigen Vertiefung sammelt und allenfalls dort Eisbil dung hervorruft. Ein Vereisen der Drosselklappe ist auf diese Weise sicher vermieden.By placing the crankcase ventilation line in a geodetically underlying trough-shaped depression of the Intake pipe part opens, it is ensured that after the engine is turned off Condensate collecting in the mouth area in that tub shaped depression and, if necessary, Eisbil there causes. The throttle valve is icing up avoided this way.
Erfolgt gemäß Anspruch 2 die Beheizung mittels eines erwärmten Fluids (beispielsweise dem Kühlmittel der Brennkraftmaschine), so ist es besonders vorteilhaft, die wannenförmige Vertiefung in einem Anbauelement vorzusehen, dessen Wandung von diesem Fluid durchströmt ist und welches lösbar mit dem Ansaugleitungsteil verbunden ist, da hiermit bei einer Demontage des Ansaugleitungsteiles der Fluidkreislauf nicht geöffnet werden muß, sondern einfach jenes Anbauelement vom Ansaugleitungsteil getrennt werden kann.Is carried out according to claim 2 by means of a heating heated fluids (e.g. the coolant of the Internal combustion engine), it is particularly advantageous the trough-shaped recess in an add-on element to provide, the wall of which flows through this fluid and which is detachable with the intake pipe part is connected, because with this when dismantling the Intake line part of the fluid circuit is not open must be, but simply that attachment from Intake pipe part can be separated.
Im folgenden wird die vorliegende Erfindung anhand eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispieles näher beschrieben. Dargestellt ist ein Drosselklappenstutzen als Ansaug leitungsteil mit angeflanschtem Anbauelement im Schnitt.In the following, the present invention is based on a preferred embodiment described in more detail. A throttle body is shown as an intake Line section with flanged attachment element in section.
Ein schematisch dargestellter Drosselklappenstutzen (Ansaugleitungsteil 1) ist im nicht gezeigten Ansaug trakt einer Brennkraftmaschine angeordnet und mit einer um die Welle 2 schwenkbaren Drosselklappe 3 versehen. Stromauf jener Drosselklappe 3 mündet in einen Durch bruch 4 des Ansaugleitungsteiles 1 eine Kurbelgehäuse- Entlüftungsleitung 5, welche abzweigt von einer geeig neten Stelle des nicht dargestellten Kurbelgehäuses der Brennkraftmaschine. Die Kurbelgehäuse-Entlüftungsleitung 5 ist dabei auf einen Stutzen 6 eines Anbauelementes 7 aufgesteckt, welches eine wannenförmige Vertiefung 8 aufweist und mittels zweier Schraubverbindungen 9 a, 9 b am Ansaugleitungsteil 1 angeflanscht ist. In der Wandung des Anbauelementes 7 ist ein Ringkanal 10 vorgesehen, welcher über einen Zulaufstutzen 11 sowie einen Ablauf stutzen 12 mit dem Kühlmittelkreislauf der Brennkraft maschine in Verbindung steht.A schematically illustrated throttle valve connector (intake duct part 1 ) is arranged in the intake tract, not shown, of an internal combustion engine and is provided with a throttle valve 3 which can be pivoted about the shaft 2 . Upstream of that throttle valve 3 opens into a breakthrough 4 of the intake line part 1, a crankcase ventilation line 5 , which branches off from a suitable place of the crankcase, not shown, of the internal combustion engine. The crankcase ventilation line 5 is plugged onto a connecting piece 6 of an attachment element 7 , which has a trough-shaped recess 8 and is flanged onto the intake line part 1 by means of two screw connections 9 a , 9 b . In the wall of the add-on element 7 , an annular channel 10 is provided, which is connected via an inlet connection 11 and an outlet 12 to the coolant circuit of the internal combustion engine.
Kondensat, welches sich im Bereich des Durchbruchs 4 beim Zusammentreffen der durch das Ansaugleitungsteil 1 geführten Frischluft mit den durch die Kurbelgehäuse- Entlüftungsleitung 5 geführten Blow-by-Gasen bildet, sammelt sich teilweise in der wannenförmigen Vertiefung 8 an. Solange das Anbauelement 7 beheizt ist, ist ein Vereisen dieses Kondensates sicher ausgeschlossen. Bei stillstehender Brennkraftmaschine sowie sich abkühlendem Anbauelement 7 können zwar Kondensatreste innerhalb der wannenförmigen Vertiefung 8 vereisen, wirken sich dabei aber nicht störend aus. Ohne jene wannenförmige Vertie fung 8 hingegen würden sich Kondensatreste im Spaltbe reich 13 zwischen der Drosselklappe 3 sowie der Innen wand des Ansaugleitungsteiles 1 ansammeln. Eine Verei sung an dieser Stelle wäre der Freigängigkeit bzw. Bewegbarkeit der Drosselklappe 3 hinderlich.Condensate, which forms in the area of the opening 4 when the fresh air led through the intake line part 1 meets the blow-by gases led through the crankcase ventilation line 5 , partially collects in the trough-shaped depression 8 . As long as the add-on element 7 is heated, icing up of this condensate is reliably ruled out. When the internal combustion engine is at a standstill and the add-on element 7 is cooling, condensate residues can freeze inside the trough-shaped recess 8 , but do not have a disruptive effect. Without those trough-shaped recess 8, on the other hand, condensate residues in the gap area 13 would accumulate between the throttle valve 3 and the inner wall of the intake line part 1 . A Verei solution at this point would prevent the freedom of movement or mobility of the throttle valve 3 .
Um also ein mögliches Vereisen der Drosselklappe 3 auch bei stillstehender Brennkraftmaschine zu vermeiden, ist erfindungsgemäß am Ansaugleitungsteil 1 im Mündungsbe reich der Entlüftungsleitung 5, also im Bereich des Durchbruches 4, die geodätisch unten liegende wannen förmige Vertiefung 8 vorgesehen.In order to avoid possible icing of the throttle valve 3 even when the internal combustion engine is at a standstill, according to the invention the intake line part 1 in the mouth area of the ventilation line 5 , that is to say in the area of the opening 4 , the geodetically located tub-shaped depression 8 is provided.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3726332A DE3726332C1 (en) | 1987-08-07 | 1987-08-07 | Intake pipe part of an internal combustion engine |
EP88112500A EP0302438B1 (en) | 1987-08-07 | 1988-08-02 | Intake conduit part of an internal-combustion engine |
ES88112500T ES2017111B3 (en) | 1987-08-07 | 1988-08-02 | PART FOR CONDUCTION OF A SUCTION IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3726332A DE3726332C1 (en) | 1987-08-07 | 1987-08-07 | Intake pipe part of an internal combustion engine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3726332C1 true DE3726332C1 (en) | 1988-06-23 |
Family
ID=6333304
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE3726332A Expired DE3726332C1 (en) | 1987-08-07 | 1987-08-07 | Intake pipe part of an internal combustion engine |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0302438B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3726332C1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2017111B3 (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0351521A2 (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1990-01-24 | Dr.Ing.h.c. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Crankcase ventilation |
DE3932300A1 (en) * | 1989-09-28 | 1991-04-11 | Vdo Schindling | Connection between throttle tube and crankcase - incorporates press-fit pipe with swaged ridges |
DE4433285A1 (en) * | 1994-09-19 | 1996-03-21 | Motoren Werke Mannheim Ag | Combustion air line of an internal combustion engine |
DE29516861U1 (en) * | 1995-10-25 | 1996-04-11 | Witzenmann GmbH, Metallschlauch-Fabrik Pforzheim, 75175 Pforzheim | Fastener |
DE19512941A1 (en) * | 1995-04-06 | 1996-10-24 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Device for connecting an exhaust gas recirculation system to a suction system of an internal combustion engine |
FR2760785A1 (en) | 1997-03-11 | 1998-09-18 | Daimler Benz Ag | SYSTEM FOR CLEANING THE CRANKSHAFT HOUSING OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
DE19911214A1 (en) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-21 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Method for operating an internal combustion engine includes a regulating control unit for generating adjustment signals and a throttle valve adjusted by a modulator in a suction pipe. |
DE20014711U1 (en) | 2000-08-25 | 2000-11-23 | Filterwerk Mann + Hummel GmbH, 71638 Ludwigsburg | Device for recirculating gas on an internal combustion engine |
DE19928727A1 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2000-12-28 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Device for venting the crankcase of an at least largely throttle-free internal combustion engine |
DE10237762A1 (en) * | 2002-08-17 | 2004-02-26 | Mahle Filtersysteme Gmbh | Heating module for recycled vehicle engine crankcase gases, is located near entry to air inlet manifold, and includes two sets of electrical heater windings |
DE10326881A1 (en) * | 2003-06-14 | 2004-12-30 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Throttle assembly for engine having vent line upstream of heated butterfly valve, has additional heater for vent line |
DE102004013763A1 (en) * | 2004-03-20 | 2005-10-13 | Audi Ag | Automotive piston engine has crankcase air bleed pipe via oil trap to carburettor inlet |
DE102004043545A1 (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-30 | Audi Ag | Method for venting gasses from crankcase especially in IC engine has the venting duct fed into the inlet manifold duct at an acute angle with flow control profiles |
DE102007016205A1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-09 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus for heating a crankcase breather in a hybrid vehicle |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9311883D0 (en) * | 1993-06-09 | 1993-07-28 | Gen Motors Corp | A throttle mechanism |
DE102004031499B4 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2009-08-13 | Daimler Ag | Crankcase vent line |
ITMI20060942A1 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2007-11-13 | Iveco Spa | HEATING SYSTEM OF OIL VAPORS IN EXTERNAL CIRCULATION AT A VEHICLE ENGINE |
DE102010024172B4 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2021-02-11 | Volkswagen Ag | Internal combustion engine and method for operating an internal combustion engine |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1576355A1 (en) * | 1967-03-21 | 1970-04-09 | Daimler Benz Ag | Device for venting the housing of injection internal combustion engines |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR890659A (en) * | 1942-07-17 | 1944-02-15 | Processes and installation for supplying internal combustion engines with alcohol or other fuels | |
FR1283901A (en) * | 1960-12-23 | 1962-02-09 | Sibe | Improvements to carburettors for internal combustion engines |
US3088447A (en) * | 1961-12-05 | 1963-05-07 | Alvin H Tutt | Control for automotive exhaust air pollution |
US3277876A (en) * | 1964-09-30 | 1966-10-11 | Ford Motor Co | Crankcase ventilation system for an internal combustion system |
US3280808A (en) * | 1965-01-04 | 1966-10-25 | Ford Motor Co | Engine crankcase ventilating system |
-
1987
- 1987-08-07 DE DE3726332A patent/DE3726332C1/en not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-08-02 EP EP88112500A patent/EP0302438B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-08-02 ES ES88112500T patent/ES2017111B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1576355A1 (en) * | 1967-03-21 | 1970-04-09 | Daimler Benz Ag | Device for venting the housing of injection internal combustion engines |
Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0351521A2 (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1990-01-24 | Dr.Ing.h.c. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Crankcase ventilation |
EP0351521A3 (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1990-05-30 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Crankcase ventilation |
DE3932300A1 (en) * | 1989-09-28 | 1991-04-11 | Vdo Schindling | Connection between throttle tube and crankcase - incorporates press-fit pipe with swaged ridges |
DE3932300C2 (en) * | 1989-09-28 | 2003-03-06 | Siemens Ag | throttle body |
DE4433285A1 (en) * | 1994-09-19 | 1996-03-21 | Motoren Werke Mannheim Ag | Combustion air line of an internal combustion engine |
DE19512941A1 (en) * | 1995-04-06 | 1996-10-24 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Device for connecting an exhaust gas recirculation system to a suction system of an internal combustion engine |
DE29516861U1 (en) * | 1995-10-25 | 1996-04-11 | Witzenmann GmbH, Metallschlauch-Fabrik Pforzheim, 75175 Pforzheim | Fastener |
FR2760785A1 (en) | 1997-03-11 | 1998-09-18 | Daimler Benz Ag | SYSTEM FOR CLEANING THE CRANKSHAFT HOUSING OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
DE19709910A1 (en) * | 1997-03-11 | 1998-09-24 | Daimler Benz Ag | Crankcase ventilation for an internal combustion engine |
DE19709910C2 (en) * | 1997-03-11 | 1999-05-20 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Crankcase ventilation for an internal combustion engine |
DE19911214A1 (en) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-21 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Method for operating an internal combustion engine includes a regulating control unit for generating adjustment signals and a throttle valve adjusted by a modulator in a suction pipe. |
FR2795767A1 (en) | 1999-06-23 | 2001-01-05 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | DEVICE FOR CLEANING THE CRANKSHAFT HOUSING OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE OPERATING AT LEAST NOTABLY WITHOUT THRUST |
DE19928727A1 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2000-12-28 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Device for venting the crankcase of an at least largely throttle-free internal combustion engine |
DE19928727C2 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2001-04-26 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Device for venting the crankcase of an at least largely throttle-free internal combustion engine |
US6298836B1 (en) | 1999-06-23 | 2001-10-09 | Daimler-Chrysler A.G. | Arrangement for venting an engine crankcase |
DE20014711U1 (en) | 2000-08-25 | 2000-11-23 | Filterwerk Mann + Hummel GmbH, 71638 Ludwigsburg | Device for recirculating gas on an internal combustion engine |
DE10237762A1 (en) * | 2002-08-17 | 2004-02-26 | Mahle Filtersysteme Gmbh | Heating module for recycled vehicle engine crankcase gases, is located near entry to air inlet manifold, and includes two sets of electrical heater windings |
DE10326881A1 (en) * | 2003-06-14 | 2004-12-30 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Throttle assembly for engine having vent line upstream of heated butterfly valve, has additional heater for vent line |
DE102004013763A1 (en) * | 2004-03-20 | 2005-10-13 | Audi Ag | Automotive piston engine has crankcase air bleed pipe via oil trap to carburettor inlet |
DE102004043545A1 (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-30 | Audi Ag | Method for venting gasses from crankcase especially in IC engine has the venting duct fed into the inlet manifold duct at an acute angle with flow control profiles |
DE102007016205A1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-09 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus for heating a crankcase breather in a hybrid vehicle |
JP2008254731A (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-23 | Dr Ing H C F Porsche Ag | Device for heating crankshaft case air bleeder of hybrid vehicle |
JP4540006B2 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2010-09-08 | ドクトル インジエニエール ハー ツエー エフ ポルシエ アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | Device for heating crankshaft case air bleeder of hybrid vehicle |
US8191662B2 (en) | 2007-04-04 | 2012-06-05 | Dr. Ing. H.C.F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Device and method for heating a crankcase ventilation system in a hybrid vehicle |
DE102007016205B4 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2015-06-25 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus for heating a crankcase breather in a hybrid vehicle |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0302438B1 (en) | 1990-08-01 |
EP0302438A1 (en) | 1989-02-08 |
ES2017111B3 (en) | 1991-01-01 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8100 | Publication of the examined application without publication of unexamined application | ||
D1 | Grant (no unexamined application published) patent law 81 | ||
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |