DE2945358A1 - Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber - Google Patents

Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber

Info

Publication number
DE2945358A1
DE2945358A1 DE19792945358 DE2945358A DE2945358A1 DE 2945358 A1 DE2945358 A1 DE 2945358A1 DE 19792945358 DE19792945358 DE 19792945358 DE 2945358 A DE2945358 A DE 2945358A DE 2945358 A1 DE2945358 A1 DE 2945358A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
web
profile
hollow chamber
multipurpose
flange
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
DE19792945358
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Martin 7095 Rainau Wiedemann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to DE19792945358 priority Critical patent/DE2945358A1/en
Publication of DE2945358A1 publication Critical patent/DE2945358A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/74Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge
    • E04B2/76Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge with framework or posts of metal
    • E04B2/78Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge with framework or posts of metal characterised by special cross-section of the frame members as far as important for securing wall panels to a framework with or without the help of cover-strips
    • E04B2/7809Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge with framework or posts of metal characterised by special cross-section of the frame members as far as important for securing wall panels to a framework with or without the help of cover-strips of single or multiple tubular form
    • E04B2/7818Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge with framework or posts of metal characterised by special cross-section of the frame members as far as important for securing wall panels to a framework with or without the help of cover-strips of single or multiple tubular form of substantially rectangular form
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/36Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for floors, ceilings, or roofs of plane or curved surfaces end formpanels for floor shutterings
    • E04G11/48Supporting structures for shutterings or frames for floors or roofs
    • E04G11/50Girders, beams, or the like as supporting members for forms
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0439Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452H- or I-shaped

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)

Abstract

The girder of extruded aluminium is partic. for structural work, having a web with a flange on one or both sides, the latter of U-section open away from the web. The arms (4,4') of the U are bent over towards the inside, while the web is in the form of a hollow chamber (1). The two flanges can be of the same cross-section, their arms being flush with the outside faces of the web. There can be recesses on the inside in the outside walls of the hollow chamber at the centre, reducing the wall thickness, and there can be two or more chambers in the web.

Description

MehrzweckProfilträger Multipurpose profile carrier

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen Profilträger aus stranggepreßtem Aluminium insbesondere für Bauwerke, mit einem Steg und wenigstens einerseits des Steges angeordneten Flansch welcher die Form eines zur stegabgewandten Seite hin offenen U's aufweist.The invention relates to a profile beam made of extruded Aluminum especially for buildings, with a web and at least one side of the Web arranged flange which has the shape of a side facing away from the web has open U's.

Stranggepreßte Aluminiumprofile werden auf dem Bausektor insbesondere bei Gerüsten und Dachbindern infolge ihres niedrigen Eigengewichtes und leichter Verarbeitung bereits verwendet.Extruded aluminum profiles are used in the construction sector in particular for scaffolding and roof trusses due to their low weight and lighter Processing already used.

Im Zuge der Rationalisierung bei der Erstellung von Bauten werden immer neue Anforderungen gestellt um Zeit, Material- und Lohnkosten einzusparen.In the course of rationalization in the construction of buildings Always new demands are made to save time, material and labor costs.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Profilträger vorzuschlagen, der bei niedrigen Eigengewicht eine hohe Belastbarkeit besitzt, eine einfache Befestigung am Träger anzuflanschender Wand-Decken- und Dachteile zur thermischer Abgrenzung bietet und ferner die Möglichkeit gibt im Bau zu verlegende Rohre, elektr.The invention is based on the object of proposing a profile beam, which has a high load capacity with a low dead weight, easy attachment Wall, ceiling and roof parts to be flanged to the carrier for thermal delimitation offers and also gives the possibility of pipes to be laid under construction, electr.

Leitungen u. dergl. mit aufzunehmen, zu führen und zu tragen.Take up, guide and carry cables and the like.

Gelöst wird die Aufgabe vorliegender Erfindung dadurch, daß die freien Schenkel des U zur U-Innenseite hin abgewinkelt sind und der Steg als Hohlkammerprofil ausgebildet ist.The object of the present invention is achieved in that the free Legs of the U are angled towards the inside of the U and the web as a hollow chamber profile is trained.

In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung wird dabei der Flansch beiderseitig des Stegs angeordnet.In an advantageous embodiment, the flange is on both sides of the web arranged.

Zweckmäßig werden dabei die beiden Flansche im Querschnitt gleich ausgebildet.The two flanges are expediently the same in cross section educated.

Zur leichten Montage der Profilträger im Verbund, verlaufen die freien Schenkel der u-förmigen Flansche geradlinig mit den Stegaußenkanten.For easy assembly of the profile girders in the composite, the free ones run Legs of the U-shaped flanges in a straight line with the outer edges of the web.

Zum Unterbringen verschiedener Materialien wie Rohre, elektr. Leitungen u. dergl. weist das Hohlkammerprofil wenigstens zwei Kammern auf.For accommodating various materials such as pipes, electr. cables and the like. The hollow chamber profile has at least two chambers.

In der weiteren Anwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Lehre besitzt das Hohlkammerprofil im mittleren Bereich seiner beiden Außenwände wandstärkenverringernde Ausnehmungen.In the further application of the teaching according to the invention, the Hollow chamber profile in the middle area of its two outer walls reducing the wall thickness Recesses.

Durch die Verwendung von Rundungen mit relativ großen Radius werden innerhalb des erfindungsgemäßen Profilträgers die Biegespannungen verringert und die Ausbiegefestigkeit erhöht.By using curves with relatively large radius the bending stresses are reduced within the profile beam according to the invention and the flexural strength is increased.

Die Erfindung ist in der nachstehenden Beschreibung anhand der Zeichnung erläutert.The invention is illustrated in the following description with reference to the drawing explained.

Es zeigen: Fig. 1 einen erfindungsgemäßen Mehrzweckprofilträger mit zwei Hohlkammern im senkrechten Querschnitt, Fig. 2 einen Mehrzweckprofilträger entsprechend der Fig.1, jedoch nur mit einer Hohlkammer.1 shows a multi-purpose profile carrier according to the invention two hollow chambers in vertical cross section, Fig. 2 shows a multi-purpose profile support according to Fig.1, but only with a hollow chamber.

Fig.3 einen Mehrzweckprofilträger entsprechend der Fig.2, jedoch mit gedrungener rechteckförmigen Hohlkammer und Fig.4 einen Mehrzweckprofilträger mit im unterem U-Flanscheingeklemmten Holzleisten, die als Verbindungsteile für Verschalungselemente dienen, im Querschnitt. 3 shows a multi-purpose profile support according to FIG. 2, however with a squat rectangular hollow chamber and Fig. 4 a multi-purpose profile support with wooden strips clamped in the lower U-flange, which serve as connecting parts for Formwork elements are used in cross-section.

Das in den Fig. 1-4 dargestellte Profil des Mehrzweckträgers besitzt die beiderseitigen Stegteile 1, auf deren oberen und unteren Ende sich ein im Querschnitt gleich ausgebildeter Flansch 2,2' anschließt. Zwischen beiden Stegteilen 1 und Flansch 2 und 22 entsteht das Hohlkammerprofil 3 bzw. 3'. Die freien Schenkel 4,4' der u-förmigen Flansche 2,2' verlaufen geradlinig mit den Stegteilen 1 und sind an ihren freien Enden zur Innenseite als Flanschteilstücke 5,5' abgebogen. Die oberen Teilstücke 5 des Flansches 2 liegen parallel zu den unteren Teilstücken 5' des Flansches 2' . Die umgebogenen Flanschteilstücke 5,5' dienen außer ihren statischen Aufgaben gleichzeitig zur Halterung von in den Mehrzweckprofilträger eingeschobenen Holzleisten 6,6', welche als Verbindungsmittel für Raumverschalungen in die Flansche 2,2' eingesetzt, verwendet werden.Bevorzugt werden die Holzleisten 6,6' ohne Schraubenverbindung eingesetzt, indem die beiden äußeren Formleisten 6' mit einer keilförmigen Innenleiste 6 , die mit einem Leimbezug versehen ist , verbunden.Das Hohlkammerprofil 3 betet im mittleren Bereich seiner Außenwände wandstärkenverringernde Ausnehmungen 7,7'. In der Ausführungsform gemäß Fig.3 ist das Hohlkammerprofil rechteckförmig ausgebildet. In den Hohlkammern 3 können Leitungen aller Art geschützt und dem Blick entzogen verlegt werden. Die Trägerbreiten der in den Fig. 1-4 dargestellten Profile sind auf einem einheitlichen Rastermaß festgelegt zur Vereinfachung ihrer Montage im Verbund.Has the profile of the multipurpose carrier shown in Figs. 1-4 the two-sided web parts 1, on the upper and lower ends of a cross-section identically designed flange 2.2 'connects. Between the two web parts 1 and flange 2 and 22, the hollow chamber profile 3 or 3 'is created. The free legs 4,4 ' the U-shaped flanges 2, 2 'run in a straight line with the web parts 1 and are on their free ends bent to the inside as flange sections 5.5 '. The upper sections 5 of the flange 2 are parallel to the lower sections 5 'of the flange 2' . The bent flange sections 5, 5 'serve not only their static tasks at the same time for holding wooden strips inserted into the multi-purpose profile support 6,6 ', which are used as connecting means for room cladding in the flanges 2,2', The wooden strips 6.6 'without screw connections are preferred used by the two outer moldings 6 'with a wedge-shaped inner strip 6, which is provided with a glue cover, connected. The hollow chamber profile 3 prays in the middle area of its outer walls wall thickness reducing recesses 7,7 '. In the embodiment according to Figure 3, the hollow chamber profile is rectangular. All types of lines can be protected and hidden from view in the hollow chambers 3 be relocated. The beam widths of the profiles shown in Figures 1-4 are set on a uniform grid to simplify their assembly in Composite.

Claims (7)

Patent an sprüche Nehrzweckprofilträger aus stranggepreßtem Aluminium, insbesondere für Bauwerke, mit einem Steg und wenigstens einerseits des Steges angeordneten Flansch welcher die Form eines zur stegabgewandten Seite hin offenen U's aufweist , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die freien Schenkel (4,4') des U's zur Innenseite abgewinkelt sind und der Steg (1) als Hohlkammerprofil ausgebildet ist. Patent on claims for multipurpose profile beams made of extruded aluminum, in particular for buildings, arranged with a web and at least one side of the web Flange which has the shape of a U open towards the side facing away from the web , characterized in that the free legs (4,4 ') of the U to the inside are angled and the web (1) is designed as a hollow chamber profile. 2. Mehrzweckprofilträger nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Flansch (2,2') beiderseits des Stegs (1) angeordnet ist. 2. Multi-purpose profile support according to claim 1, characterized in that that the flange (2, 2 ') is arranged on both sides of the web (1). 3. Mehrzweckträger nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die beiden Flansche (2,2') im Querschnitt gleich ausgebildet sind. 3. Multi-purpose carrier according to claim 2, characterized in that the both flanges (2, 2 ') have the same cross-section. 4. Mehrzweckprofilträger nach Anspruch 2 und 3 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die freien Schenkel (4,4') der u-förmigen Flansche (2,2') geradlinig mit den Stegaußenkanten verlaufen. 4. Multi-purpose profile support according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that that the free legs (4,4 ') of the U-shaped flanges (2,2') in a straight line with the The outer edges of the web run. 5. Mehrzweckprofilträger nach einem der Ansprüche 1-4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Hohlkammerprofil (3) im mittleren Bereich seiner beiden Außenwände (7) wandstärkenverringernde Ausnehmungen aufweist.5. Multi-purpose profile support according to one of claims 1-4, characterized in that that the hollow profile (3) in the middle of both of them Outer walls (7) has recesses reducing the wall thickness. 6. Mehrzweckprofilträger nach einem der vorhergehene den Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß daß Hohlkammerprofil (3) wenigstens zwei Kammern aufweist.6. Multi-purpose profile beam according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hollow chamber profile (3) has at least two chambers. 7. Mehrzweckprofilträger nach einem der Anspruche 1-4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Hohlkammerprofil (3) eine gedrungene Rechteckform besitzt.7. Multi-purpose profile support according to one of claims 1-4, characterized in that that the hollow chamber profile (3) has a squat rectangular shape.
DE19792945358 1979-11-09 1979-11-09 Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber Ceased DE2945358A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19792945358 DE2945358A1 (en) 1979-11-09 1979-11-09 Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19792945358 DE2945358A1 (en) 1979-11-09 1979-11-09 Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE2945358A1 true DE2945358A1 (en) 1981-05-21

Family

ID=6085620

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19792945358 Ceased DE2945358A1 (en) 1979-11-09 1979-11-09 Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber

Country Status (1)

Country Link
DE (1) DE2945358A1 (en)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2522044A1 (en) * 1982-02-24 1983-08-26 Yermakoff Michel Aluminium profile for removable partitions - has hollow box section with exterior wings having longitudinal grooves and ribs forming slide for connectors
EP0428066A1 (en) * 1989-11-14 1991-05-22 ALUTEN DI LOCATELLI PIERGIANNI E C. S.n.c. Extruded aluminium alloy tubular sections for floors and floor systems and slab structures formed therewith
DE4234068A1 (en) * 1992-10-09 1994-04-21 Innotech Ingenieursgesellschaf Fixing system for solar module and all flat materials - has hollow body with two U=shaped flanges, accepting solar module pushed into gap
WO1995008036A1 (en) * 1993-09-13 1995-03-23 Channel Form Systems Inc. Channel beam and t-bolt system
ITMI20090533A1 (en) * 2009-04-02 2009-07-02 Bd Expo S R L MODULAR ELEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERIOR WALLS, IN PARTICULAR WALLS FOR STANDS FOR FAIR EXHIBITIONS.
EP2434066A1 (en) * 2010-09-23 2012-03-28 HJE Systembau Eickhoff Gmbh & Co.kg Profile for producing an acoustic sound absorption element for walls and ceilings and acoustic sound absorption element for walls and ceilings with the profile
DE102013109790A1 (en) * 2013-09-06 2015-03-12 Friedr. Ischebeck Gmbh formwork beams

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2522044A1 (en) * 1982-02-24 1983-08-26 Yermakoff Michel Aluminium profile for removable partitions - has hollow box section with exterior wings having longitudinal grooves and ribs forming slide for connectors
EP0428066A1 (en) * 1989-11-14 1991-05-22 ALUTEN DI LOCATELLI PIERGIANNI E C. S.n.c. Extruded aluminium alloy tubular sections for floors and floor systems and slab structures formed therewith
DE4234068A1 (en) * 1992-10-09 1994-04-21 Innotech Ingenieursgesellschaf Fixing system for solar module and all flat materials - has hollow body with two U=shaped flanges, accepting solar module pushed into gap
WO1995008036A1 (en) * 1993-09-13 1995-03-23 Channel Form Systems Inc. Channel beam and t-bolt system
ITMI20090533A1 (en) * 2009-04-02 2009-07-02 Bd Expo S R L MODULAR ELEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERIOR WALLS, IN PARTICULAR WALLS FOR STANDS FOR FAIR EXHIBITIONS.
EP2434066A1 (en) * 2010-09-23 2012-03-28 HJE Systembau Eickhoff Gmbh & Co.kg Profile for producing an acoustic sound absorption element for walls and ceilings and acoustic sound absorption element for walls and ceilings with the profile
DE102013109790A1 (en) * 2013-09-06 2015-03-12 Friedr. Ischebeck Gmbh formwork beams
DE102013109790B4 (en) * 2013-09-06 2015-08-20 Friedr. Ischebeck Gmbh formwork beams

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE1559282C3 (en) Space box for assembling a prefabricated house
DE3408390A1 (en) Unitised unit
CH643907A5 (en) I-SHAPED CARRIER PROFILE MADE OF LIGHT METAL.
EP0170949A1 (en) Slab-shaped building element and construction with this building element
DE2945358A1 (en) Multipurpose extruded aluminium girder - has U=section flanges bent inwards and web formed by hollow chamber
DE2051246A1 (en) Outer wall
EP0036905A2 (en) Strut for the construction of buildings
EP0035634A2 (en) Fire-resistant composite beam
DE19535912C2 (en) House with gable walls and a gable roof
DE3519153A1 (en) Wall element
DE3203314A1 (en) Roof structure
DE3522382A1 (en) Steel reinforcement for structural parts
DE3121618A1 (en) Crossmember profile for roof and wall shelves
DE9416436U1 (en) Insulation board kit
DE1609536A1 (en) Steel skeleton for a multi-storey house
DE1509584C3 (en)
DE69824745T2 (en) HOLLOW PLATE CONCRETE WITH SAFETY EQUIPMENT
CH645427A5 (en) Double garage
DE4104234A1 (en) Reinforcing element for lightweight concrete panel
DE8809461U1 (en) Kit for producing a brick insulation facade
DE1784779A1 (en) Truss-like construction element
DE68911536T2 (en) Steel stand and prefabricated component.
DE8330832U1 (en) BUILDING FROM PRE-MADE WOODEN COMPONENTS
DE9101964U1 (en) Ceiling element for suspended ceilings
DE2801061A1 (en) Lightweight stabilising roof sandwich panel - has thick light central layer rigidly joined to thin outside panels

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8110 Request for examination paragraph 44
8131 Rejection