DE102012202997A1 - Method for manufacturing memory structure for rechargeable oxide battery, involves forming foam structure from refractory material by foaming and freeze casting ceramic slurry, and infiltring foam structure with active memory material - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing memory structure for rechargeable oxide battery, involves forming foam structure from refractory material by foaming and freeze casting ceramic slurry, and infiltring foam structure with active memory material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Speicherstruktur eines elektrischen Energiespeichers sowie eine Speicherzelle nach Anspruch 10. The invention relates to a method for producing a memory structure of an electrical energy store and to a memory cell according to
Überschüssige elektrische Energie, die beispielsweise aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen hervorgeht, lässt sich nur im bedingten Umfang im Stromnetz speichern. Dies gilt auch für überschüssige Energie, die dann bei fossilen Kraftwerken anfällt, wenn diese im optimalen wirtschaftlichen Lastbereich laufen, vom Verbraucher jedoch aus dem Netz nicht abgerufen werden. Für die Zwischenspeicherung dieser überschüssigen Energie in größeren Mengen gibt es verschiedene Großspeichervorrichtungen. Eines davon ist zum Beispiel ein Pumpenspeicherkraftwerk. Auf dem Batteriesektor besteht ein Ansatz für einen elektrischen Energiespeicher darin, sogenannte Rechargeable Oxide Batteries (ROB) einzusetzen. Bei diesen Batterien wird ein Speichermedium je nach Batteriezustand (Laden oder Entladen) reduziert oder oxidiert. Bei einer Vielzahl dieser zyklischen Lade- und Entlade also Oxidations- und Reduktionsvorgängen des Speichermediums neigt dieses Medium bei den anliegenden vergleichsweise hohen Betriebstemperaturen einer solchen Batterie, die üblicherweise zwischen 600 und 800°C liegen, dazu, dass die geforderte Mikrostruktur insbesondere die Porenstruktur des Speichermediums durch Sinterprozesse zerstört wird. Dies führt zu einer Alterung und schließlich zu einem Versagen der Batterie. Surplus electrical energy, for example from renewable energy sources, can only be stored in the power grid to a limited extent. This also applies to excess energy that is generated by fossil fuel power plants when they are running in the optimal economic load range but can not be retrieved by the consumer from the grid. There are several large storage devices for caching this excess energy in larger quantities. One of them is, for example, a pumped storage power plant. In the battery sector, one approach to electrical energy storage is to use Rechargeable Oxide Batteries (ROB). With these batteries, a storage medium is reduced or oxidized depending on the battery condition (charging or discharging). In the case of a large number of these cyclic charging and discharging processes, ie oxidation and reduction processes of the storage medium, this medium, with the adjacent comparatively high operating temperatures of such a battery, which are usually between 600 and 800 ° C., tends to cause the required microstructure in particular the pore structure of the storage medium is destroyed by sintering processes. This leads to aging and eventually failure of the battery.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Speicherstruktur und eine Speicherzelle eines elektrischen Energiespeichers, wie einer ROB bereitzustellen, die gegenüber dem Stand der Technik eine höhere Langzeitbeständigkeit und eine höheren Zyklenzahl von Lade- und Entladevorgängen standhält. The object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a memory structure and a memory cell of an electrical energy storage device, such as a ROB, which withstands higher levels of long-term stability and a higher number of cycles of charging and discharging compared to the prior art.
Die Lösung der Aufgabe besteht in einem Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Speicherstruktur eines elektrischen Energiespeichers nach dem Patentanspruch 1 und in einer Speicherzelle nach Anspruch 10. The object is achieved in a method for producing a memory structure of an electrical energy storage device according to claim 1 and in a memory cell according to
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Speicherstruktur umfasst folgende Schritte:
Zunächst wird eine Schaumstruktur aus einem refraktärem Material hergestellt, das anschließend mit einer Substanz infiltiert wird, die ein aktives Speichermaterial umfasst. Unter Infiltration wird hierbei sowohl eine gasförmige Infiltration als auch eine flüssige Infiltration verstanden. Hierbei kann es zweckmäßig sein, dass das aktive Speichermaterial, das sich an der inneren Oberfläche der Schaumstruktur ansetzt, mit einem Trägermedium vermischt oder chemisch gebunden ist. Das Trägermedium kann beispielsweise ein Lösungsmittel wie Wasser oder Alkohol sein, in dem der Feststoff des aktiven Speichermaterials gelöst oder in Form einer Suspension verteilt ist. Grundsätzlich kann jedoch auch eine gasförmige Infiltration möglich sein, in diesem Fall könnte eine chemische Abschaltung des aktiven Speichermaterials aus der Gasphase analog einem Chemical Vapour Deposition-Verfahren sein. Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann eine Speicherstruktur für eine Zelle einer ROB erstellt werden, die eine ausreichende thermische Stabilität bei Temperaturen zwischen 600 und 800°C aufweist und auch bei mehreren Lade- und Entladezyklen also Oxidations- und Reduktionszyklen des aktiven Speichermaterials eine stabile Struktur mit einer hohen aktiven Oberfläche des aktiven Speichermaterials gewährleistet. The inventive method for producing a memory structure comprises the following steps:
First, a foam structure is made of a refractory material which is subsequently infiltrated with a substance comprising an active storage material. By infiltration is meant here both a gaseous infiltration and a liquid infiltration. In this case, it may be expedient that the active storage material which attaches itself to the inner surface of the foam structure is mixed or chemically bonded to a carrier medium. The carrier medium can be for example a solvent such as water or alcohol, in which the solid of the active storage material is dissolved or distributed in the form of a suspension. In principle, however, a gaseous infiltration may be possible, in which case a chemical shutdown of the active storage material from the gas phase could be analogous to a chemical vapor deposition process. The inventive method, a memory structure for a cell of a ROB can be created, which has a sufficient thermal stability at temperatures between 600 and 800 ° C and even with multiple charge and discharge cycles so oxidation and reduction cycles of the active storage material a stable structure with a ensures high active surface of the active storage material.
In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltungsform enthält das aktive Speichermaterial Eisen in elementarer oder in dynamisch gebundener Form. Zur Herstellung der Speicherstruktur ist es ferner zweckmäßig, das Speichermaterial Eisen in Form des Eisenoxides einzubringen. In a preferred embodiment, the active storage material contains iron in elemental or dynamically bound form. For the production of the memory structure, it is also expedient to introduce the storage material iron in the form of iron oxide.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltungsform der Erfindung wird die Schaumstruktur durch Aufschäumen eines keramischen Schlickers mit einem anschließenden Freeze-Casting hergestellt. Dieses vorteilhafte Verfahren bietet eine hohe Oberfläche in der Schaumstruktur mit einer großen und insgesamt gut einstellbaren offenen Porosität. Die innere Oberfläche der Schaumstruktur wird hiermit optimiert. In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the foam structure is produced by foaming a ceramic slurry with a subsequent freeze-casting. This advantageous process offers a high surface area in the foam structure with a large and generally easily adjustable open porosity. The inner surface of the foam structure is hereby optimized.
In einer anderen, alternativen Ausgestaltungsform der Erfindung wird die Schaumstruktur derart hergestellt, dass Kohlenstofftemplates mit einer Keramiksuspension beschichtet werden und in einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt der Kohlenstoff ausgebrannt wird, so dass eine Schaumstruktur der nun erstarrten Keramiksuspension vorliegt. In another alternative embodiment of the invention, the foam structure is produced in such a way that carbon templates are coated with a ceramic suspension and in a further method step the carbon is burned out so that a foam structure of the now solidified ceramic suspension is present.
Ferner ist es zweckmäßig, wenn die Schaumstruktur nach der Infiltration mit dem aktiven Speichermedium einer Temperaturbehandlung unterzogen wird, so dass zumindest teilweise ein Sinterprozess der einzelnen Komponenten einsetzt. Bei einem Sinterprozess kommt es zu stoffschlüssigen Verbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Komponenten, die über Festkörperdiffusion erfolgt. Hierbei verbinden sich einzelne Körner zunächst an sogenannten Sinterhälsen, die eine feste stoffschlüssige Verbindung bilden. Der Sinterprozess wird so weit betrieben, dass eine stabile feste Struktur entsteht, wobei es bevorzugt zu einer Verbindung zwischen der Schaumstruktur und dem aktiven Speichermaterial kommt. Ein vollständiges Versintern insbesondere ein Schließen der Poren ist dabei zu vermeiden, damit eine offene Porosität der gesamten Speicherstruktur mit einer möglichst großen aktiven Oberfläche des aktiven Speichermaterials erzeugt wird. Furthermore, it is expedient if the foam structure is subjected to a temperature treatment after infiltration with the active storage medium, so that at least partially a sintering process of the individual components is used. In a sintering process, there are bonded connections between the individual components, which takes place via solid-state diffusion. Here, individual grains first connect to so-called sintered necks, which form a solid cohesive connection. The sintering process is operated so far that a stable solid structure is formed, whereby a connection between the foam structure and the active storage material preferably occurs. A complete sintering in particular a closing of the pores is to be avoided, so that an open porosity of the entire storage structure with the largest possible active surface of the active storage material is generated.
Die bereits erwähnte offene Porosität der Schaumstruktur beträgt in vorteilhafter Weise zwischen 20 Vol.-% und 80 Vol.-%. The already mentioned open porosity of the foam structure is advantageously between 20% by volume and 80% by volume.
Als Material für die Schaumstruktur hat sich ein refraktäres Material auf der Basis von yttriumverstärktem Zirkonoxid (YSZ) als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Ein ebenfalls vorteilhaftes Material ist das sogenannte scandiumverstärkte Zirkonoxid (ScSZ) sowie Siliciumcarbid und Aluminiumoxid sowie die Boride oder Carbide des Titans. Ebenfalls können Mischungen aus diesen einzelnen refraktären Substanzen zweckmäßig sein. Weiterhin kann es zweckmäßig sein, zumindest teilweise dem Material für die Schaumstruktur auch aktives Speichermaterial beispielsweise Eisenoxid zuzufügen. Dies macht dann Sinn, wenn gewährleistet wird, dass die Porenstruktur des aktiven Speichermaterials auch tatsächlich an der Oberfläche der Schaumstruktur vorliegt. As a material for the foam structure, a refractory material based on yttrium-reinforced zirconium oxide (YSZ) has proved to be advantageous. An equally advantageous material is the so-called scandium-reinforced zirconium oxide (ScSZ) and silicon carbide and aluminum oxide and the borides or carbides of titanium. Also, mixtures of these individual refractory substances may be appropriate. Furthermore, it may be expedient to at least partially add active storage material, for example iron oxide, to the material for the foam structure. This makes sense if it is ensured that the pore structure of the active storage material actually exists on the surface of the foam structure.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungsformen der Erfindung und weitere Merkmale der Erfindung werden anhand der folgenden Figuren näher erläutert. Bei diesen Beispielen handelt es sich lediglich um Ausführungsformen die keinerlei Einschränkung für den Schutzumfang der Erfindung darstellen. Advantageous embodiments of the invention and further features of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the following figures. These examples are merely embodiments that do not represent any limitation on the scope of the invention.
Dabei zeigen: Showing:
Anhand der
Aus diesem Grund ist es zweckmäßig, an der negativen Elektrode als Energiespeichermedium eine Speicherstruktur
Über ein, bei Betriebszustand der Batterie gasförmiges Redoxpaar, beispielsweise H2/H2O, werden die durch den Festkörperelektrolyten
Der Vorteil des Eisens als oxidierbares Material, also als aktives Speichermaterial besteht darin, dass es bei seinem Oxidationsprozess in etwas dieselbe Ruhespannung von etwa 1 V aufweist wie das Redoxpaar H2/H2O. The advantage of iron as an oxidizable material, ie as an active storage material, is that in its oxidation process it has somewhat the same quiescent voltage of about 1 V as the redox couple H 2 / H 2 O.
Insbesondere die Diffusion der Sauerstoffionen durch den Feststoffelektrolyten
In
In
In
Die in
Die Speicherstruktur
Je nach Zustand „Laden“ oder „Entladen“ hat man nun in der Speicherstruktur einen Keramikverbundwerkstoff oder einen Metallkeramikverbundwerkstoff vorliegen. Ist die Speicherstruktur bzw. die Oxidationsbatteriezelle vollständig entladen, so liegt elementares Eisen als aktives Speichermaterial
Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der beschriebenen Speicherstruktur besteht insbesondere darin, dass eine thermisch und mechanisch stabile Schaumstruktur mit einer sehr hohen Porosität angewandt werden kann, die es ermöglicht, eine möglichst hohe Beladung durch das aktive Speichermaterial
Es sei an dieser Stelle erwähnt, dass die Herstellung der Speicherstruktur grundsätzlich auch auf einer alternativen Art erfolgen kann, hierzu wird zunächst ein Eisenschaum mit einer keramischen Suspension, die die erwähnten refraktären Materialien umfasst, infiltriert, anschließend erfolgt wiederum eine Wärmebehandlung, wobei es zu einer Ausbildung einer keramischen Trägerstruktur kommt, die auf der Basis der refraktären Keramiken basiert und das Eisen zu Eisenoxid umgewandelt wird und nun auf der neu gebildeten Oberfläche der keramischen Schaumstruktur als aktives Speichermaterial
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EP0722193B1 (en) * | 1995-01-16 | 2000-04-19 | Sulzer Hexis AG | Elektrochemical active element for a planar high-temperature fuel cell |
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