DE102012200329B4 - Halbleiteranordnung mit einem Heatspreader und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Halbleiteranordnung - Google Patents

Halbleiteranordnung mit einem Heatspreader und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Halbleiteranordnung Download PDF

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DE102012200329B4
DE102012200329B4 DE102012200329A DE102012200329A DE102012200329B4 DE 102012200329 B4 DE102012200329 B4 DE 102012200329B4 DE 102012200329 A DE102012200329 A DE 102012200329A DE 102012200329 A DE102012200329 A DE 102012200329A DE 102012200329 B4 DE102012200329 B4 DE 102012200329B4
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heatspreader
layer
semiconductor chip
substrate
metal
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DE102012200329A1 (de
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Reinhold Bayerer
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Infineon Technologies AG
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Infineon Technologies AG
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Abstract

Eine Halbleiteranordnung weist einen Halbleiterchip (106, 136, 216) mit einer Rückseitenmetallisierung (214), einem ersten Substrat (102, 130, 202) und einem elektrisch leitfähigen ersten Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C), der die Rückseitenmetallisierung (214) unmittelbar kontaktiert. Der Halbleiterchip (106, 136, 216) weist eine erste Sinterverbindung (126, 210) auf, die den ersten Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) unmittelbar kontaktiert und diesen elektrisch an das erste Substrat (102, 130, 202) koppelt.

Description

  • ALLGEMEINER STAND DER TECHNIK
  • Leistungselektronikmodule sind Halbleiterbaugruppen, die in Leistungselektronikschaltungen zum Einsatz kommen. Leistungselektronikmodule kommen üblicherweise in Fahrzeug- und Industrieanwendungen zum Einsatz, wie in Invertern und Gleichrichtern. Die Halbleiterkomponenten, die in den Leistungselektronikmodulen enthalten sind, sind üblicherweise IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)-Halbleiterchips oder MOSFET(Metalloxidhalbleiter-Feldeffekttransistor)-Halbleiterchips. Die IGBT- und MOSFET-Halbleiterchips weisen variierende Nennspannungen und -leistungen auf. Einige Leistungselektronikmodule weisen zum Überspannungsschutz auch zusätzliche Halbleiterdioden (d. h. Freilaufdioden) im Halbleiterpaket auf.
  • Im Allgemeinen kommen zwei unterschiedliche Leistungselektronikmodul-Designs zum Einsatz. Ein Design dient für höhere Leistungsanwendungen und das andere Design für niedrigere Leistungsanwendungen. Für höhere Leistungsanwendungen weist ein Leistungselektronikmodul üblicherweise mehrere Halbleiterchips integriert auf einem einzelnen Substrat auf. Das Substrat weist üblicherweise ein isolierendes Keramiksubstrat, wie Al2O3, AlN, Si3N4 oder ein anderes geeignetes Material auf, um das Leistungselektronikmodul elektrisch zu isolieren. Mindestens die Oberseite des Keramiksubstrates ist entweder mit reinem oder plattiertem Cu, Al oder einem anderen geeigneten Material metallbeschichtet, um elektrischer und mechanische Kontakte für die Halbleiterchips bereitzustellen. Die Metallschicht wird üblicherweise mit Hilfe eines direkten Kupfer-Bonding-Verfahrens (DCB), eines direkten Aluminium-Bonding-Verfahrens (DAB) oder eines aktiven Metallhartlötverfahrens (AMB) an das Keramiksubstrat gebondet.
  • Üblicherweise kommt Weichlöten mit Sn-Pb, Sn-Ag, Sn-Ag-Cu oder einer anderen geeigneten Lötlegierung zum Anbringen eines Halbleiterchips auf einem metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrat zum Einsatz. Üblicherweise werden mehrere Substrate auf einer Metallgrundplatte kombiniert. In diesem Fall wird die Rückseite des Keramiksubstrates auch entweder mit reinem oder plattiertem Cu, Al oder einem anderen geeigneten Material zum Anbringen der Substrate auf der Metallgrundplatte metallbeschichtet. Zum Anbringen der Substrate auf der Metallgrundplatte kommt üblicherweise Weichlöten mit Sn-Pb, Sn-Ag, Sn-Ag-Cu oder einer anderen geeigneten Lötlegierung zum Einsatz.
  • Für niedrigere Leistungsanwendungen kommen anstelle von Keramiksubstraten üblicherweise Leadframe-Substrate (z. B. reine Cu-Substrate) zum Einsatz. In Abhängigkeit von der Anwendung werden die Leadframe-Substrate üblicherweise mit Ni, Ag, Au und/oder Pd plattiert. Üblicherweise kommt Weichlöten mit Sn-Pb, Sn-Ag, Sn-Ag-Cu oder einer anderen geeigneten Lötlegierung zum Anbringen eines Halbleiterchips auf einem Leadframe-Substrat zum Einsatz.
  • Für Hochtemperaturanwendungen wird der niedrige Schmelzpunkt der Lötverbindungen (Tm = 180°C–220°C) zu einem kritischen Parameter für Leistungselektronikmodule. Während des Betriebes von Leistungselektronikmodulen werden die Bereiche unter den Halbleiterchips hohen Temperaturen ausgesetzt. In diesen Bereichen überlagern sich die Umgebungslufttemperatur und die innerhalb des Halbleiterchips dissipierte Wärme. Dies führt zu einer Temperaturwechselbeanspruchung während des Betriebes der Leistungselektronikmodule. Üblicherweise kann in Bezug auf die Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungs-Zuverlässigkeit keine zuverlässige Funktion einer Lötverbindung über 150°C garantiert werden.
  • Oberhalb von 150°C können sich innerhalb der Lötregion nach wenigen thermischen Zyklen Risse bilden. Die Risse können sich leicht über die gesamte Lötregion ausbreiten und zum Versagen des Leistungselektronikmoduls führen.
  • Mit dem zunehmenden Wunsch der Verwendung von Leistungselektronik in rauen Umgebungen (z. B. Automobilanwendungen) und der fortschreitenden Integration von Halbleiterchips steigt die extern und intern abgeleitete Hitze weiter an. Daher besteht wachsender Bedarf an Hochtemperatur-Leistungselektronikmodulen, die in der Lage sind, bei internen und externen Temperaturen von bis zu 200°C und darüber zu funktionieren. Außerdem steigt die derzeitige Integrationsdichte in der Leistungselektronik weiter an, was zu einem Anstieg in der Dichte der Leistungsverluste führt. Daher gewinnt die thermische Schnittstelle zwischen dem Halbleiterchip und dem Substrat, über welche die Verluste abgeleitet werden müssen, zunehmend an Bedeutung.
  • Aus diesen und anderen Gründen besteht Bedarf an der vorliegenden Erfindung.
  • Aus der US 6 812 559 B2 ist eine Anordnung mit einem Kühlkörper bekannt, auf dem ein Leistungsbauelement angeordnet ist. Auf der dem Kühlkörper abgewandte Seite des Leistungsbauelements ist eine thermische Kapazität vorgesehen, die mittels einer druckgesinterten Schicht mit dem Leistungsbauelement verbunden ist. Eine ähnlich Anordnung ist auch in der JP 2006 352 080 A beschrieben.
  • KURZDARSTELLUNG DER ERFINDUNG
  • Eine Halbleiteranordnung weist einen Halbleiterchip einschließlich einer Rückseitenmetallisierung auf, sowie ein Substrat und einen elektrisch leitfähigen Heatspreader, der in direktem Kontakt mit dem Rückseitenmetall steht. Die Halbleiteranordnung weist außerdem eine Sinterverbindung auf, die den Heatspreader direkt kontaktiert und diesen elektrisch an das Substrat koppelt.
  • KURZBESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNGEN
  • Die beigefügten Zeichnungen, welche zur Bereitstellung eines breiteren Verständnisses von Ausführungsformen dienen, sind Bestandteil dieser Beschreibung und stellen einen Teil von dieser dar. Die Zeichnungen veranschaulichen Ausführungsformen, und zusammen mit der Beschreibung dienen sie der Erläuterung der Prinzipien von Ausführungsformen. Weitere Ausführungsformen und viele der beabsichtigten Vorteile von Ausführungsformen werden leicht ersichtlich sein, wenn sie durch Verweis auf die nachfolgende detaillierte Beschreibung besser verstanden werden. Die Elemente der Zeichnungen sind relativ zueinander nicht notwendigerweise maßstabsgerecht dargestellt. Gleiche Bezugszeichen bezeichnen entsprechende ähnliche Teile.
  • 1 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer Ausführungsform einer Halbleiterbaugruppe.
  • 2 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform einer Halbleiterbaugruppe.
  • 3 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer Ausführungsform eines Abschnittes einer Halbleiteranordnung, welche eine elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle zwischen einem Halbleiterchip und einem Substrat aufweist.
  • 4 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer Ausführungsform eines Abschnittes einer Halbleiteranordnung, welche elektrischer und thermischer Schnittstellen zwischen einem Halbleiterchip und zwei Substraten umfasst.
  • 5A veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer Ausführungsform eines Heatspreaders.
  • 5B veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines Heatspreaders.
  • 5C veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines Heatspreaders.
  • DETAILLIERTE BESCHREIBUNG
  • In der folgenden detaillierten Beschreibung wird auf die beigefügten Zeichnungen Bezug genommen, welche einen Teil hiervon bilden, und in welchen mittels Veranschaulichung spezifischer Ausführungsformen gezeigt wird, wie die Offenbarung in der Praxis umgesetzt werden kann. In diesem Zusammenhang wird richtungsabhängige Terminologie, wie „Ober-”, „Unter-”, „Vorder-”, „Rück-”, „Front-”, „End-” usw. mit Bezug auf die Ausrichtung der beschriebenen Figur(en) verwendet. Da Komponenten von Ausführungsformen in einer Reihe unterschiedlicher Ausrichtungen positioniert sein können, wird die richtungsabhängige Terminologie zum Zweck der Veranschaulichung verwendet und ist in keiner Weise einschränkend zu verstehen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass im Rahmen der Erfindung weitere Ausführungsformen verwendet werden können, und dass im Rahmen der Erfindung strukturelle und/oder logische Veränderungen vorgenommen werden können.
  • Es wird außerdem darauf hingewiesen, dass die Merkmale der hierin beschriebenen verschiedenen beispielhaften Ausführungsformen miteinander kombiniert werden können, soweit nicht anders angegeben oder soweit eine Kombination solcher Merkmale aus technischen Gründen nicht ausgeschlossen ist.
  • Der hierin verwendete Begriff „elektrisch gekoppelt” bedeutet nicht zwingend, dass die Elemente unmittelbar miteinander gekoppelt sein müssen. Vielmehr können „elektrisch gekoppelte” Elemente unmittelbar gekoppelt sein, oder es können zwischen diesen noch zusätzliche, zwischengeschaltete Elemente vorgesehen sein.
  • 1 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer Ausführungsform einer Halbleiteranordnung 100. Bei der Halbleiteranordnung 100 kann es sich um ein Hochtemperatur-(d. h. um ein Modul, das für den Betrieb bei Temperaturen von wenigstens 200°C ausgelegt ist) oder um ein Niedrigleistungselektronikmodul handeln. Das Elektronikmodul 100 weist ein Leadframe-Substrat 102, eine elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle 104, ein(en) Halbleiterchip oder -plättchen 106, Bonddrähte 108, elektrische Anschlüsse 112 und ein Gehäuse 110 auf. Das Leadframe-Substrat 102 umfasst Cu, Al oder ein anderes geeignetes Material. Optional kann das Leadframe-Substrat 102 mit einem oder mehreren von Ni, Ag, Au, Pd plattiert sein. Die elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle 104 weist einen Heatspreader und eine gesinterte Verbindung auf, die unten mit Bezugnahme auf die 3 bis 5C detaillierter beschrieben werden wird. Die elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle 104 verbindet das Leadframe-Substrat 102 mit dem Halbleiterchip 106.
  • Die gesinterte Verbindung kann aufgrund des Herstellungsprozesses Fehlstellen oder Störstellen aufweisen. Die Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung können in einem Größenbereich zwischen wenigen Mikrometern und 20 μm liegen. Diese Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung verringern die Effektivität der gesinterten Verbindung bei der Ableitung von Hitze aus dem Halbleiterchip 106. Um die nachteilige Wirkung der Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung bei der Ableitung von Hitze aus dem Halbleiterchip 106 zu verringern ist ein Heatspreader zwischen dem Halbleiterchip 106 und der gesinterten Verbindung ausgebildet. Der Heatspreader stellt einen Puffer zwischen dem Halbleiterchip 106 und der gesinterten Verbindung zum Ableiten der Hitze aus dem Halbleiterchip 106 um die Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung herum bereit. Durch das Verteilen der abgeleiteten Hitze aus dem Halbleiterchip 106 um die Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung herum wird die thermische Schnittstelle zwischen dem Halbleiterchip 106 und dem Leadframe-Substrat 102 im Vergleich zu einer thermischen Schnittstelle, die nur die gesinterte Verbindung und keinen Heatspreader aufweist, wesentlich verbessert.
  • Der Halbleiterchip 106 ist durch die Bonddrähte 108 elektrisch an die Anschlüsse 112 gekoppelt. Die Bonddrähte 108 weisen Al, Cu, Al-Mg, Au oder ein anderes geeignetes Material auf. Die Bonddrähte 108 können z. B. mittels Ultraschall-Drahtbonden oder einer anderen Drahtbondtechnik an den Halbleiterchip 106 und die Anschlüsse 112 gebondet sein. Das Leadframe-Substrat 102 kann beispielsweise eine Dicke im Bereich von 125 μm bis 200 μm aufweisen. Das Leadframe-Substrat 102 ist mittels eines Niedrigtemperatur-Verbindungsverfahrens (LTJ) über die elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle 104 mit dem Halbleiterchip 106 verbunden. Das Gehäuse 110 weist einen Formwerkstoff oder ein anderes geeignetes Material auf. Das Gehäuse 110 umschließt das Leadframe-Substrat 102, die elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle 104, den Halbleiterchip 106, die Bonddrähte 108 und Abschnitte der Anschlüsse 112.
  • 2 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform einer Halbleiteranordnung 120. Bei der Halbleiteranordnung 120 kann es sich um ein Hochtemperatur-(d. h. um ein Modul mit zumindest einem Halbleiterchip, der für den Betrieb bei Temperaturen von wenigstens 200°C ausgelegt ist) Hochleistungselektronikmodul handeln. Das Elektronikmodul 120 weist eine metallische Grundplatte 124 auf, gesinterte Verbindungen 126, metallisierte Keramiksubstrate 130 mit Metallflächen oder -schichten 128 und 132, elektrische und thermische Schnittstellen 134, Halbleiterchips 136, Bonddrähte 138, eine Leiterplatte 140, Steueranschlüsse 142, die Leistungsanschlüsse 144, Vergussmassen 146 und 148, sowie ein Gehäuse 150.
  • Die Keramiksubstrate 130 können Al2O3, AlN, Si3N4 oder ein anderes Keramikmaterial aufweisen oder daraus bestehen. Die Keramiksubstrate 130 können jeweils eine Dicke im Bereiches von 0,2 mm bis 2,0 mm aufweisen. Die Metallschichten 128 und 132 können Cu, Al oder ein anderes geeignetes Material aufweisen. Optional können die Metallschichten 128 und/oder 132 mit einem oder mehreren der Materialien Ni, Ag, Au, Pd plattiert sein. Die Metallschichten 128 und 132 können jeweils eine Dicke im Bereich von 0,1 mm bis 0,6 mm aufweisen. Die gesinterten Verbindungen 126 verbinden die Metallschichten 128 mit der Metallgrundplatte 124. Die elektrischen und thermischen Schnittstellen 134 verbinden die Metallschichten 132 mit den Halbleiterchips 136. Jede elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle 134 weist einen Heatspreader und eine gesinterte Verbindung ähnlich der zuvor beschriebenen und unter Bezugnahme auf 1 veranschaulichten elektrischen und thermischen Schnittstelle 104 auf.
  • Die Halbleiterchips 136 sind durch die Bonddrähte 138 elektrisch an die Metallschichten 132 gekoppelt. Die Bonddrähte 138 weisen Al, Cu, Al-Mg, Au oder ein anderes geeignetes Material auf. Die Bonddrähte 138 können z. B. durch Ultraschall-Drahtbonden oder ein anderes Drahtbondverfahren an die Halbleiterchips 136 und die Metallschichten 132 gebondet sein. Die Metallschichten 132 sind elektrisch an die Leiterplatte 140 und die Leistungsanschlüsse 144 gekoppelt. Die Leiterplatte 140 ist elektrisch an die Steueranschlüsse 142 gekoppelt.
  • Das Gehäuse 150 umschließt die gesinterten Verbindungen 126, die metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrate 130 einschließlich der Metallschichten 128 und 132, die elektrischen und thermischen Schnittstellen 134, die Halbleiterchips 136, die Bonddrähte 138, die Leiterplatte 140, Abschnitte der Steueranschlüsse 142 und Abschnitte der Leistungsanschlüsse 144. Das Gehäuse 150 weist Kunststoff, beispielsweise einen Thermoplast oder Duroplast, oder ein anderes geeignetes Material auf. Das Gehäuse 150 ist mit der Metallgrundplatte 124 verbunden. Optional kann nur genau ein einziges metallbeschichtetes Keramiksubstrat 130 zum Einsatz kommen, und zwar derart, dass keine Metallgrundplatte 124 vorhanden ist und das Gehäuse 150 direkt mit dem metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrat 130 verbunden ist.
  • Das Vergussmaterial 146, beispielsweise eine Weichvergussmasse wie z. B. ein Silikongel, füllt Bereiche unter der Leiterplatte 140 innerhalb des Gehäuses 150 um die gesinterten Verbindungen 126, die metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrate 130 einschließlich der Metallschichten 128 und 132, die elektrischen und thermischen Schnittstellen 134, die Halbleiterchips 136 und die Bonddrähte 138 herum. Das Vergussmaterial 148, beispielsweise eine Hartvergussmasse wie z. B. ein Isolierharz, füllt den Bereich über der Platine 150 innerhalb des Gehäuses 150 um Abschnitte der Steueranschlüsse 142 und Abschnitte der Leistungsanschlüsse 144 herum. Die Vergussmaterialien 146 und 148 verhindern eine Beschädigung des Leistungselektronikmoduls 120 durch einen dielektrischen Durchschlag.
  • 3 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht eines Abschnittes 200 einer Halbleiteranordnung, die eine elektrische und thermische Schnittstelle zwischen einem Halbleiterchip 216 und einem Substrat 202 aufweist. Der Abschnitt 200 kann auf dieselbe Weise verwendet werden, wie die vorangehend unter Bezugnahme auf die in den 1 bzw. 2 veranschaulichten Module 100 oder 120 erläutert wurde. Der Abschnitt 200 weist ein metallbeschichtetes Keramiksubstrat 202, eine gesinterte Verbindung 210, einen Heatspreader 212, eine Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetallisierung 214, einen Halbleiterchip 216, eine Halbleiterchip-Vorderseitenmetallisierung 218, sowie einen Bonddraht 220 auf.
  • Das metallbeschichtete Keramiksubstrat 202 weist ein Keramiksubstrat 206, eine erste Metallschicht 204, die mit einer ersten Seite des Keramiksubstrates 206 in direktem Kontakt steht, und eine zweite Metallschicht 208, die mit einer zweiten Seite des Keramiksubstrates 206 in direktem Kontakt steht, wobei die erste Seite und die zweite Seite einander abgewandte Seiten des Keramiksubstrates 206 bilden. Das Keramiksubstrat 206 weist Al2O3, AlN, Si3N4 oder ein anderes geeignetes Material auf oder besteht aus einem der genannten Materialien. Die Metallschichten 204 und 208 weisen Cu, Al oder ein anderes Material auf. Optional können die Metallschichten 204 und/oder 208 mit zumindest einem der Metalle Ni, Ag, Au, Pd plattiert sein. Die Metallschichten 204 und 208 können mittels eines direkten Kupfer-Bonding-Verfahrens (DCB), eines direkten Aluminium-Bonding-Verfahrens (DAB) oder eines aktiven Metallhartlötverfahrens (AMB) an das Keramiksubstrat 206 gebondet sein. Alternativ zu einem metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrat 202 kann ein Leadframe-Substrat aus oder mit einem metallischen Leadframe entsprechend dem vorangehend in 1 veranschaulichten und erläuterten Leadframe-Substrat 102 vorgesehen sein.
  • Die gesinterte Verbindung 210 koppelt die Metallschicht 208 des metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrates 202 elektrisch an den Heatspreader 212. Wenn anstelle des Keramiksubstrates ein Leadframe-Substrat vorgesehen ist, koppelt die gesinterte Verbindung 210 das Leadframe-Substrat elektrisch an den Heatspreader 212. Die gesinterte Verbindung 210 ist eine gesinterte Metallschicht, die gesinterte Nanopartikel, z. B. aus einem Edelmetall wie beispielsweise Ag-Nanopartikel, Au-Nanopartikel, Cu-Nanopartikel, oder andere geeignete Nanopartikel, oder eine Mischung mit wenigstens zwei der genannten Nanopartikelarten aufweist. Die gesinterte Verbindung 210 kann aufgrund des Herstellungsprozesses Fehlstellen oder Störstellen aufweisen.
  • Der Heatspreader 212 steht in unmittelbarem Kontakt mit der gesinterten Verbindung 210 und dem Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 und stellt einen Puffer zwischen dem Halbleiterchip 216 und der gesinterten Verbindung 210 zum Ableiten von Hitze aus dem Halbleiterchip 216 um die Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung 210 herum bereit. Der Heatspreader 212 kann eine feste ebene Materialschicht aufweisen, welche die gleiche Länge und Breite wie der Halbleiterchip 216 besitzt, und zwar derart, dass der Heatspreader 212 die gesamte, dem Keramiksubstrat 202 bzw. einem Leadframe-Substrat 102 zugewandte Rückseite des Halbleiterchips 216 bedeckt. Der Heatspreader 212 kann eine Materialschicht mit hoher thermischer Leitfähigkeit wie beispielsweise Cu, Ag, Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen oder ein anderes geeignetes Material aufweisen.
  • Zur Realisierung eines Heatspreaders 212 können Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen, die eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von bis zu 2000 W/(m·K) besitzen, in eine oder mehrere Metallschichten gemischt werden.
  • In einer Ausführungsform wird während der Waferbearbeitung zur Herstellung des Halbleiterchips eine Materialschicht für den Heatspreader 212 auf dem Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 abgelagert oder gezüchtet. Durch das Ablagern oder Züchten der Materialschicht während der Waferbearbeitung kann eine Schicht erreicht werden, welche eine niedrige Defektdichte aufweist. Der Heatspreader 212 weist eine Dicke von mindestens 4 μm zwischen dem Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 und der gesinterten Verbindung 210 auf. In weiteren Ausführungsformen weist der Heatspreader 212 eine Dicke zwischen 4 μm und 100 μm, wie 5 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 50 μm oder 100 μm, auf. Außerdem kann der Heatspreader 212 eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von mindestens 300 W/(m·K) aufweisen.
  • Das Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 koppelt die Rückseite des Halbleiterchips 216 elektrisch und thermisch an den Heatspreader 212. Das Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 kann jegliche(n) geeignete(n) Metallschicht oder Stapel an Metallschichten aufweisen. Beispielsweise kann Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 einen Cr/Ni/Ag-, Al/X/Y/Ni/Ag- oder Al/X/Y/Ni/Au-Schichtstapel aufweisen, wobei es sich bei „X” und „Y” um beliebige Metalle handeln kann. Die Dicke des Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetalls 214 kann 1 μm oder weniger betragen. Aufgrund der relativ geringen Dicke von 1 μm oder weniger des Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetalls 214 trägt das Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall allein nicht signifikant zur Hitzeverteilung bei.
  • Der Halbleiterchip 216 kann ein Leistungshalbleiterbauelement wie beispielsweise einen Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), einen Metalloxidhalbleiter-Feldeffekttransistor (MOSFET) und/oder Dioden (z. B. Freilaufdioden) umfassen. Ohne den Heatspreader 212 müsste das Halbleitermaterial des Halbleiterchips 216, beispielsweise Si oder SiC, das eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von höchstens einem Drittel der thermischen Leitfähigkeit des Heatspreaders 212 aufweist, die Hitze um die Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung 210 herum verteilen. Das Halbleiterchip-Vorderseitenmetall 218 koppelt die Vorderseite des Halbleiterchips 216 elektrisch an den Bonddraht 220. Das Halbleiterchip-Vorderseitenmetall 218 weist Cu, Al oder ein anderes Material auf. In einer Ausführungsform ist das Halbleiterchip-Vorderseitenmetall 218 mit einem oder mehreren der Materialien Ni, Ag, Au, Pd plattiert. Der Bonddraht 220 weist Al, Cu, Al-Mg, Au oder ein anderes Material auf.
  • 4 veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer Ausführungsform eines Abschnittes 250 einer Halbleiteranordnung, einschließlich elektrischer und thermischer Schnittstellen zwischen einem Halbleiterchip 216 und Substraten 202 und 256. Der Abschnitt 250 kann beispielsweise in dem zuvor beschriebenen und unter Bezugnahme auf 2 veranschaulichten Modul 120 verwendet werden. Der Abschnitt 250 weist ein erstes metallbeschichtetes Keramiksubstrat 202, eine erste gesinterte Verbindung 210, einen ersten Heatspreader 212, ein Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214, einen Halbleiterchip 216, einen zweiten Heatspreader 252, eine zweite gesinterte Verbindung 254 und ein zweites metallbeschichtetes Keramiksubstrat 256 auf.
  • Das erste metallbeschichtete Keramiksubstrat 202, die erste gesinterte Verbindung 210, der erste Heatspreader 212, das Halbleiterchip-Rückseitenmetall 214 und der Halbleiterchip 216 sind die gleichen wie sie zuvor beschrieben und unter Bezugnahme auf 3 veranschaulicht wurden. Das zweite metallbeschichtete Keramiksubstrat 256 kann genauso oder ähnlich dem metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrat 202 aufgebaut sein. Es weist ein Keramiksubstrat 260, eine erste Metallschicht 258 in direktem Kontakt mit einer ersten Seite des Keramiksubstrates 260 und eine zweite Metallschicht 262 in direktem Kontakt mit einer zweiten Seite des Keramiksubstrates 260 auf, wobei die erste Seite und die zweite Seite einander entgegengesetzte Seiten des Keramiksubstrates 260 bilden.
  • Die zweite gesinterte Verbindung 254 koppelt die Metallschicht 258 des zweiten metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrates 256 elektrisch an den zweiten Heatspreader 252. Die gesinterte Verbindung 254 kann genauso oder ähnlich der gesinterten Verbindung 210 aufgebaut sein. Sie ist durch eine gesinterte Metallschicht gebildet, die gesinterte Nanopartikel wie beispielsweise Edelmetallall-Nanopartikel, z. B. Ag-Nanopartikel, Au-Nanopartikel, Cu-Nanopartikel, oder andere geeignete Nanopartikel umfasst. Die gesinterte Verbindung 254 kann aufgrund des Herstellungsverfahrens Fehlstellen oder Störstellen aufweisen.
  • Der zweite Heatspreader 252 steht in direktem Kontakt mit der gesinterten Verbindung 254 und dem Halbleiterchip 216 und stellt einen Puffer zwischen dem Halbleiterchip 216 und der gesinterten Verbindung 254 dar, der zum Ableiten der Hitze aus dem Halbleiterchip 216 um die Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung 254 herum dient. In einer Ausführungsform weist der zweite Heatspreader 252 eine feste ebene Materialschicht auf, welche eine etwas geringere Länge und/oder Breite als der Halbleiterchip 216 aufweist, und zwar derart, dass der zweite Heatspreader 252 den Hauptteil der Vorderseite des Halbleiterchips 216 bedeckt. In einer Ausführungsform weist der zweite Heatspreader 252 eine Materialschicht mit hoher thermische Leitfähigkeit auf, die beispielsweise Cu, Ag, Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen oder ein anderes geeignetes Material enthalten kann. Im Fall von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen, die eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von bis zu 2000 W/(m·K) aufweisen können, können diese zur Ausbildung des zweiten Heatspreaders 252 in Metallschichten gemischt werden.
  • In einer Ausführungsform wird während der Waferbearbeitung eine Materialschicht für den zweiten Heatspreader 252 auf der Vorderseite des Halbleiterchips 216 abgelagert oder gezüchtet. Durch das Ablagern oder Züchten der Materialschicht während der Waferbearbeitung zur Herstellung des Halbleiterchips 216 kann eine Schicht mit niedriger Defektdichte erzielt werden. Der zweite Heatspreader 252 weist eine Dicke von mindestens 4 μm zwischen der dem ersten Keramiksubstrat 202 abgewandten Vorderseite des Halbleiterchips 216 und der gesinterten Verbindung 254 auf. Der zweite Heatspreader 252 kann z. B. eine Dicke von 4 μm bis 100 μm aufweisen, beispielsweise 5 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 50 μm oder 100 μm. Die Dicke des zweiten Heatspreaders 252 kann derart gewählt sein, dass zwischen dem Halbleiterchip 216 und dem zweiten metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrat 256 ein Abstand 264 besteht, durch den eine für den Betrieb der Anordnung erforderliche elektrische Isolation eines Randabschlusses des Halbleiterchips 216 gegenüber dem zweiten metallbeschichteten Keramiksubstrat 256 erreicht wird. Außerdem kann der zweite Heatspreader 212 eine Ausführungsform eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von mindestens 300 W/(m·K) aufweisen.
  • 5A veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht eines Heatspreaders 300A. Der Heatspreader 300A kann anstelle der zuvor beschriebenen und unter Bezugnahme auf die 3 und 4 veranschaulichten Heatspreader 212 und/oder 252 verwendet werden. Der Heatspreader 300A weist einen Stapel aus einer ersten festen ebenen Metallschicht 302 und einer zweiten festen ebenen Metallschicht 304 auf. In dieser Ausführungsform ist die erste Metallschicht 302 eine Ag-Schicht und die zweite Metallschicht 304 ist eine Cu-Schicht zum Bereitstellen eines Cu/Ag-Schichtstapels. Die Dicke der zweiten Metallschicht 304 ist größer als die Dicke der ersten Metallschicht 302. Bei Verwendung des Heatspreaders 300A in einer Halbleiteranordnung steht die erste Metallschicht 302 in direktem Kontakt mit der gesinterten Verbindung, während die zweite Metallschicht 304 in direktem Kontakt mit dem Halbleiterchip oder dem Rückseitenmetall des Halbleiterchips steht.
  • 5B veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines Heatspreaders 300B. Der Heatspreader 300B kann anstelle der zuvor beschriebenen und unter Bezugnahme auf die 3 und 4 veranschaulichten Heatspreader 212 und/oder 252 verwendet werden. Der Heatspreader 300B weist einen Stapel aus einer ersten festen ebenen Metallschicht 310, einer zweiten festen ebenen Metallschicht 312 und einer dritten festen ebenen Metallschicht 314 auf. In dieser Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei der ersten Metallschicht 310 um eine Ag-Schicht, bei der zweiten Metallschicht 312 um eine Cu-Schicht und bei der dritten Metallschicht 314 um eine Ni-Schicht zum Bereitstellen eines Ni/Cu/Ag-Schichtstapels.
  • Die Dicke der zweiten Metallschicht 312 ist größer als die Dicke der ersten Metallschicht 310 und die Dicke der dritten Metallschicht 314. In einer Ausführungsform ist die Dicke der zweiten Metallschicht 312 größer als die Dicken der ersten Metallschicht 310 und der dritten Metallschicht 314 zusammen. Bei Verwendung des Heatspreaders 300B in einer Halbleiteranordnung steht die erste Metallschicht 310 in direktem Kontakt mit der gesinterten Verbindung, während die dritte Metallschicht 314 in direktem Kontakt mit dem Halbleiterchip oder dem Rückseitenmetall des Halbleiterchips steht.
  • 5C veranschaulicht eine Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines Heatspreaders 300C. Der Heatspreader 300C kann anstelle der zuvor beschriebenen und unter Bezugnahme auf die 3 und 4 veranschaulichten Heatspreader 212 und/oder 252 verwendet werden. Der Heatspreader 300C weist einen Stapel aus einer ersten festen ebenen Metallschicht 320, einer zweiten festen ebenen Metallschicht 322, einer dritten festen ebenen Metallschicht 324 und einer vierten festen ebenen Metallschicht 326 auf. In dieser Ausführungsform ist die erste Metallschicht 320 eine Au-Schicht, die zweite Metallschicht 322 ist eine Ni-Schicht, die dritte Metallschicht 324 ist eine Cu-Schicht und die vierte Metallschicht 326 ist eine Ni-Schicht zum Bereitstellen eines Ni/Cu/Ni/Au-Schichtstapels.
  • Die Dicke der dritten Metallschicht 324 ist größer als die Dicke der ersten Metallschicht 320, die Dicke der zweiten Metallschicht 322 und die Dicke der vierten Metallschicht 326. In einer Ausführungsform ist die Dicke der dritten Metallschicht 324 größer als die Dicken der ersten Metallschicht 320, der zweiten Metallschicht 322 und der vierten Metallschicht 326 zusammen. Bei Verwendung des Heatspreaders 300C in einer Halbleiteranordnung steht die erste Metallschicht 320 in direktem Kontakt mit der gesinterten Verbindung, während die vierte Metallschicht 326 in direktem Kontakt mit dem Halbleiterchip oder dem Rückseitenmetall des Halbleiterchips steht.
  • Die Ausführungsformen sehen ein Halbleiterbauelement vor, bei welchem während der Waferbearbeitung eine relativ dicke Leiterschicht als ein Puffer erzeugt wird, die sich nach der Montage des Halbleiterchips auf einem Substrat durch Sintern zwischen dem Halbleiterchip und der Sinterverbindung befindet. Die Leiterschicht verteilt die in dem Halbleiterchip dissipierte Wärme um jegliche Fehlstellen oder Störstellen der gesinterten Verbindung herum, wodurch die thermische Schnittstelle zwischen dem Halbleiterchip und dem/den Substrat(en), an dem/denen der Halbleiterchip befestigt ist, verbessert wird.

Claims (20)

  1. Halbleiteranordnung mit: einem Halbleiterchip (106, 136, 216), welcher eine Rückseitenmetallisierung (214) aufweist; einem ersten Substrat (102, 130, 202); einem elektrisch leitenden ersten Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C), der die Rückseitenmetallisierung (214) unmittelbar kontakiert; und einer ersten Sinterverbindung (126, 210), die den ersten Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) unmittelbar kontaktiert und die den ersten Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) elektrisch an das erste Substrat (102, 130, 202) koppelt.
  2. Halbleiteranordnung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) entweder eine feste ebene Cu-Schicht oder eine feste ebene Ag-Schicht aufweist.
  3. Halbleiteranordnung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) eine Dicke von mehr als 4 μm aufweist.
  4. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von wenigstens 300 W/(m·K) aufweist.
  5. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen aufweist.
  6. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) aus einem Cu/Ag-Schichtstapel besteht, und wobei die Ag-Schicht die erste Sinterverbindung (126, 210) unmittelbar kontaktiert.
  7. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) aus einem Ni/Cu/Ag-Schichtstapel besteht, und wobei die Ag-Schicht die erste Sinterverbindung (126, 210) unmittelbar kontaktiert, und wobei die Cu-Schicht eine Dicke aufweist, die größer ist als eine jede der Dickender Ni-Schicht und der Ag-Schicht.
  8. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, bei der der erste Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) aus einem Ni/Cu/Ni/Au-Schichtstapel besteht und wobei die Au-Schicht die erste Sinterverbindung (126, 210) unmittelbar kontaktiert, und wobei die Cu-Schicht eine Dicke aufweist, die größer ist als eine jede der Dicken der Ni-Schichten und der Au-Schicht.
  9. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, bei der das erste Substrat (130, 202) als metallbeschichtetes Keramiksubstrat ausgebildet ist.
  10. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, bei der das erste Substrat (102) als Leadframe ausgebildet ist.
  11. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche mit: einem zweiten Heatspreader (252, 300A, 300B, 300C), der eine Vorderseite des Halbleiterchips (103, 136, 216) unmittelbar kontaktiert und mit dieser elektrisch gekoppelt ist; einem zweiten Substrat (256); und einer zweiten Sinterverbindung (254), die den zweiten Heatspreader (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) unmittelbar kontaktiert und die den zweiten Heatspreader (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) elektrisch an das zweite Substrat (256) koppelt.
  12. Halbleiteranordnung nach Anspruch 11, bei der der zweite Heatspreader (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) entweder Cu oder Ag aufweist.
  13. Halbleiteranordnung nach Anspruch 11 oder 12, bei der der zweite Heatspreader (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen aufweist.
  14. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 13, bei der das zweite Substrat (256) als metallbeschichtetes Keramiksubstrat ausgebildet ist.
  15. Halbleiteranordnung nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, bei der der Halbleiterchip (106, 136, 216) als Leistungshalbleiterchip ausgebildet ist.
  16. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Halbleiteranordnung, wobei das Verfahren Folgendes umfasst: Bereitstellen eines Halbleiterchips (106, 136, 216), welcher eine Rückseitenmetallisierung (214) aufweist; Bilden eines ersten Heatspreaders (212, 300A, 300B, 300C), der die Rückseitenmetallisierung (214) unmittelbar kontaktiert; und elektrisches Koppeln des ersten Heatspreaders (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) mit einem ersten Substrat (102, 130, 202) mittels eines Sinterverfahrens, bei dem eine erste Sinterverbindung (126, 210) erzeugt wird, die den ersten Heatspreader (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) und das erste Substrat (102, 130, 202) unmittelbar kontaktiert.
  17. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16 umfassen die Schritte: Bilden eines zweiten Heatspreaders (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) an einer Vorderseite des Halbleiterchips (106, 136, 216); und elektrisches Koppeln des zweiten Heatspreaders (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) an ein zweites Substrat (256) mittels eines Sinterverfahrens, bei dem eine zweite Sinterverbindung (254) erzeugt wird, die den zweiten Heatspreader (252, 300A, 300B, 300C) und das zweite Substrat (256) unmittelbar kontaktiert.
  18. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 16 oder 17, bei dem das Bilden des ersten Heatspreaders (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) das Bilden eines Cu/Ag-Schichtstapels umfasst.
  19. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 16 oder 17, bei dem das Bilden des ersten Heatspreaders (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) das Bilden eines Ni/Cu/Ag-Schichtstapels umfasst.
  20. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 16 oder 17, bei dem das Bilden des ersten Heatspreaders (212, 300A, 300B, 300C) das Bilden eines Ni/Cu/Ni/Au-Schichtstapels umfasst.
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