DE102011100492A1 - Method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants - Google Patents
Method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants Download PDFInfo
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- DE102011100492A1 DE102011100492A1 DE102011100492A DE102011100492A DE102011100492A1 DE 102011100492 A1 DE102011100492 A1 DE 102011100492A1 DE 102011100492 A DE102011100492 A DE 102011100492A DE 102011100492 A DE102011100492 A DE 102011100492A DE 102011100492 A1 DE102011100492 A1 DE 102011100492A1
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- fossil fuel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/31—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen thermal, non catalytic conversion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
- C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C07C1/0485—Set-up of reactors or accessories; Multi-step processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1025—Natural gas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4043—Limiting CO2 emissions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/42—Hydrogen of special source or of special composition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/02—Gasoline
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/40—Ethylene production
Abstract
Verfahren zur Minderung des CO2-Ausstoßes bei Verbrennungsprozessen in Fossilbrennstoff-Kraftwerken Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Minderung des CO2-Ausstoßes bei Verbrennungsprozessen in Fossilbrennstoff-Kraftwerken. Dabei erfolgt die Verbrennung des fossilen Brennstoffes unterstöchiometrisch unter Bildung von im Wesentlichen Kohlenmonoxid, wobei anschließend unter Zuführung von unabhängig vom Verbrennungsprozess erzeugtem Wasserstoff das Kohlenmonoxid zu kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Brennstoffen weiterreagiert.Method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants The invention relates to a method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants. The fossil fuel is burned substoichiometrically with the formation of essentially carbon monoxide, with the carbon monoxide then reacting further to form hydrocarbon-containing fuels with the addition of hydrogen generated independently of the combustion process.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Minderung des CO2-Ausstoßes bei Verbrennungsprozessen in Fossilbrennstoff-Kraftwerken gemäß Patentanspruch 1.The invention relates to a method for reducing the CO 2 emission in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants according to claim 1.
Die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe in Form von Kohle, Erdöl, Erdgas oder hieraus hergestellten sekundären Brennstoffen führt zu einer zunehmenden Anreicherung von CO2 in der Atmosphäre. Da CO2 zu den sogenannten Treibhausgasen gehört, führen bereits geringe Konzentrationserhöhungen zu weltweiten klimatischen Veränderungen. Es wird bereits eine Erhöhung der mittleren Temperatur in der Atmosphäre beobachtet und für die nächsten Jahre ein weiterer Temperaturanstieg mit zunehmend häufiger auftretenden und heftiger werdenden Naturkatastrophen, wie Trockenperioden, Überschwemmungen oder Stürme, erwartet. Daher sind verstärkte Bemühungen notwendig, um zumindest das Tempo der weiteren Zunahme der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre zu verringern. In erster Linie versucht man dies durch Drosselung des Energieverbrauchs zu erreichen Eine weitere Möglichkeit die Freisetzung von CO2 in die Atmosphäre zu verringern, wäre die Wiederverwendung dieses Gases oder die dauerhafte Lagerung in unterirdischen Lagerstätten.The burning of fossil fuels in the form of coal, oil, natural gas or secondary fuels produced from them leads to an increasing accumulation of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Since CO 2 belongs to the so-called greenhouse gases, even small increases in concentration lead to global climatic changes. An increase in the average temperature in the atmosphere is already being observed, and a further increase in temperature is expected over the next few years with increasingly frequent and fierce natural disasters such as periods of drought, floods or storms. Therefore, increased efforts are needed to at least reduce the pace of further increases in atmospheric CO 2 levels. Primarily, this is achieved by reducing energy consumption. Another way to reduce the release of CO 2 into the atmosphere would be the reuse of this gas or permanent storage in underground reservoirs.
Zur Vermeidung einer weiteren Akkumulation von CO2 in der Atmosphäre durch fossilbetriebene Kraftwerke ist es beispielsweise aus der
Bei diesem bekannten Verfahren wird das Brenngut unterstöchiometrisch mit Reinsauerstoff aus einem vorherigem Luftzerlegungsschritt zu volatilem brennbarem Synthesegas umgewandelt welches mit Hilfe von Wasser bzw. Wasserdampf schlussendlich zu CO2 und Wasserstoff weiterreagiert.In this known method, the Brenngut is substoichiometrically converted with pure oxygen from a previous air separation step to volatile combustible synthesis gas which further reacts with the help of water or water vapor to CO 2 and hydrogen.
Nach der Abtrennung von CO2 dient der so erzeugte Wasserstoff als brennbarer Energieträger.After the separation of CO 2 , the hydrogen thus generated serves as a combustible energy source.
Zusammenfassend soll die Vermeidung des CO2-Ausstoßes und die damit erhoffte Klimaschonung bei gleichzeitiger effektiver Energiegewinnung durch vor- oder nachgeschaltete CO2-Separierungsverfahren und Endlagerung realisiert werden.In summary, the avoidance of CO 2 emissions and the hoped-for climate protection with simultaneous effective energy production by upstream or downstream CO 2 -Separierungsverfahren and final disposal should be realized.
Nachteil des Verfahren ist, dass bei dieser Art der Verbrennung CO2 erzeugt wird, das aufwändig und energieintensiv abgespalten und endgelagert werden muss. Außerdem wird durch die benötigte Energie für den Shift-Prozess des Synthesegases durch die Einspeisung des Wasserdampfes der Wirkungsgrad und damit die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Kraftwerks deutlich verringert.Disadvantage of the method is that in this type of combustion CO 2 is generated, which has to be cleaved consuming and energy-intensive and final storage. In addition, by the energy required for the shift process of the synthesis gas by the supply of water vapor, the efficiency and thus the efficiency of the power plant is significantly reduced.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur Minderung des CO2-Ausstoßes bei Verbrennungsprozessen in Fossilbrennstoff-Kraftwerken anzugeben, bei dem die Entstehung von Kohlendioxid bei der Verbrennung weitgehend vermieden und gleichzeitig die Energieeffizienz des Kraftwerks gesteigert wird.Object of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing the CO 2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants, in which the formation of carbon dioxide in the combustion largely avoided and at the same time the energy efficiency of the power plant is increased.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe durch ein Verfahren gelöst, bei dem die Verbrennung des fossilen Brennstoffes unterstöchiometrisch durch Bildung von im Wesentlichen Kohlenmonoxid erfolgt, wobei anschließend unter Zuführung von unabhängig vom Verbrennungsprozess im Kraftwerk erzeugtem Wasserstoff das Kohlenmonoxid zu kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Brennstoffen weiterreagiert und einer Speicherung zugeführt wird.According to the invention, the object is achieved by a method in which the combustion of the fossil fuel substoichiometrically by formation of substantially carbon monoxide, which is then fed with supplying generated independently of the combustion process in the power plant hydrogen, the carbon monoxide to hydrocarbon fuels and further fed to storage.
Als Brennstoffe können z. B. Methan oder Methanol oder sogar höherwertige Kohlenwasserstoffe wie Benzin oder Diesel erzeugt werden, die in bekannter und einfacher Weise flüssig gespeichert bzw. gelagert werden können.As fuels z. As methane or methanol or even higher hydrocarbons such as gasoline or diesel are generated, which can be stored or stored liquid in a known and simple manner.
Der Vorteil der Erfindung ist, dass es bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren durch die gezielt unterstöchiometrische Verbrennung des fossilen Brennstoffs nicht mehr zur Bildung von CO2 kommt, das aufwändig und energieintensiv abgetrennt und endgelagert werden muss.The advantage of the invention is that in the method described by the targeted substoichiometric combustion of the fossil fuel no longer comes to the formation of CO 2 , which must be laboriously and energy-intensive separated and stored.
Die vorteilhafte Einspeisung von zuvor extern erzeugtem Wasserstoff führt dazu, dass der Wirkungsgrad des Kraftwerks steigt, da keine Energie mehr zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff aus dem zugeführten Wasser oder Wasserdampf aus dem Verbrennungsprozess im Kraftwerk benötigt wird, zudem werden Verfahrensschritte eingespart, was die Energieerzeugung mittels fossiler Energieträger noch wirtschaftlicher und umweltfreundlicher macht.The advantageous feed of previously externally generated hydrogen causes the efficiency of the power plant increases, since no more energy for generating hydrogen from the supplied water or steam from the combustion process in the power plant is needed, also process steps are saved, which the energy production by fossil Makes energy carriers even more economical and environmentally friendly.
Der Wasserstoff wird in einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung mittels regenerativer Energien, wie Wind-, Sonnenenergie oder Erdwärme, erzeugt.The hydrogen is generated in an advantageous development of the invention by means of regenerative energies, such as wind, solar or geothermal energy.
Im Grundsatz ist das beschriebene Verfahren z. B. als Fischer Tropsch Verfahren Zur synthetischen Herstellung von Kraftstoffen bekannt. Der Rohstoff für die so genannte Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (FTS) ist Synthesegas, eine Mischung aus Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff. Das Synthesegas kann aus Kohle oder Erdgas und im Prinzip auch aus Erdölfraktionen wie Schweröl erzeugt werden und ist – gegebenenfalls nach Reinigung – völlig schwefelfrei; demzufolge sind auch die in der nachfolgenden FTS erzeugten Kraftstoffe völlig frei von Verunreinigungen.In principle, the described method z. B. as Fischer Tropsch process for the synthetic production of fuels known. The raw material for the so-called Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The synthesis gas can be produced from coal or natural gas and in principle from petroleum fractions such as heavy oil and is - if necessary after purification - completely sulfur-free; Consequently, the fuels produced in the subsequent FTS are completely free of impurities.
Ein besonders attraktiver Rohstoff hierfür ist Erdgas, da das aus diesem zunächst erzeugte Synthesegas, mittels FTS in höhere Kohlenwasserstoffe, wie z. B. Benzin oder Dieselöl, umgesetzt wird.A particularly attractive raw material for this purpose is natural gas, since the first synthesis gas produced by means of FTS in higher hydrocarbons, such. As gasoline or diesel oil is reacted.
Die mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens im Wesentlichen CO2-frei erzeugten Brennstoffe können anschließend in entsprechenden Tanks zwischengelagert werden oder mittels Pipelines zum Endkunden transportiert werden.The fuels produced by the process according to the invention substantially CO 2 -free can then be temporarily stored in corresponding tanks or transported to the end customer by means of pipelines.
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- DE 102008048062 B3 [0003] DE 102008048062 B3 [0003]
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102011100492A DE102011100492A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 | 2011-04-28 | Method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants |
PCT/DE2012/000406 WO2012146232A2 (en) | 2011-04-28 | 2012-04-12 | Method for reducing co2 emissions from combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102011100492A DE102011100492A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 | 2011-04-28 | Method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants |
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DE102011100492A1 true DE102011100492A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 |
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DE102011100492A Withdrawn DE102011100492A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 | 2011-04-28 | Method for reducing CO2 emissions in combustion processes in fossil fuel power plants |
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WO (1) | WO2012146232A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2829513A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 | 2015-01-28 | Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe Gmbh | Method for generating energy by using a combustion process with reduced CO2 emissions |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2554848A1 (en) * | 1975-11-13 | 1977-05-18 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH OXYGEN-FUELED COMPRESSED GAS GENERATOR |
DE102004030717A1 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2006-01-19 | Mayer, Günter, Dipl.-Ing. | Process to convert and store geothermal energy and/or regenerative energy e.g. hydroelectricity by conversion into chemical energy |
DE102008048062B3 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2010-04-08 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | IGCC power plant with flue gas recirculation and purge gas |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4756806A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1988-07-12 | Gas Research Institute | Hybrid thermoelectrochemical synthesis of gaseous fuels from water and carbon dioxide |
US6089169A (en) * | 1999-03-22 | 2000-07-18 | C.W. Processes, Inc. | Conversion of waste products |
US20070149392A1 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Ku Anthony Y | Reactor for carbon dioxide capture and conversion |
CA2685609A1 (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2008-11-13 | Principle Energy Solutions, Inc. | Production of hydrocarbons from carbon and hydrogen sources |
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2011
- 2011-04-28 DE DE102011100492A patent/DE102011100492A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2012
- 2012-04-12 WO PCT/DE2012/000406 patent/WO2012146232A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2554848A1 (en) * | 1975-11-13 | 1977-05-18 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH OXYGEN-FUELED COMPRESSED GAS GENERATOR |
DE102004030717A1 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2006-01-19 | Mayer, Günter, Dipl.-Ing. | Process to convert and store geothermal energy and/or regenerative energy e.g. hydroelectricity by conversion into chemical energy |
DE102008048062B3 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2010-04-08 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | IGCC power plant with flue gas recirculation and purge gas |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2829513A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 | 2015-01-28 | Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe Gmbh | Method for generating energy by using a combustion process with reduced CO2 emissions |
DE102013012613A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 | 2015-01-29 | Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe Gmbh | Method for generating energy by a combustion process with reduced CO2 emissions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2012146232A2 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
WO2012146232A3 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
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Effective date: 20130730 |