DE102008004135B4 - catalyst powder - Google Patents
catalyst powder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE102008004135B4 DE102008004135B4 DE102008004135.1A DE102008004135A DE102008004135B4 DE 102008004135 B4 DE102008004135 B4 DE 102008004135B4 DE 102008004135 A DE102008004135 A DE 102008004135A DE 102008004135 B4 DE102008004135 B4 DE 102008004135B4
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- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- catalyst
- catalyst activity
- precipitation
- metals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims 2
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018916 CoOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003174 MnOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018669 Mn—Co Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052574 oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007725 thermal activation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/14—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of germanium, tin or lead
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/34—Manganese
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/745—Iron
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/16—Preparation
- C01B32/162—Preparation characterised by catalysts
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/127—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon gases or vapours or other carbon-containing compounds in the form of gas or vapour, e.g. carbon monoxide, alcohols
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
Abstract
Katalysatorpulver umfassend Pulverteilchen mit einem Kern aus einem Trägermaterial und einer Vielzahl auf der Oberfläche des Trägermaterials angeordnete Teilchen aus Verbindungen von Metallen mit Katalysatoraktivität mit einer mittleren Querabmessung von 10 bis 200 nm, wobei die Teilchen mit Katalysatoraktivität mindestens eines der Metalle Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Sn und/oder deren Mischungen umfassen und wobei das Trägermaterial Oxide und/oder Hydroxide der Elemente der 2., 3. und/oder 4. Hauptgruppe und/oder der 3. und 4. Nebengruppe des Periodensystems umfasst, herstellbar durch ein Verfahren, wobei die Vorläufer der Trägermaterialien und der Teilchen mit Katalysatoraktivität aus entsprechenden Salzlösungen lokal getrennt in Gegenwart von basischen Fällmitteln gefällt werden und die die Fällungsprodukte enthaltenden Fällungslösungen vereinigt werden, wobei die Metallsalze mit Katalysatoraktivität und die Metallsalze zur Erzeugung der Trägermaterialien Salzlösungen ausgewählt aus der Gruppe Chlorid-, Acetat- oder Sulfat-Lösungen sind, und in einem molaren Verhältnis von 0,2 bis 2 eingesetzt werden, wobei sich die Primärteilchen mit Katalysatoraktivität an den Trägermaterialprimärteilchen anlagern, und agglomeriert werden, die erhaltenen Feststoffe abgetrennt werden und in die Katalysatorpulverteilchen überführt werden, die Trägermaterialpulverteilchen sphäroidisch porös agglomeriert sind und die Agglomeratpulverteilchen einen mittleren Durchmesser von 2 bis 80 μm und eine Porosität von > 5 Vol.-% aufweisen.Catalyst powder comprising powder particles with a core of a support material and a large number of particles of compounds of metals with catalyst activity with an average transverse dimension of 10 to 200 nm arranged on the surface of the support material, the particles with catalyst activity at least one of the metals Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Sn and / or mixtures thereof and wherein the carrier material comprises oxides and / or hydroxides of the elements of the 2nd, 3rd and / or 4th main group and / or the 3rd and 4th subgroup of the periodic table, can be produced by a process in which the precursors of the support materials and the particles with catalyst activity are locally separated from corresponding salt solutions in the presence of basic precipitants and the precipitation solutions containing the precipitation products are combined, the metal salts with catalyst activity and the metal salts for producing the support materials being selected as salt solutions from the Group are chloride, acetate or sulfate solutions, and are used in a molar ratio of 0.2 to 2, the primary particles with catalyst activity attaching to the carrier primary particles and being agglomerated, the solids obtained being separated off and into the catalyst powder particles transferred, the carrier material powder particles are spheroidally porous agglomerated and the agglomerate powder particles have an average diameter of 2 to 80 μm and a porosity of> 5% by volume.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft neuartige Katalysatorpulver, insbesondere zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (CNT = carbon nano tubes).The present invention relates to novel catalyst powders, in particular for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT = carbon nanotubes).
In neuerer Zeit haben Kohlenstofffasern (Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen) mit Durchmessern im Nanometerbereich von 3 bis 200 nm zunehmend Interesse gefunden. Derartige hohle Fasern mit Graphitstruktur entstehen durch thermische Zersetzung von niedermolekularen Kohlenstoffverbindungen an katalytisch wirksamen Metallen bzw. Metallverbindungen (CCVD-Verfahren = catalytic carbon vapour deposition) bei Temperaturen von 400 bis 1100°C, vorzugsweise 450 bis 700°C. Die Kontaktierung von katalytisch wirksamen Metallen mit der gasförmigen Kohlenstoffverbindung, insbesondere niedermolekularen Kohlenwasserstoffen, erfolgt im Festbett (Pulverschüttung), im bewegten Festbett oder im Wirbelbett. Der Katalysator wird in kalzinierter Form im Reaktor eingesetzt, wobei der Beginn der Reaktion die aktiven Zentren des Katalysators vom Oxid zu Metall reduziert werden.Recently, carbon nanotubes (carbon nanotubes) with diameters in the nanometer range of 3 to 200 nm have become increasingly interesting. Such hollow fibers with graphite structure formed by thermal decomposition of low molecular weight carbon compounds in catalytically active metals or metal compounds (CCVD method = catalytic carbon vapor deposition) at temperatures of 400 to 1100 ° C, preferably 450 to 700 ° C. The contacting of catalytically active metals with the gaseous carbon compound, in particular low molecular weight hydrocarbons, takes place in a fixed bed (powder bed), in a moving bed or in a fluidized bed. The catalyst is used in a calcined form in the reactor, wherein the beginning of the reaction, the active centers of the catalyst are reduced from oxide to metal.
Der Durchmesser der Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und Fasern wird im Wesentlichen durch die Abmessung der katalytisch wirksamen Metallpartikel bestimmt. Zur Trennung der Metallpartikel, deren Abmessungen im Nanometerbereich liegen müssen, und zur Gewährleistung der Handhabbarkeit der Katalysatoren werden diese auf katalytisch inerte Trägermaterialien, meistens Oxidkeramiken, die durch Wasserstoff bei der katalytsichen Reaktion nicht reduziert werden, aufgebracht, so dass sie oberflächliche Domänen von katalytisch wirksamen Metallen bilden, deren Abmessung den Durchmesser der Fasern bestimmt.The diameter of the carbon nanotubes and fibers is determined essentially by the dimension of the catalytically active metal particles. To separate the metal particles, whose dimensions must be in the nanometer range, and to ensure the handling of the catalysts, they are applied to catalytically inert support materials, usually oxide ceramics, which are not reduced by hydrogen in the catalytic reaction, so that they are superficial domains of catalytically active Form metals whose dimensions determine the diameter of the fibers.
Nachteilig an dem CCVD-Verfahren ist, dass der Katalysator bei der Reaktion inaktiv wird, indem durch die gebildeten Fasern der Zutritt der gasförmigen Kohlenstoffverbindung zu den katalytisch aktiven Domänen zunehmend behindert wird. Die Ausbeute an CNT pro g Katalysator ist abhängig von den Ausgangs-Kohlenstoffverbindungen, dem Katalysatortyp, seiner Struktur und den Verfahrensbedingungen wie Temperatur, Druck, Konzentration, usw..A disadvantage of the CCVD process is that the catalyst becomes inactive in the reaction in that the access of the gaseous carbon compound to the catalytically active domains is increasingly hindered by the fibers formed. The yield of CNT per g of catalyst is dependent on the starting carbon compounds, the type of catalyst, its structure and the process conditions such as temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.
Die
In
GUO Xian-ji et al. in J. of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2007, 35(3), S 329–333, beschreiben die Herstellung von CuO/ZnO/γ-Al2O3 – Katalysatoren. Dabei wird eine wässrige Kupfernitrat-, Zinknitrat- und Soda-Lösung in einen Reaktionsgefäß eingeleitet. Nach dem Reaktionsablauf bildet sich eine γ-Al2O3 – haltige Suspension, die bei 70°C für 2 Stunden gealtert und anschließend filtriert, gewaschen und getrocknet wird. Das Endprodukt stellt den Katalysatorvorstoff dar, welcher anschließend einer Mahlung und Kalzination unterzogen wird.GUO Xian-ji et al. in J. of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2007, 35 (3), pp. 329-333, describe the preparation of CuO / ZnO / γ-Al 2
Gemäß
Weiterhin ist es erwünscht, dass die aus Trägermaterialien und Domänen aus katalytisch aktiven Metallen bestehenden Katalysatorteilchen einerseits eine im Hinblick auf die Handhabbarkeit ausreichende Fließfähigkeit aufweisen, also mindestens eine mittlere Teilchengröße im Bereich von einigen μm ausweisen, und andererseits während des katalytischen Prozesses zerfallen, so dass die katalytisch aktiven Domänen bzw. Primärteilchen auch bei wachsenden CNT gut für die gasförmige Ausgangskohlenstoffverbindung zugänglich bleiben bzw. zugänglich werden. Durch die gemeinsame Fällung von Trägermaterialien und katalytisch aktiven Metallen als Hydroxide und anschließende thermische Überführung in Oxide kommt es zu einer zu starken, den Zerfall der Katalysatorteilchen behindernden Versinterung sowie zum Einschluss von katalytisch aktiven Domänen, die dann keine katalytische Aktivität entfalten können.Furthermore, it is desirable that the catalyst particles consisting of support materials and domains of catalytically active metals, on the one hand, have sufficient fluidity with regard to handling, ie have at least an average particle size in the range of a few μm, and, on the other hand, decay during the catalytic process, so that the catalytically active domains or primary particles remain well accessible or accessible even with growing CNT for the gaseous starting carbon compound. The coprecipitation of support materials and catalytically active metals as hydroxides and subsequent thermal conversion into oxides leads to excessive sintering, which hinders the disintegration of the catalyst particles, and to the inclusion of catalytically active domains, which can then develop no catalytic activity.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Katalysatorpulver zur Verfügung zu stellen, welches durch ein einfaches Verfahren herstellbar ist, wobei die Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwunden werden.The object of the invention is to provide a catalyst powder which can be produced by a simple process, the disadvantages of the prior art being overcome.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung wird durch den Anspruch 1 gelöst.The object of the invention is achieved by the claim 1.
Erfindungsgemäß erfolgt die Fällung von katalytisch aktiven Metallen und Trägermaterialien aus entsprechenden Salzlösungen örtlich getrennt ohne Zwischenaufarbeitung vor der Vereinigung der örtlich getrennt entstehenden Fällungssuspensionen. Hierdurch wird es möglich, insbesondere die Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle im Sinne einer gleichmäßigen Partikelgröße zur Erzeugung gleichmäßiger Durchmesser der CNT zu steuern und klar getrennte Primärteilchen von Trägermaterialien und katalytisch aktiven Metallen zu erzeugen.According to the invention, the precipitation of catalytically active metals and support materials from corresponding salt solutions takes place locally without any intermediate work-up prior to the combination of locally separate precipitation suspensions. This makes it possible, in particular to control the precipitation of the catalytically active metals in the sense of a uniform particle size to produce uniform diameter of the CNT and to produce clearly separated primary particles of support materials and catalytically active metals.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren, welches zur Herstellung von Katalysatorteilchen verwendet wird, geht vorzugsweise von einem Sulfatsystem aus, d. h. die Ausgangsverbindungen für die katalytisch aktiven Metalle und die Trägermaterialien werden als wässrige Sulfatlösungen eingesetzt. Die Verwendung von Chloriden führt ebenfalls zu guten Produkten und ist bezüglich des Abwassers unproblematisch. Die Fällung erfolgt bevorzugt mittels Alkalilauge, insbesondere Ammoniak und/oder Natronlauge, so dass nach Abtrennung des gefällten Feststoffs eine leicht aufzuarbeitende Ammoniumsulfat und/oder Natriumsulfat enthaltende Mutterlauge entsteht.The process according to the invention, which is used for the preparation of catalyst particles, is preferably based on a sulfate system, i. H. the starting compounds for the catalytically active metals and the support materials are used as aqueous sulfate solutions. The use of chlorides also leads to good products and is unproblematic in terms of wastewater. The precipitation is preferably carried out by means of alkali hydroxide, in particular ammonia and / or sodium hydroxide solution, so that after removal of the precipitated solid, a mother liquor containing readily worked-up ammonium sulfate and / or sodium sulfate is formed.
Vorzugsweise erfolgt die Fällung in einem gemeinsamen Behälter mit zwei Bereichen zur Vermischung der die katalytisch aktiven Metalle enthaltenden Salzlösung mit der Basenlösung einerseits und der Trägermaterialsalzlösung mit der Mutterlauge bzw. weiterer Basenlösung andererseits. Dies erlaubt die getrennte Steuerung der Fällungsbedingungen wie pH-Wert, Konzentration und Temperatur für die Fällung von katalytisch aktiven Metallen einerseits und Trägermaterialien andererseits. Die zwei Mischungsbereiche sind zweckmäßig mit je einem Rühren ausgestattet. Die Mischung kann auch durch z. B. tangentiale oder Gegenstrom-Injektion der jeweiligen Reaktionslösungen in den jeweiligen Mischungsbereich erfolgen. Der Mischungsbereich zur Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle beträgt vorzugsweise weniger als 1/100, besonders bevorzugt weniger als 1/500, und mehr als 1/3000 des Behältervolumens, mit entsprechend kurzer Verweilzeit im Mischungsbereich von weniger als einer Minute.The precipitation preferably takes place in a common container with two regions for mixing the salt solution containing the catalytically active metals with the base solution on the one hand and the carrier material salt solution with the mother liquor or further base solution on the other hand. This allows the separate control of the precipitation conditions such as pH, concentration and temperature for the precipitation of catalytically active metals on the one hand and support materials on the other. The two mixing ranges are appropriate each equipped with a stir. The mixture can also by z. B. tangential or countercurrent injection of the respective reaction solutions in the respective mixing area. The mixing range for precipitating the catalytically active metals is preferably less than 1/100, more preferably less than 1/500, and more than 1/3000 of the container volume, with a correspondingly short residence time in the mixing range of less than one minute.
Es ist ebenfalls möglich, die Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle in einem dem Hauptreaktor vorgeschalteten kleinen Reaktor durchzuführen, dessen Volumen weniger als 1/100, vorzugsweise weniger als 1/500 des Hauptreaktors beträgt, wobei eine schnelle Überführung in den Hauptreaktor erfolgen soll, um eine Agglomeration der Fällungsprodukte der katalytisch aktiven Metall untereinander zu vermeiden.It is also possible to carry out the precipitation of the catalytically active metals in a main reactor upstream small reactor whose volume is less than 1/100, preferably less than 1/500 of the main reactor, with a rapid transfer to the main reactor should take place to a To avoid agglomeration of the precipitated products of the catalytically active metal with each other.
Als katalytisch aktive Metalle sind instabile Carbide bildende Metalle, insbesondere Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Sn und Zn und deren Mischungen, geeignet. Sie liegen nach der Fällung als Hydroxide oder Oxyhydroxide vor. Besonders bevorzugt sind Mischungen von Co und Mn im Mengenverhältnis von 1:3 bis 3:1 molar, gegebenenfalls weiterhin modifiziert durch Mo in einer Menge bis 10% molar.Suitable catalytically active metals are unstable carbide-forming metals, in particular Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Sn and Zn and mixtures thereof. They are present after the precipitation as hydroxides or oxyhydroxides. Particularly preferred are mixtures of Co and Mn in the ratio of 1: 3 to 3: 1 molar, optionally further modified by Mo in an amount up to 10% molar.
Die Metallsalzlösungen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle werden in den Bereich eines ersten Rührers eingetragen, wobei eine hohe Übersättigung der Mutterlauge im Bereich des ersten Rührers erzeugt wird, vorzugsweise durch gleichzeitigen überschüssigen Eintrag von Alkalilauge in den Bereich dieses ersten Rührers. Der pH-Wert im Bereich des ersten Rührers wird nach Vermischen der eingetragenen Salz- und Alkalilösungen vorzugsweise ≥ 12, bevorzugt ≥ 13, besonders bevorzugt ≥ 13,5 gehalten. Durch die hohe Übersättigung kommt es im Bereich des ersten Rührers spontan zu Bildung einer hohen räumlichen Dichte von Keimkristallen der Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle. Durch Steuerung von Konzentration, pH-Wert, Temperatur und Verweilzeit (in Abhängigkeit von den eingesetzten katalytisch aktiven Metallen) im Bereich des ersten Rührers gelingt es, die Partikelgröße der Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle auf die gewünschte Größe einzustellen.The metal salt solutions of the catalytically active metals are introduced into the region of a first stirrer, wherein a high supersaturation of the mother liquor in the region of the first stirrer is produced, preferably by simultaneous excess introduction of alkali into the region of this first stirrer. The pH in the region of the first stirrer is preferably kept 12, preferably ≥ 13, particularly preferably ≥ 13.5 after mixing the salt and alkali solutions introduced. Due to the high degree of supersaturation, spontaneous formation of a high spatial density of seed crystals of the hydroxides of the catalytically active metals occurs in the region of the first stirrer. By controlling the concentration, pH, temperature and residence time (depending on the catalytically active metals used) in the region of the first stirrer, it is possible to adjust the particle size of the hydroxides of the catalytically active metals to the desired size.
Ferner kann in den Bereich des ersten Rührers Sauerstoff bzw. sauerstoffhaltiges Gas wie Luft eingedüst werden, um eine gleichzeitige Oxidation beispielsweise von Co2+ zu CoOOH oder Mn2+ zu MnOOH bzw. MnO2 zu bewirken. Hierdurch kann die Partikelgröße des Fällungsproduktes in Richtung feinere Teilchen gesteuert werden.Furthermore, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas such as air can be injected into the region of the first stirrer in order to effect simultaneous oxidation of, for example, Co 2+ to CoOOH or Mn 2+ to MnOOH or MnO 2 . As a result, the particle size of the precipitated product can be controlled in the direction of finer particles.
Bevorzugt ist ein mittlerer Durchmesser der Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle von 5 bis 200 nm, insbesondere bevorzugt zwischen 10 und 100 nm. Durch die nahezu vollständige Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle in kürzester Zeit und die anschließende Vermischung mit der Mutterlauge des Fällungsreaktors, bei der die Konzentration der Hydroxide auf weniger als 1/100, vorzugsweise auf weniger als 1/500, herabgesetzt wird, gelingt es, Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle mit einer engen Teilchengrößenverteilung zu erzielen.Preference is given to a mean diameter of the hydroxides of the catalytically active metals of 5 to 200 nm, particularly preferably between 10 and 100 nm. By the almost complete precipitation of the catalytically active metals in a very short time and the subsequent mixing with the mother liquor of the precipitation reactor, in which the Concentration of the hydroxides to less than 1/100, preferably to less than 1/500, is reduced, it is possible to achieve hydroxides of catalytically active metals with a narrow particle size distribution.
Die Trägermetallsalzlösungen werden in den zweiten Rührerbereich eingeleitet und hier mit der alkalischen Mutterlauge vermischt, wobei die Hydroxide des Trägermetalls ausgefällt werden. Je nach gewünschter Abmessung der Trägermetallhydroxide kann zusätzlich eine basische Lösung, vorzugsweise wie im ersten Rührerbereich Ammoniak- und/oder Natriumhydroxidlösung zur Erhöhung der Übersättigung eingespeist werden. Ein pH-Wert von 8 bis 11 ist hier im Allgemeinen ausreichend. Besonders bevorzugt erfolgt die Fällung der Trägermaterialien bei einem pH-Wert von 9 bis 10,5.The carrier metal salt solutions are introduced into the second stirrer zone and mixed here with the alkaline mother liquor, wherein the hydroxides of the carrier metal are precipitated. Depending on the desired dimension of the carrier metal hydroxides, it is additionally possible to feed a basic solution, preferably ammonia solution and / or sodium hydroxide solution, as in the first stirrer zone, in order to increase the supersaturation. A pH of 8 to 11 is generally sufficient here. Particularly preferably, the precipitation of the support materials takes place at a pH of 9 to 10.5.
Bevorzugte Trägermetalle sind Mg, Al, Ca, Si, Ti, Y, Zr und deren Mischungen, die durch Gehalte an V, Mo und/oder W modifiziert werden können. Bevorzugt sind Mg oder Al, insbesondere Mg, weiter bevorzugt mit bis zu 10 Mol.-% Mo.Preferred support metals are Mg, Al, Ca, Si, Ti, Y, Zr and mixtures thereof, which can be modified by levels of V, Mo and / or W. Preferably, Mg or Al, in particular Mg, more preferably with up to 10 mol .-% Mo.
Die Fällungsbedingungen für die Trägermetallhydroxide werden so eingestellt, dass Hydroxidteilchen mit einem mittleren Durchmesser von dem 2- bis 10-fachen des Durchmessers der Hydroxidteilchen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle entstehen.The precipitation conditions for the carrier metal hydroxides are adjusted to produce hydroxide particles having an average diameter of 2 to 10 times the diameter of the hydroxide particles of the catalytically active metals.
Die Salze der katalytisch aktiven Metalle und die Salze der Trägermetalle werden im molaren Verhältnis zwischen 0,2 und 2; vorzugsweise zwischen 0,7 und 1,3, gerechnet als Oxide, in den Reaktor eingeführt.The salts of the catalytically active metals and the salts of the carrier metals are in a molar ratio between 0.2 and 2; preferably between 0.7 and 1.3, calculated as oxides, introduced into the reactor.
Nach Fällung der jeweiligen Hydroxide wird die erhaltene Suspension noch einen Zeitraum gerührt, so dass eine Agglomeration der Hydroxidteilchen bewirkt wird. Dieser Zeitraum kann sich über 0,5 bis 10 Stunden, vorzugsweise 1 bis 3 Stunden, erstrecken. Dabei lagern sich bevorzugt zunächst unterschiedliche Hydroxidteilchen aneinander an, so dass in den Agglomeraten überwiegend Trägermaterialprimärteilchen mit oberflächlichen Aktivmaterialteilchen porös agglomeriert sind. Überwiegend werden dabei sphäroidische Agglomeratteilchen erhalten, die einen mittleren Agglomeratdurchmesser von bis zu 80 μm, vorzugsweise 2 bis 50 μm, insbesondere bevorzugt weniger als 20 μm, aufweisen. Die sphärischen Agglomeratteilchen weisen eine Porosität von > 5 Vol.-%, bevorzugt > 10 Vol.-% und besonders bevorzugt von > 20 Vol.-% auf.After precipitation of the respective hydroxides, the suspension obtained is stirred for a period of time, so that an agglomeration of the hydroxide particles is effected. This period may extend over 0.5 to 10 hours, preferably 1 to 3 hours. It is preferable to initially store different Hydroxide particles to each other, so that in the agglomerates predominantly carrier material primary particles are superficially agglomerated with superficial particles of active material. Spheroidal agglomerate particles are predominantly obtained which have a mean agglomerate diameter of up to 80 μm, preferably 2 to 50 μm, particularly preferably less than 20 μm. The spherical agglomerate particles have a porosity of> 5% by volume, preferably> 10% by volume and more preferably of> 20% by volume.
Die erhaltenen, aus Träger-Primärteilchen und katalytisch aktiven Primärteilchen bestehenden Agglomerate werden von der Mutterlauge abgetrennt, neutral gewaschen und getrocknet und an Luft bei 350 bis 500°C kalziniert.The resulting, consisting of carrier primary particles and catalytically active primary particles agglomerates are separated from the mother liquor, washed neutral and dried and calcined in air at 350 to 500 ° C.
Die Kalzinierung im Anschluss an die Trocknung kann auch unmittelbar vor der Durchführung des katalytischen Prozesses vor oder im Rahmen der Aktivierungsphase erfolgen.The calcination subsequent to drying may also be carried out immediately before the catalytic process is carried out before or during the activation phase.
Es ist in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle nicht erforderlich den kalzinierten Katalysator einem Mahlvorgang zu unterwerfen.It is not necessary in the vast majority of cases to subject the calcined catalyst to grinding.
In
Die Abtrennung von Partikeln aus der Mutterlauge kann durch an sich bekannte Verfahren, beispielsweise durch Sedimentation, in Zyklonen, Rotationsabscheidern oder durch Filtration, erfolgen. Die erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatorpulver können zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Kohlenstofffasern eingesetzt werden.The separation of particles from the mother liquor can be carried out by methods known per se, for example by sedimentation, in cyclones, rotary separators or by filtration. The catalyst powders according to the invention can be used for the production of carbon nanotubes and / or carbon fibers.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend am Beispiel der Herstellung von Katalysatorteilchen mit Kobalt/Mangan-Aktivmetallen und Magnesium/Aluminium-Trägermetallen näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail below using the example of the preparation of catalyst particles with cobalt / manganese active metals and magnesium / aluminum support metals.
Beispiele 1 bis 7:Examples 1 to 7:
Es wird ein Reaktor gemäß
Die mittlere Katalysatorteilchengröße wird optisch zu 35 bis 40 μm Durchmesser bestimmt. Die Teilchen bestehen aus sphärisch agglomerierten Trägerteilchen, die oberflächlich mit einer Vielzahl kleinerer Oxidteilchen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle belegt sind.The average catalyst particle size is determined optically to 35 to 40 microns in diameter. The particles consist of spherically agglomerated carrier particles which are superficially coated with a large number of smaller oxide particles of the catalytically active metals.
Die Aktivität der Katalysatorpulver wird wie folgt getestet: Jeweils 0,5 g des Katalysatorpulvers werden in dünner Schicht in ein Quarzschiffchen gefüllt, das in ein Quarzglasrohr eingeschoben wird. Das Quarzglasrohr wird in einen Rohrofen eingelegt und beidseitig an Gasleitungen angeschlossen. Das Quarzglasrohr wird mit einer Mischung aus 60 Vol.-% Wasserstoff und 40 Vol.-% Argon gespült und unter strömendem Spülgas langsam auf 630°C aufgeheizt, wobei die Oxidteilchen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle zum Metall reduziert werden. Aufgrund der dadurch bedingten Volumenabnahme der katalytisch aktiven Primärteilchen kommt es in den Agglomeraten zu Spannungen, die zum Zerfall der Agglomerate führen. Nach 60 Minuten wird dann 50% des Spülgases durch Ethen (Ethylen) ersetzt. Tabelle 1:
Nach 120 Minuten wird unter Spülgas wieder langsam abgekühlt, das Quarzschiffchen entnommen und das Gewicht des Produktes bestehend aus CNT und Katalysatorpulver bestimmt. Das Ergebnis ist in Tabelle 2 dargestellt. Tabelle 2:
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DE102015108749A1 (en) | 2015-06-02 | 2016-12-08 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Process for the large-scale, wet-chemical preparation of ZnO nanoparticles with the aid of air bubbles |
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CA2451080C (en) | 2001-07-03 | 2010-08-31 | Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame De La Paix | Catalyst supports and carbon nanotubes produced thereon |
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- 2008-12-18 EP EP08870192A patent/EP2231329A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-12-18 WO PCT/EP2008/067877 patent/WO2009087040A2/en active Application Filing
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DE102013214229A1 (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-01-22 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Process for the preparation of an efficient catalyst for the production of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube powders |
DE102015108749A1 (en) | 2015-06-02 | 2016-12-08 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Process for the large-scale, wet-chemical preparation of ZnO nanoparticles with the aid of air bubbles |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2009087040A2 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
EP2231329A2 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
TW200948478A (en) | 2009-12-01 |
WO2009087040A3 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
DE102008004135A1 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
TWI433728B (en) | 2014-04-11 |
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