DE102008004135A1 - catalyst powder - Google Patents
catalyst powder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE102008004135A1 DE102008004135A1 DE102008004135A DE102008004135A DE102008004135A1 DE 102008004135 A1 DE102008004135 A1 DE 102008004135A1 DE 102008004135 A DE102008004135 A DE 102008004135A DE 102008004135 A DE102008004135 A DE 102008004135A DE 102008004135 A1 DE102008004135 A1 DE 102008004135A1
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- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- catalyst
- precipitation
- catalyst powder
- catalytically active
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BUHVIAUBTBOHAG-FOYDDCNASA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r)-2-[6-[[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino]purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound COC1=CC(OC)=CC(C(CNC=2C=3N=CN(C=3N=CN=2)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C)=C1 BUHVIAUBTBOHAG-FOYDDCNASA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018916 CoOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003174 MnOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018669 Mn—Co Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052574 oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/14—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of germanium, tin or lead
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/34—Manganese
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/745—Iron
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/75—Cobalt
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/889—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/8892—Manganese
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- B01J35/397—
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- B01J35/40—
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
- B01J37/0221—Coating of particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/16—Preparation
- C01B32/162—Preparation characterised by catalysts
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/127—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon gases or vapours or other carbon-containing compounds in the form of gas or vapour, e.g. carbon monoxide, alcohols
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft neuartige Katalysatorpulver, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung zur Erzeugung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Fasern.The invention relates to novel catalyst powders, processes for their preparation and their use for the production of carbon nanotubes and / or fibers.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft neuartige Katalysatorpulver, insbesondere zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (CNT = carbon nano tubes).The The present invention relates to novel catalyst powders, in particular for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT = carbon nano tubes).
In neuerer Zeit haben Kohlenstofffasern mit Durchmessern im Nanometerbereich von 3 bis 200 nm zunehmend Interesse gefunden. Derartige hohle Fasern mit Graphitstruktur entstehen durch thermische Zersetzung von niedermolekularen Kohlenstoffverbindungen an katalytisch wirksamen Metallen bzw. Metallverbindungen (CCVD-Verfahren = catalytic carbon vapour deposition) bei Temperaturen von 400 bis 1100°C, vorzugsweise 450 bis 700°C. Die Kontaktierung von katalytisch wirksamen Metallen mit der gasförmigen Kohlenstoffverbindung, insbesondere niedermolekularen Kohlenwasserstoffen, erfolgt im Festbett (Pulverschüttung), im bewegten Festbett oder im Wirbelbett. Der Katalysator wird in kalzinierter Form im Reaktor eingesetzt, wobei der Beginn der Reaktion die aktiven Zentren des Katalysators vom Oxid zu Metall reduziert werden.In Recently, carbon fibers with diameters in the nanometer range from 3 to 200 nm increasingly found interest. Such hollow fibers with graphite structure caused by thermal decomposition of low molecular weight Carbon compounds on catalytically active metals or metal compounds (CCVD process = catalytic carbon vapor deposition) at temperatures from 400 to 1100 ° C, preferably 450 to 700 ° C. The contacting of catalytically active metals with the gaseous Carbon compound, in particular low molecular weight hydrocarbons, carried out in a fixed bed (powder bed), in a moving fixed bed or in a fluidized bed. The catalyst is in calcined form in Reactor used, with the beginning of the reaction, the active centers of the catalyst can be reduced from oxide to metal.
Der Durchmesser der Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und Fasern wird im wesentlichen durch die Abmessung der katalytisch wirksamen Metallpartikel bestimmt. Zur Trennung der Metallpartikel, deren Abmessungen im Nanometerbereich liegen müssen, und zur Gewährleistung der Handhabbarkeit der Katalysatoren werden diese auf katalytisch inerte Trägermaterialien, meistens Oxidkeramiken, die durch Wasserstoff bei der katalytsichen Reaktion nicht reduziert werden, aufgebracht, so dass sie oberflächliche Domänen von katalytisch wirksamen Metallen bilden, deren Abmessung den Durchmesser der Fasern bestimmt.Of the Diameter of the carbon nanotubes and fibers becomes essentially by the dimension of the catalytically active metal particles certainly. For the separation of metal particles, whose dimensions in Nanometer range, and to ensure the handling of the catalysts they are based on catalytic inert carrier materials, mostly oxide ceramics, by Hydrogen in the catalytic reaction can not be reduced, applied so that they are superficial domains of catalytically active metals whose dimensions are the diameter the fibers determined.
Nachteilig an dem CCVD-Verfahren ist, dass der Katalysator bei der Reaktion inaktiv wird, indem durch die gebildeten Fasern der Zutritt der gasförmigen Kohlenstoffverbindung zu den katalytisch aktiven Domänen zunehmend behindert wird. Die Ausbeute an CNT pro g Katalysator ist abhängig von den Ausgangs-Kohlenstoffverbindungen, dem Katalysatortyp, seiner Struktur und den Verfahrensbedingungen wie Temperatur, Druck, Konzentration, usw..adversely On the CCVD process is that the catalyst in the reaction becomes inactive by the access of the fibers formed by the gaseous carbon compound to the catalytically active Domains increasingly hampered. The yield of CNT per g catalyst is dependent on the starting carbon compounds, the type of catalyst, its structure and process conditions like temperature, pressure, concentration, etc ..
Die
Gemäß
Weiterhin ist es erwünscht, dass die aus Trägermaterialien und Domänen aus katalytisch aktiven Metallen bestehenden Katalysatorteilchen einerseits eine im Hinblick auf die Handhabbarkeit ausreichende Fließfähigkeit aufweisen, also mindestens eine mittlere Teilchengröße im Bereich von einigen μm ausweisen, und andererseits während des katalytischen Prozesses zerfallen, so dass die katalytisch aktiven Domänen bzw. Primärteilchen auch bei wachsenden CNT gut für die gasförmige Ausgangskohlenstoffverbindung zugänglich bleiben bzw. zugänglich werden. Durch die gemeinsame Fällung von Trägermaterialien und katalytisch aktiven Metallen als Hydroxide und anschließende thermische Überführung in Oxide kommt es zu einer zu starken, den Zerfall der Katalysatorteilchen behindernden Versinterung sowie zum Einschluss von katalytisch aktiven Domänen, die dann keine katalytische Aktivität entfalten können.Furthermore, it is desirable for the catalyst particles consisting of support materials and domains of catalytically active metals on the one hand to have sufficient fluidity in terms of handling, ie at least have an average particle size in the range of a few microns, and on the other hand disintegrate during the catalytic process, so that the catalytically active domains or primary particles remain well accessible or accessible even with growing CNT for the gaseous starting carbon compound. The co-precipitation of support materials and catalytically active metals as hydroxides and subsequent thermal conversion into oxides leads to excessive sintering, which hinders the disintegration of the catalyst particles, and to the inclusion of catalytically active Domains that can then develop no catalytic activity.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein einfaches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Katalysatoren anzugeben, das die Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwindet.task The invention is a simple process for the production of To provide catalysts that overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.
Erfindungsgemäß erfolgt die Fällung von katalytisch aktiven Metallen und Trägermaterialien aus entsprechenden Salzlösungen örtlich getrennt ohne Zwischenaufarbeitung vor der Vereinigung der örtlich getrennt entstehenden Fällungssuspensionen. Hierdurch wird es möglich, insbesondere die Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle im Sinne einer gleichmäßigen Partikelgröße zur Erzeugung gleichmäßiger Durchmesser der CNT zu steuern und klar getrennte Primärteilchen von Trägermaterialien und katalytisch aktiven Metallen zu erzeugen.According to the invention the precipitation of catalytically active metals and support materials locally separated from corresponding salt solutions without intermediate work before the union of the local separated precipitation suspensions. This will it is possible, in particular the precipitation of the catalytic active metals in the sense of a uniform particle size for generating uniform diameter of the CNT to control and clearly separate primary particles of support materials and catalytically active metals.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren geht vorzugsweise von einem Sulfatsystem aus, d. h. die Ausgangsverbindungen für die katalytisch aktiven Metalle und die Trägermaterialien werden als wässrige Sulfatlösungen eingesetzt. Die Fällung erfolgt bevorzugt mittels Alkalilauge, insbesondere Ammoniak und/oder Natronlauge, so dass nach Abtrennung des gefällten Feststoffs eine leicht aufzuarbeitende Ammoniumsulfat und/oder Natriumsulfat enthaltende Mutterlauge entsteht.The inventive method is preferably from a sulfate system, d. H. the starting compounds for the catalytically active metals and the support materials are used as aqueous sulfate solutions. The precipitation is preferably carried out by means of alkali hydroxide, in particular Ammonia and / or caustic soda, so that after separation of the precipitated Solid, an easily processed ammonium sulfate and / or sodium sulfate containing mother liquor is formed.
Vorzugsweise erfolgt die Fällung in einem gemeinsamen Behälter mit zwei Bereichen zur Vermischung der die katalytisch aktiven Metalle enthaltenden Salzlösung mit der Basenlösung einerseits und der Trägermaterialsalzlösung mit der Mutterlauge bzw. weiterer Basenlösung andererseits. Dies erlaubt die getrennte Steuerung der Fällungsbedingungen wie pH-Wert, Konzentration und Temperatur für die Fällung von katalytisch aktiven Metallen einerseits und Trägermaterialien andererseits. Die zwei Mischungsbereiche sind zweckmäßig mit je einem Rührer ausgestattet. Die Mischung kann auch durch z. B. tangentiale oder Gegenstrom-Injektion der jeweiligen Reaktionslösungen in den jeweiligen Mischungsbereich erfolgen. Der Mischungsbereich zur Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle beträgt vorzugsweise weniger als 1/100, besonders bevorzugt weniger als 1/500, und mehr als 1/3000 des Behältervolumens, mit entsprechend kurzer Verweilzeit im Mischungsbereich von weniger als einer Minute.Preferably the precipitation takes place in a common container with two areas for mixing the catalytically active metals containing saline solution with the base solution on the one hand and the carrier material salt solution with the mother liquor or further base solution on the other. This allows the separate control of precipitation conditions such as pH, Concentration and temperature for the precipitation of catalytically active metals on the one hand and support materials on the other hand. The two mixing ranges are useful with each equipped with a stirrer. The mixture can also be through z. B. tangential or countercurrent injection of the respective reaction solutions take place in the respective mixing area. The mixing area for the precipitation of the catalytically active metals preferably less than 1/100, more preferably less than 1/500, and more than 1/3000 of the container volume, with corresponding short residence time in the mixing range of less than one minute.
Es ist ebenfalls möglich, die Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle in einem dem Hauptreaktor vorgeschalteten kleinen Reaktor durchzuführen, dessen Volumen weniger als 1/100, vorzugsweise weniger als 1/500 des Hauptreaktors beträgt, wobei eine schnelle Überführung in den Hauptreaktor erfolgen soll, um eine Agglomeration der Fällungsprodukte der katalytisch aktiven Metall untereinander zu vermeiden.It is also possible, the precipitation of the catalytic active metals in a small reactor upstream of the main reactor Reactor whose volume is less than 1/100, preferably less than 1/500 of the main reactor, with a fast transfer to the main reactor should be done to agglomeration of the precipitated products to avoid the catalytically active metal with each other.
Als katalytisch aktive Metalle sind instabile Carbide bildende Metalle, insbesondere Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Sn und Zn und deren Mischungen, geeignet. Sie liegen nach der Fällung als Hydroxide oder Oxyhydroxide vor. Besonders bevorzugt sind Mischungen von Co und Mn im Mengenverhältnis von 1:3 bis 3:1 molar, gegebenenfalls weiterhin modifiziert durch Mo in einer Menge bis 10% molar.When catalytically active metals are unstable carbide-forming metals, in particular Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Sn and Zn and mixtures thereof, suitable. They lie after the precipitation as hydroxides or Oxyhydroxides before. Particularly preferred are mixtures of Co and Mn in the ratio of 1: 3 to 3: 1 molar, optionally further modified by Mo in an amount of up to 10% molar.
Die Metallsalzlösungen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle werden in den Bereich eines ersten Rührers eingetragen, wobei eine hohe Übersättigung der Mutterlauge im Bereich des ersten Rührers erzeugt wird, vorzugsweise durch gleichzeitigen überschüssigen Eintrag von Alkalilauge in den Bereich dieses ersten Rührers. Der pH-Wert im Bereich des ersten Rührers wird nach Vermischen der eingetragenen Salz- und Alkalilösungen vorzugsweise ≥ 12, bevorzugt ≥ 13, besonders bevorzugt ≥ 13,5 gehalten. Durch die hohe Übersättigung kommt es im Bereich des ersten Rührers spontan zu Bildung einer hohen räumlichen Dichte von Keimkristallen der Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle, die durch Kristallwachstum noch vor dem Verlassen des Bereichs des ersten Rührers die eingetragene Metallsalze aufzehren. Durch Steuerung von Konzentration, pH-Wert, Temperatur und Verweilzeit (in Abhängigkeit von den eingesetzten katalytisch aktiven Metallen) im Bereich des ersten Rührers gelingt es, die Partikelgröße der Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle auf die gewünschte Größe einzustellen.The Metal salt solutions of the catalytically active metals entered in the range of a first stirrer, wherein a high supersaturation of the mother liquor in the area of the first stirrer is generated, preferably by simultaneous excess Entry of alkali into the area of this first stirrer. Of the pH in the area of the first stirrer after mixing of the salt and alkali solutions preferably ≥ 12, preferably ≥ 13, more preferably ≥ 13.5 held. The high supersaturation occurs in the area of the first stirrer spontaneously to form a high spatial Density of seed crystals of the hydroxides of the catalytically active Metals by crystal growth even before leaving the area of the first stirrer absorb the registered metal salts. By controlling concentration, pH, temperature and residence time (depending on the used catalytically active Metals) in the area of the first stirrer, the Particle size of the hydroxides of the catalytically active Adjust metals to the desired size.
Ferner kann in den Bereich des ersten Rührers Sauerstoff bzw. sauerstoffhaltiges Gas wie Luft eingedüst werden, um eine gleichzeitige Oxidation beispielsweise von Co2+ zu CoOOH oder Mn2+ zu MnOOH bzw. MnO2 zu bewirken. Hierdurch kann die Partikelgröße des Fällungsproduktes in Richtung feinere Teilchen gesteuert werden.Furthermore, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas such as air can be injected into the region of the first stirrer in order to effect simultaneous oxidation of, for example, Co 2+ to CoOOH or Mn 2+ to MnOOH or MnO 2 . As a result, the particle size of the precipitated product can be controlled in the direction of finer particles.
Bevorzugt ist ein mittlerer Durchmesser der Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle von 5 bis 200 nm, insbesondere bevorzugt zwischen 10 und 100 nm. Durch die nahezu vollständige Fällung der katalytisch aktiven Metalle in kürzester Zeit und die anschließende Vermischung mit der Mutterlauge des Fällungsreaktors, bei der die Konzentration der Hydroxide auf weniger als 1/100, vorzugsweise auf weniger als 1/500, herabgesetzt wird, gelingt es, Hydroxide der katalytisch aktiven Metalle mit einer engen Teilchengrößenverteilung zu erzielen.Preference is given to a mean diameter of the hydroxides of the catalytically active metals of 5 to 200 nm, particularly preferably between 10 and 100 nm. By the almost complete precipitation of the catalytically active metals in a very short time and the subsequent mixing with the mother liquor of the precipitation reactor, in which the Concentration of the hydroxides to less than 1/100, preferably to less than 1/500 ago is discontinued, it is possible to achieve hydroxides of catalytically active metals with a narrow particle size distribution.
Die Trägermetallsalzlösungen werden in den zweiten Rührerbereich eingeleitet und hier mit der alkalischen Mutterlauge vermischt, wobei die Hydroxide des Trägermetalls ausgefällt werden. Je nach gewünschter Abmessung der Trägermetallhydroxide kann zusätzlich eine basische Lösung, vorzugsweise wie im ersten Rührerbereich Ammoniak- und/oder Natriumhydroxidlösung zur Erhöhung der Übersättigung eingespeist werden. Ein pH-Wert von 8 bis 11 ist hier im allgemeinen ausreichend. Besonders bevorzugt erfolgt die Fällung der Trägermaterialien bei einem pH-Wert von 9 bis 10,5.The Carrier metal salt solutions are in the second Stirring initiated and here with the alkaline Mother liquor mixed, wherein the hydroxides of the carrier metal be precipitated. Depending on the desired dimension the carrier metal hydroxides may additionally include a basic solution, preferably as in the first stirrer area Ammonia and / or sodium hydroxide solution to increase the supersaturation are fed. A pH from 8 to 11 is generally sufficient here. Especially preferred the precipitation of the carrier materials takes place a pH of 9 to 10.5.
Bevorzugte Trägermetalle sind Mg, Al, Ca, Si, Ti, Y, Zr und deren Mischungen, die durch Gehalte an V, Mo und/oder W modifiziert werden können. Bevorzugt sind Mg oder Al, insbesondere Mg, weiter bevorzugt mit bis zu 10 Mol% Mo.preferred Support metals are Mg, Al, Ca, Si, Ti, Y, Zr and theirs Mixtures modified by levels of V, Mo and / or W. can. Preferably, Mg or Al, in particular Mg, are further preferably with up to 10 mol% Mo.
Die Fällungsbedingungen für die Trägermetallhydroxide werden so eingestellt, dass Hydroxidteilchen mit einem mittleren Durchmesser von dem 2- bis 10-fachen des Durchmessers der Hydroxidteilchen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle entstehen.The Precipitation conditions for the carrier metal hydroxides are adjusted so that hydroxide particles with a middle Diameter of 2 to 10 times the diameter of the hydroxide particles of the catalytically active metals.
Vorzugsweise werden die Salze der katalytisch aktiven Metalle und die Salze der Trägermetalle im molaren Verhältnis zwischen 0,2 und 2, vorzugsweise zwischen 0,7 und 1,3, gerechnet als Oxide, in den Reaktor eingeführt.Preferably the salts of the catalytically active metals and the salts of Carrier metals in a molar ratio between 0.2 and 2, preferably between 0.7 and 1.3, calculated as oxides, in introduced the reactor.
Nach Fällung der jeweiligen Hydroxide wird die erhaltene Suspension noch einen Zeitraum gerührt, so dass eine Agglomeration der Hydroxidteilchen bewirkt wird. Dieser Zeitraum kann sich über 0,5 bis 10 Stunden, vorzugsweise 1 bis 3 Stunden, erstrecken. Dabei lagern sich bevorzugt zunächst unterschiedliche Hydroxidteilchen aneinander an, so dass in den Agglomeraten überwiegend Trägermaterialprimärteilchen mit oberflächlichen Aktivmaterialteilchen porös agglomeriert sind. Überwiegend werden dabei sphäroidische Agglomeratteilchen erhalten, die einen mittleren Agglomeratdurchmesser von bis zu 80 μm, vorzugsweise 2 bis 50 μm, insbesondere bevorzugt weniger als 20 μm, aufweisen. Die sphärischen Agglomeratteilchen weisen eine Porosität von > 5 Vol%, bevorzugt > 10 Vol% und besonders bevorzugt von > 20 Vol% auf.To Precipitation of the respective hydroxides becomes the obtained suspension stirred for a period of time, leaving an agglomeration the hydroxide is effected. This period can be over 0.5 to 10 hours, preferably 1 to 3 hours. there initially store preferably different hydroxide particles to each other, so that in the agglomerates predominantly Support material primary particles with superficial Active material particles are agglomerated porous. Mostly Spheroidal agglomerate particles are thereby obtained, which has a mean agglomerate diameter of up to 80 μm, preferably 2 to 50 μm, more preferably less than 20 μm. The spherical agglomerate particles have a porosity of> 5% by volume, preferably> 10% by volume and more preferably of> 20% by volume.
Die erhaltenen, aus Träger-Primärteilchen und katalytisch aktiven Primärteilchen bestehenden Agglomerate werden von der Mutterlauge abgetrennt, neutral gewaschen und getrocknet und an Luft bei 350 bis 500°C kalziniert.The obtained, from carrier primary particles and catalytically active primary particles are made up of agglomerates the mother liquor separated, washed neutral and dried and Calcined in air at 350 to 500 ° C.
Die Kalzinierung im Anschluss an die Trocknung kann auch unmittelbar vor der Durchführung des katalytischen Prozesses vor oder im Rahmen der Aktivierungsphase erfolgen.The Calcination following drying can also be immediate before performing the catalytic process before or during the activation phase.
Es
ist in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle nicht
erforderlich den kalzinierten Katalysator einem Mahlvorgang zu unterwerfen.
In
Die Abtrennung von Partikeln aus der Mutterlauge kann durch an sich bekannte Verfahren, beispielsweise durch Sedimentation, in Zyklonen, Rotationsabscheidern oder durch Filtration, erfolgen. Die erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatorpulver können zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Kohlenstofffasern eingesetzt werden.The Separation of particles from the mother liquor can by itself known processes, for example by sedimentation, in cyclones, Rotary separators or by filtration, take place. The invention Catalyst powders can be used to produce carbon nanotubes and / or carbon fibers are used.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend am Beispiel der Herstellung von Katalysatorteilchen mit Kobalt/Mangan-Aktivmetallen und Magnesium/Aluminium-Trägermetallen näher erläutert.The Invention will be described below using the example of the preparation of catalyst particles with cobalt / manganese active metals and magnesium / aluminum carrier metals explained in more detail.
Beispiele 1 bis 7:Examples 1 to 7:
Es
wird ein Reaktor gemäß
Die mittlere Katalysatorteilchengröße wird optisch zu 35 bis 40 μm Durchmesser bestimmt. Die Teilchen bestehen aus sphärisch agglomerierten Trägerteilchen, die oberflächlich mit einer Vielzahl kleinerer Oxidteilchen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle belegt sind.The average catalyst particle size becomes optical determined to 35 to 40 microns in diameter. The particles exist of spherically agglomerated carrier particles which superficial with a variety of smaller oxide particles the catalytically active metals are occupied.
Die Aktivität der Katalysatorpulver wird wie folgt getestet: Jeweils 0,5 g des Katalysatorpulvers werden in dünner Schicht in ein Quarzschiffchen gefüllt, das in ein Quarzglasrohr eingeschoben wird. Das Quarzglasrohr wird in einen Rohrofen eingelegt und beidseitig an Gasleitungen angeschlossen. Das Quarzglasrohr wird mit einer Mischung aus 60 Vol.-% Wasserstoff und 40 Vol.-% Argon gespült und unter strömendem Spülgas langsam auf 630°C aufgeheizt, wobei die Oxidteilchen der katalytisch aktiven Metalle zum Metall reduziert werden. Aufgrund der dadurch bedingten Volumenabnahme der katalytisch aktiven Primärteilchen kommt es in den Agglomeraten zu Spannungen, die zum Zerfall der Agglomerate führen. Nach 60 Minuten wird dann 50% des Spülgases durch Ethen (Ethylen) ersetzt. Tabelle 1: The activity of the catalyst powders is tested as follows: in each case 0.5 g of the catalyst powder are filled in a thin layer into a quartz boat which is inserted into a quartz glass tube. The quartz glass tube is placed in a tube furnace and connected to gas pipes on both sides. The quartz glass tube is rinsed with a mixture of 60 vol .-% hydrogen and 40 vol .-% argon and heated slowly under flowing purge gas to 630 ° C, wherein the oxide particles of the catalytically active metals are reduced to the metal. Due to the consequent decrease in volume of the catalytically active primary particles, there are stresses in the agglomerates which lead to the disintegration of the agglomerates. After 60 minutes then 50% of the purge gas is replaced by ethene (ethylene). Table 1:
Nach
120 Minuten wird unter Spülgas wieder langsam abgekühlt,
das Quarzschiffchen entnommen und das Gewicht des Produktes bestehend
aus CNT und Katalysatorpulver bestimmt. Das Ergebnis ist in Tabelle
2 dargestellt. Tabelle 2:
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNGQUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- - EP 1401763 B1 [0005] - EP 1401763 B1 [0005]
- - WO 2006/050903 [0006] - WO 2006/050903 [0006]
Claims (12)
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DE102008004135.1A DE102008004135B4 (en) | 2008-01-11 | 2008-01-11 | catalyst powder |
EP08870192A EP2231329A2 (en) | 2008-01-11 | 2008-12-18 | Catalyst powder |
PCT/EP2008/067877 WO2009087040A2 (en) | 2008-01-11 | 2008-12-18 | Catalyst powder |
TW098100550A TWI433728B (en) | 2008-01-11 | 2009-01-09 | Catalyst powder |
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DE (1) | DE102008004135B4 (en) |
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EP2835177A1 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-02-11 | Bayer Technology Services GmbH | Method for preparing Co-Mn on carbon catalysts and their use in carbon nanotube synthesis |
DE102015108749A1 (en) | 2015-06-02 | 2016-12-08 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Process for the large-scale, wet-chemical preparation of ZnO nanoparticles with the aid of air bubbles |
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EP1401763B1 (en) | 2001-07-03 | 2005-03-30 | Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix | Catalyst supports and carbon nanotubes produced thereon |
WO2006050903A2 (en) | 2004-11-13 | 2006-05-18 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Catalyst for producing carbon nanotubes by means of the decomposition of gaseous carbon compounds on a heterogeneous catalyst |
DE102005032071A1 (en) * | 2005-07-08 | 2007-01-11 | Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg Gemeinnützige Stiftung e.V. | Nanoporous catalyst particles, their preparation and their use |
DE102006007147A1 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2007-08-23 | Bayer Technology Services Gmbh | Process for the continuous production of catalysts |
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AT36124B (en) | 1905-04-17 | 1909-02-10 | Albert Hellwig | Apparatus for accelerating the filtration and leaching of substances containing extract. |
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IT1248656B (en) * | 1990-05-29 | 1995-01-26 | Mini Ricerca Scient Tecnolog | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THE PRECURSOR OF A PRECIPITATED CATALYST FOR THE SUMMARY OF AMMONIA. |
JP3858625B2 (en) * | 2000-07-27 | 2006-12-20 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | Composite oxide and its production method, exhaust gas purification catalyst and its production method |
FR2826596B1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2004-08-13 | Toulouse Inst Nat Polytech | CATALYTIC COMPOSITION FOR THE SELECTIVE MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES ORDERED IN FLUIDIZED BED, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME |
JP3797313B2 (en) * | 2002-10-28 | 2006-07-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Method for producing metal oxide particles and catalyst for exhaust gas purification |
WO2005115612A1 (en) * | 2004-05-28 | 2005-12-08 | Mintek | Catalyst containing gold on support containing zinc oxide and production and use thereof |
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2008
- 2008-01-11 DE DE102008004135.1A patent/DE102008004135B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-12-18 WO PCT/EP2008/067877 patent/WO2009087040A2/en active Application Filing
- 2008-12-18 EP EP08870192A patent/EP2231329A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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2009
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TW200948478A (en) | 2009-12-01 |
EP2231329A2 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
WO2009087040A2 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
TWI433728B (en) | 2014-04-11 |
DE102008004135B4 (en) | 2014-03-06 |
WO2009087040A3 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
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