CN88101238A - 向钛合金叶片上涂敷保护层的方法及按此法获得的叶片 - Google Patents

向钛合金叶片上涂敷保护层的方法及按此法获得的叶片 Download PDF

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CN88101238A
CN88101238A CN88101238.6A CN88101238A CN88101238A CN 88101238 A CN88101238 A CN 88101238A CN 88101238 A CN88101238 A CN 88101238A CN 88101238 A CN88101238 A CN 88101238A
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vanadium
titanium
blade
powder
fusing point
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CN1012908B (zh
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安德烈·库尔翁
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Areva NP SAS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
    • B23K35/005—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a refractory metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/327—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C comprising refractory compounds, e.g. carbides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
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Abstract

叶片上待涂敷的部分沉积一层纯钒粉并升温至稍高于其熔点。随后向钒层上沉积一种粉末混合物。该粉末中按重量计算有1/3的碳化钛，氮化钛或硼化钛，这些钛化合物用马氏体或奥氏体不锈钢作结合剂。这种粉末随后升温至高于其熔点但低于钒的熔点。一种钛合金叶片的外表面有厚度至少1mm的保护层(5)，其中按重量计算有1/3的碳化钛，氮化钛或硼化钛，并以马氏体或奥氏体不锈钢为结合剂，前述涂层覆盖钒底层(6)，钒底层厚度为0.5～1.5mm。按此法获得的叶片具有极高的抗水滴磨蚀性能。

Description

本发明涉及向钛合金叶片上涂敷保护层的方法及按此法获得的叶片。
钛合金叶片的优点是其强度-密度比高，并在强腐蚀环境中有优良的机械性能。
然而，当在汽轮机中使用钛合金叶片时，尤其是其园周速度高时，蒸汽中形成的水滴会使之迅速损坏。
因而这类叶片的外表面必须加以保护。
根据本发明，钛合金叶片的特点是，其外表至少有1mm厚的碳化钛，氮化钛或硼化钛涂层，这些钛化合物结合在马氏体或奥氏体不锈钢母体金属内，此涂层覆盖钒底层，钒底层厚度在0.5～1.5mm之间。
此涂层的涂敷方法是：先将钒粉沉积在待涂覆的表面上，再使粉末升温至略高于钒的熔点。
随后，将一种多相粉末混合物沉积在钒层上。这种混合物重量的三分之一为碳化钛，氮化钛或硼化钛。这种钛化合物结合在马氏体或奥氏体不锈钢，尤其是含有铬、钴和/或钼和/或镍的不锈钢的粉末中。再将该粉末升温至高于其熔点，但又低于钒的熔点。
利用此方法，在第一阶段就只有极少量钒掺入钛合金叶片中。同样，在第二阶段，前述合金掺入钒底层中的量也十分有限。此外，该合金层的熔化对已形成的钒底层和叶片的结合没有影响。
为了尽量限制掺入现象发生，最好利用快速和局部加热，例如使用带移动式感应器的高频感应加热或激光束加热。
利用下述附图详细说明本发明：
图1为本发明的叶片的透视图;
图2为图1叶片的截面图;
图3为图2剖面的局部放大图;
图4示出了用于实施本发明的装置。
图1中的汽轮机叶片包括叶根1和扭转叶片2、进汽边3和出汽边4。保护层5则沿着进气边3的压缩侧边涂覆在叶片端部。进汽边上的保护层也可延伸至扭转叶片2的背弧表面。钒底层（6）则夹在扭转叶片及最后涂层之间。（图2）
叶片是用含6%的铝及含3.5%～4.5%钒的钛合金制成。
以下是一个利用无限激光束再熔化涂敷保护层方法的实例：
叶片上待涂敷的表面先用常规方法处理后向其上喷射基本纯净（纯度＞98%）的钒粉。这种钒粉由尺寸小于0.5μm的球状颗粒组成。利用再熔化过程涂上的钒量应足以保证最终钒底层6的厚度大于1mm。
将一束CO2激光束9引向待涂敷叶片的扭转叶片（2）表面。光束9则被惰性气体（如氩）进口所环绕，此气体也冲击扭转叶片2（见图4）。
喷嘴11将粉末喷向扭转叶片的待涂表面。
惰性气氛可以防止与氧、氢或氮发生的有害反应。
钒粉然后加热到1950℃与2000℃之间。钒的熔点是1900℃，而钛合金的是约2400℃。其结果是钒虽已熔化，但钛合金基体仍呈半固态。这一点对获得二者的牢固结合，并减少钒掺入合金基体内特别理想。含钒4%的钛合金允许掺入少量钒（见图3），只是在局部增加了βWydmanstaetten层状构造。
这一掺钒合金层7的厚度极薄，小于1/10mm。
冷却后，合金粉末连同结合剂粉末都沉积在钒底层6上。
按重量计，这种多相粉末中的1/3是硬质材料，如碳化钛、氧化钛或硼化钛，其余是结合剂，含铬9～18%的马氏体钢，还可能加入1～3%的钼及1～8%的钴以使之具有抗腐蚀性能，或含镍3～8%的奥氏体不锈钢。
碳化钛的粉粒尺寸应小于0.5μm，而硼化钛或氮化钛的粉粒尺寸应小于0.2μm，最好在0.1μm左右。
从钒底层外缘计算，这种多相粉末应至少沉积3～4mm以确保扭转叶片的钛合金完全不和含碳化钛，氮化钛或硼化钛的合金接触。
当应用激光再熔化过程时，可应用图4中的装置将粉末喷射到钒底层上，并将其加热至比这种合金的熔点（1400℃～1500℃）高50℃而使之熔化。由于此温度大大低于钒的熔点，因而该层合金掺入钒层极少（见图3），同时钒和叶片基体间保持了完整的结合，掺入了合金的钒层8也非常薄。（小于1/10mm）。
涂敷合金层的厚度约1.5mm。因而可在700℃左右进行常规消除应力处理。当结合剂中含3～8%的镍时，碳化钛、氮化钛或硼化钛涂层就应在450℃～500℃下进行四小时的硬化处理以使其洛氏硬度大于HRC60。
当结合剂中含镍低于3%时，为了使涂层洛氏硬度大于HRC60，就应在高于1050℃下在氮气气氛中进行淬火处理。
虽然较理想的涂敷方法是应用惰性气体保护下的激光束来喷射粉末，但也可应用其它方法，尤其是惰性气体保护下用等离子体再熔化或惰性气体保护下的高频感应加热再熔化。
当利用感应加热时，最好使用带有可移动感应器的高频感应加热炉。当叶片置于炉内后则将感应炉抽真空或保持惰性气氛（如氩气）并进行预热，随后对粉末层逐点加热，每加热点直径为30mm，每点加热20秒至75秒，随后再步进20mm。
如前述，钒粉层在第一次操作中加热并熔化。随后，在第二循环中把合金粉沉积在钒层上之后，把合金层加热熔化而不引起钒层熔化。

Claims (4)

1、向钛合金叶片(1)上涂敷保护层的方法，其中叶片上待涂敷的部分先沉积上纯钒粉，再将粉末升温至略高于钒的熔点以形成钒涂层(6)，随后再将多相粉末混合物沉积在钒层上，这种多相粉末中含有约 1/3 (按重量计)的碳化钛、氮化钛或硼化钛，结合剂是马氏体或奥氏体不锈钢，尤其是含有9～18%的铬的不锈钢，随后将这种多相粉末升温至高于其熔点但低于钒的熔点。
2、根据权利要求1的方法，其中采用的氮化钛或硼化钛粉末直径约为0.1μm。
3、根据前述权利要求的方法，其中粉末在惰性气氛中用激光束喷射并熔化。
4、钛合金叶片，其中有一外表涂敷层（5），其厚度至少1mm，涂层中按重量计含有 1/3 的碳化钛，氮化钛或硼化钛，结合剂为马氏体或奥氏体不锈钢，涂敷层（5）覆盖在钒底层（6）上，钒层厚度在0.5mm～1.5mm之间。
CN88101238A 1987-03-09 1988-03-09 向钛合金叶片上涂敷保护层的方法及按此法获得的叶片 Expired CN1012908B (zh)

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FR8703172A FR2612106B1 (fr) 1987-03-09 1987-03-09 Procede de pose d'un revetement protecteur sur une aube en alliage de titane et aube ainsi revetue
FR8703172 1987-03-09

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AU (1) AU599212B2 (zh)
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US4832993A (en) 1989-05-23
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DE3865219D1 (de) 1991-11-07
FR2612106B1 (fr) 1989-05-19
CN1012908B (zh) 1991-06-19
KR880011361A (ko) 1988-10-28
AU1272988A (en) 1988-09-08
AU599212B2 (en) 1990-07-12
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BR8801015A (pt) 1988-10-11

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