CN208028017U - A kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X-ray framing camera - Google Patents
A kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X-ray framing camera Download PDFInfo
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- CN208028017U CN208028017U CN201820039489.7U CN201820039489U CN208028017U CN 208028017 U CN208028017 U CN 208028017U CN 201820039489 U CN201820039489 U CN 201820039489U CN 208028017 U CN208028017 U CN 208028017U
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Abstract
The utility model is related to a kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X-ray framing cameras, including no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, image pinhole array, gate pulse ganerator and CCD camera, wherein, no gain microchannel plate image converter tube connects gate pulse ganerator, receives the strobe signal of gate pulse ganerator transmitting;Image pinhole array is arranged in the front side of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, and the rear side in no gain microchannel plate image converter tube is arranged in CCD camera;X-ray passes through image pinhole array image-forming to no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, the photoelectron of generation is gated by no gain microchannel plate, and accelerated by screen pressure, visible light is generated after bombarding the fluorescent screen without gain microchannel plate image converter tube, CCD camera acquires the image on fluorescent screen.By implementing the utility model, the temporal resolution of X-ray framing camera can be effectively improved.
Description
Technical field
The utility model is related to framing camera field, more specifically to a kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and
Gate X-ray framing camera.
Background technology
Microchannel plate (Microchannel plate, MCP), which gates X-ray framing camera, has higher temporal resolution
And spatial resolution, it is in inertial confinement fusion (inertial confinement fusion, ICF) and Z-pinch experiments
One of most important diagnostic device.What is used at present has gain microchannel plate, due to electron transit time disperse in microchannel plate
Limitation, the raising of temporal resolution is difficult to make a breakthrough.The temporal resolution of functionization framing camera is 60- at present
100ps uses thin microchannel plate (thickness 0.2mm) technology, temporal resolution can be improved to 35ps or so, but this camera
Poor signal to noise, and thin microchannel plate is fragile.
Utility model content
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to above-mentioned for the prior art has the gain microchannel plate time point
Resolution cannot meet the defect of ICF fusion combustion phases requirements, provide a kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X-ray
Framing camera.
Technical solution adopted by the utility model to solve its technical problems is:Construct a kind of no gain microchannel plate transshaping
Pipe, including:Micro-strip cathode, impedance tapered line, without gain microchannel plate and fluorescent screen, wherein
The micro-strip cathode connects the impedance tapered line, and receives strobe signal by the impedance tapered line;
The micro-strip cathode is arranged on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate, the optical signal conversion for that will receive
For photoelectron;
The output end in the no gain microchannel plate is arranged in the fluorescent screen, micro- across the no gain for receiving
The photoelectron of channel plate simultaneously sends out fluorescence.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate image converter tube described in the utility model, the micro-strip cathode evaporation is in the nothing
On the input face of gain microchannel plate, the micro-strip cathode includes copper film and golden film;The output face of the no gain microchannel plate
Upper vapor deposition has copper film identical with thickness on input face and golden film;
The thickness of the golden film is 150nm, and the thickness of the copper film is 200nm.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate image converter tube described in the utility model, the micro-strip cathode are four, every institute
It states micro-strip cathode and connects an impedance tapered line;
The micro-strip Cathode width is 6mm, and two micro-strip the moon pole spacings are 2mm;
The impedance tapered line is exponential impedance tapered line.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate image converter tube described in the utility model, the beveling of the no gain microchannel plate
Angle is 6 °, thickness 0.5mm, and channel diameter is 12 μm;
Distance of the output face of the no gain microchannel plate apart from the fluorescent screen is 0.5mm.
In addition, the utility model also provides a kind of no gain microchannel plate gating X-ray framing camera, including it is micro- logical without gain
Guidance tape image converter tube, image pinhole array, gate pulse ganerator and CCD camera, wherein
The no gain microchannel plate image converter tube connects the gate pulse ganerator, receives the gate pulse ganerator
The strobe signal of transmitting;The image pinhole array is arranged in the front side of the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, described
The rear side in the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube is arranged in CCD camera;
X-ray passes through the image pinhole array image-forming to the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, the photoelectron of generation
It is gated by the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, and accelerated by screen pressure, bombard the no gain microchannel plate transshaping
Visible light is generated after the fluorescent screen of pipe, the CCD camera acquires the image on the fluorescent screen.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate described in the utility model gates X-ray framing camera, the gate pulse hair
Raw device connects the radio-frequency joint of the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube by coaxial cable;
The gate pulse ganerator includes avalanche transistor and diode clipping circuit, and the avalanche transistor generates super
Fast step high-voltage pulse, then slicing processing is carried out to ultrafast step high-voltage pulse by the diode clipping circuit, export institute
State strobe signal.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate described in the utility model gates X-ray framing camera, the gate pulse hair
The input terminal of raw device connects the trigger circuit for exporting trigger signal, the output end connection signal amplification of the trigger circuit
Device, the signal amplifier connect the gate pulse ganerator by adjustable delay circuit;
The trigger signal carries out delay process, adjustment after signal amplifier amplification by the adjustable delay circuit
The trigger signal afterwards inputs the gate pulse ganerator.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate described in the utility model gates X-ray framing camera, and the no gain is micro- logical
Guidance tape image converter tube includes:Micro-strip cathode, impedance tapered line, without gain microchannel plate and fluorescent screen, wherein
The micro-strip cathode connects the impedance tapered line, and receives strobe signal by the impedance tapered line;
The micro-strip cathode is arranged on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate, the optical signal conversion for that will receive
For photoelectron;
The output end in the no gain microchannel plate is arranged in the fluorescent screen, micro- across the no gain for receiving
The photoelectron of channel plate sends out fluorescence.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate described in the utility model gates X-ray framing camera, and the micro-strip cathode steams
It is plated on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate, the micro-strip cathode includes copper film and golden film;The no gain microchannel
Vapor deposition has copper film identical with thickness on input face and golden film in the output face of plate;
The thickness of the golden film is 150nm, and the thickness of the copper film is 200nm.
Preferably, no gain microchannel plate described in the utility model gates X-ray framing camera, and the micro-strip cathode is
Four, every micro-strip cathode connects an impedance tapered line;The micro-strip Cathode width is 6mm, and two described micro-
The cloudy pole spacing of band is 2mm;The impedance tapered line is exponential impedance tapered line;
The angle of chamfer of the no gain microchannel plate is 6 °, thickness 0.5mm, and channel diameter is 12 μm;The no gain
Distance of the output face of microchannel plate apart from the fluorescent screen is 0.5mm.
The utility model without gain microchannel plate gating X-ray framing camera include no gain microchannel plate image converter tube,
Image pinhole array, gate pulse ganerator and CCD camera, wherein no gain microchannel plate image converter tube connection gating arteries and veins
Generator is rushed, the strobe signal of gate pulse ganerator transmitting is received;Image pinhole array is arranged in no gain microchannel
The rear side in no gain microchannel plate image converter tube is arranged in the front side of plate image converter tube, CCD camera;X-ray passes through image pinhole battle array
Row are imaged onto no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, and the photoelectron of generation is gated by no gain microchannel plate, and are pressed by screen
Accelerate, generates visible light after bombarding the fluorescent screen without gain microchannel plate image converter tube, CCD camera acquires the figure on fluorescent screen
Picture.By implementing the utility model, the temporal resolution of X-ray framing camera is effectively improved.
Description of the drawings
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawings and embodiments, the utility model is described in further detail, in attached drawing:
Fig. 1-2 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube of the utility model;
Fig. 3 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of no gain microchannel plate gating X-ray framing camera of the utility model;
Fig. 4 a are the still images that the utility model framing camera experimental verification obtains;
Fig. 4 b are the dynamic images that the utility model framing camera experimental verification obtains;
Fig. 5 is the experiment value and Gauss curve fitting curve graph that the utility model framing camera experimental verification obtains;
Fig. 6 is gain-time plot that the utility model framing camera theoretical modeling obtains;
Fig. 7 be the temporal resolution for the camera that the utility model framing camera experimental verification obtains, output signal strength with
The relational graph of DC offset voltage.
Specific implementation mode
For a clearer understanding of the technical features, objectives and effects of the utility model, now control attached drawing is detailed
Illustrate specific embodiment of the present utility model.
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube of the utility model.
Specifically, this includes without gain microchannel plate image converter tube:It is micro-strip cathode 103, impedance tapered line 104, micro- without gain
Channel plate 101 and fluorescent screen 102, wherein micro-strip cathode 103 connects impedance tapered line 104, and is connect by impedance tapered line 104
Receive strobe signal;Micro-strip cathode 103 is arranged on the input face of no gain microchannel plate 101, the light letter for that will receive
Number be converted to photoelectron;In addition, micro-strip cathode 103 has the function of microstrip line, gate pulse is transmitted.The setting of fluorescent screen 102 exists
Output end without gain microchannel plate 101, for receiving the photoelectron across no gain microchannel plate 101 and sending out fluorescence.
No gain microchannel plate 101 only does channel use, does not have gain effect, i.e., without 101 conduit wall of gain microchannel plate without secondary
Electron emission layer, electronics will be absorbed without after being collided with no 101 conduit wall of gain microchannel plate and will produce secondary electron, only
Have the suitable photoelectron in emitted energy and direction could not collision channel wall, from no gain microchannel plate 101 be emitted.
Micro-strip cathode 103 is vaporized on the input face of no gain microchannel plate 101, and micro-strip cathode 103 includes copper film and gold
Film, wherein copper film is vaporized on first on the input face of no gain microchannel plate 101, and golden film is then deposited on copper film again.Without increasing
Vapor deposition has copper film identical with thickness on input face and golden film in the output face of beneficial microchannel plate 101, wherein without gain microchannel
Copper film is deposited in the output face of plate 101 first, golden film is then deposited on copper film again, and copper film and golden film covering are entirely without increasing
The output face of beneficial microchannel plate 101.It is the front view of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, wherein 4 impedances are gradually with reference to figure 2
Modified line 104 is arranged on no gain microchannel plate 101.Every impedance tapered line 104 connects micro-strip cathode 103, impedance tapered line
104 be exponential impedance tapered line 104, and width narrows from the width,.Fluorescent screen 102 closes on no gain microchannel plate 101 and is arranged,
At 105 middle part of pipe flange, no 101 edge of gain microchannel plate is provided with pressure ring 106 and high frequency PC plate 107 for fluorescent screen setting.
Preferably, the thickness of golden film is 150nm, and the thickness of copper film is 200nm.
Preferably, micro-strip cathode 103 is four, and every micro-strip cathode 103 connects an impedance tapered line 104;Micro-strip is cloudy
103 width of pole is 6mm, between two micro-strip cathodes 103 between be divided into 2mm.
Preferably, the utility model without gain microchannel plate image converter tube, the angle of chamfer of no gain microchannel plate 101 is
6 °, thickness 0.5mm, channel diameter is 12 μm;
Distance of the output face of no gain microchannel plate 101 apart from fluorescent screen 102 is 0.5mm.
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram that a kind of no gain microchannel plate 101 of the utility model gates X-ray framing camera.
Specifically, this without gain microchannel plate 101 gate X-ray framing camera, including without gain microchannel plate image converter tube,
Image pinhole array 30, gate pulse ganerator 204 and CCD camera 40, wherein no gain microchannel plate image converter tube connects
Selecting gate generator 204 receives the strobe signal that gate pulse ganerator 204 emits;Image pinhole array 30 is set
It sets in the front side of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, the rear side in no gain microchannel plate image converter tube is arranged in CCD camera 40.X
Ray is imaged onto no gain microchannel plate image converter tube by image pinhole array 30, and the photoelectron of generation passes through no gain microchannel
Plate image converter tube is gated, and is accelerated by screen pressure, and bombardment generates visible after the fluorescent screen 102 without gain microchannel plate image converter tube
Light, CCD camera 40 acquire the image on fluorescent screen 102.
Gate pulse ganerator 204 connects the radio-frequency joint without gain microchannel plate image converter tube by coaxial cable.Because of nothing
The impedance of the radio-frequency joint of gain microchannel plate image converter tube and the micro-strip cathode 103 of microchannel plate is different, thus radio-frequency joint and
One section of impedance tapered line 104 is needed between micro-strip cathode 103, ensures the impedance matching of transmission line in gate pulse transmission process.It is excellent
The resistance value of selection of land, coaxial cable is 50 Ω.
Gate pulse ganerator 204 includes avalanche transistor and diode clipping circuit, and avalanche transistor generates ultrafast rank
Jump high-voltage pulse, then carries out slicing processing, output strobe letter to ultrafast step high-voltage pulse by diode clipping circuit
Number.Preferably, strobe signal is picosecond strobe signal.
Further, the input terminal of gate pulse ganerator 204 connects the trigger circuit 201 for exporting trigger signal, touches
The output end connection signal amplifier 202 of Power Generation Road 201, signal amplifier 202 connect gating arteries and veins by adjustable delay circuit 203
Rush generator 204;Trigger signal carries out delay process after the amplification of signal amplifier 202 by adjustable delay circuit 203, after adjustment
Trigger signal input gate pulse ganerator 204.
Specifically, including without gain microchannel plate image converter tube:It is micro-strip cathode 103, impedance tapered line 104, micro- logical without gain
Guidance tape 101 and fluorescent screen 102, wherein micro-strip cathode 103 connects impedance tapered line 104, and is received by impedance tapered line 104
Strobe signal;Micro-strip cathode 103 is arranged on the input face of no gain microchannel plate 101, the optical signal for that will receive
Be converted to photoelectron;The output end in no gain microchannel plate 101 is arranged in fluorescent screen 102, micro- across no gain for receiving
The photoelectron of channel plate 101 sends out fluorescence.
Micro-strip cathode 103 is vaporized on the input face of no gain microchannel plate 101, and micro-strip cathode 103 includes copper film and gold
Film, wherein copper film is vaporized on first on the input face of no gain microchannel plate 101, and golden film is then deposited on copper film again.Without increasing
Vapor deposition has copper film identical with thickness on input face and golden film in the output face of beneficial microchannel plate 101, wherein without gain microchannel
Copper film is deposited in the output face of plate 101 first, golden film is then deposited on copper film again, and copper film and golden film covering are entirely without increasing
The output face of beneficial microchannel plate 101.Preferably, the thickness of golden film is 150nm, and the thickness of copper film is 200nm.
Preferably, the utility model without gain microchannel plate image converter tube, micro-strip cathode 103 is four, every micro-strip the moon
Pole 103 connects an impedance tapered line 104;103 width of micro-strip cathode is 6mm, between two micro-strip cathodes 103 between be divided into 2mm;Resistance
Anti- transition line 104 is exponential impedance tapered line 104;The angle of chamfer of no gain microchannel plate 101 is 6 °, thickness 0.5mm, is led to
A diameter of 12 μm of road;Distance of the output face of no gain microchannel plate 101 apart from fluorescent screen 102 is 0.5mm.
Further, the utility model gates X-ray framing camera without gain microchannel plate 101 to this by experiment and tests
Card.Experimental result and notional result are as shown in Fig. 4 a, Fig. 4 b, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.
The measurement that no gain microchannel plate 101 gates framing camera temporal resolution passes flux of light method using optical fiber.When no increasing
Beneficial microchannel plate 101 only the DC voltage of load -700V when, obtain the still image of optical fiber as shown in fig. 4 a.When no gain is micro-
When the load amplitude of channel plate 101 is the bias voltage of -1.5kV, the gate pulse that width is 145ps and -300V, optical fiber Dynamic Graph
As shown in Figure 4 b.Dynamic image and still image are normalized, it is poor further according to fiber delay time, it will be normalized dynamic
State is converted into Annual distribution as light intensity spatial distribution, and the results are shown in Figure 5 for acquisition.Half Gao Quan of Gauss curve fitting curve in Fig. 5
Wide (Full Width at Half Maximum, FWHM) is 59ps, i.e., the temporal resolution of camera is 59ps.
When on no gain microchannel plate 101 plus amplitude is -1.5kV, width is 145ps gate pulse and -300V it is straight
When stream biasing, the notional result of gain-time graph of acquisition is as shown in Figure 6.The notional result of temporal resolution is 50ps, than
The result 59ps actually measured will be got well, and one of reason is in experiment, and gate pulse is constantly decayed in transmission process, micro-
Gate pulse amplitude on channel plate micro-strip cathode 103 is less than -1.5kV, is limited to experiment condition, is still unable to measure micro-strip at present
Gate pulse amplitude on cathode 103.
Measure temporal resolution, output signal strength and the DC offset voltage added by no gain microchannel plate 101 of camera
Relationship it is as shown in Figure 7.It can be obtained by Fig. 7, the DC offset voltage born added by no gain microchannel plate 101 is smaller, time resolution
Rate is better, but output signal strength reduces.
It has developed no gain microchannel plate 101 and gates X-ray framing camera.When no gain microchannel plate 101 loads width
When the direct current biasing of value -1.5kV, the gate pulse of width 145ps and -300V, the temporal resolution for obtaining camera is 59ps, than
Theoretical time resolution ratio 50ps is slightly poor.Change microchannel plate DC offset voltage, it is inclined with microchannel plate to obtain temporal resolution
Set the relationship of voltage.It can be obtained by experimental result, with the reduction of bias voltage, temporal resolution improves, but gain reduction.Cause
This, needs to select suitable bias voltage so that temporal resolution and gain can be met the requirements.Follow-up work is by development of new
Attack circuit, obtain the very high gate pulse of narrower in width, amplitude, further increase no gain microchannel plate 101 and select
The temporal resolution of logical X-ray framing camera.Second is that electron beam time-reversal mirror system and no gain microchannel plate 101 are gated X
Ray framing camera is combined, and improves the temporal resolution of whole system.
Above example is only the technical concepts and features for illustrating the utility model, and its object is to allow be familiar with technique
Personage can understand the content of the utility model and implement accordingly, the scope of protection of the utility model can not be limited.It is all with
The equivalent changes and modifications that the utility model claims range is done, should all belong to the utility model claims covers model
It encloses.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, which is characterized in that including:Micro-strip cathode (103), impedance tapered line (104),
Without gain microchannel plate (101) and fluorescent screen (102), wherein
The micro-strip cathode (103) connects the impedance tapered line (104), and is received and selected by the impedance tapered line (104)
Strobe signal;
The micro-strip cathode (103) is arranged on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate (101), the light letter for that will receive
Number be converted to photoelectron;
Fluorescent screen (102) setting is used to receive across the nothing in the output end of the no gain microchannel plate (101)
The photoelectron of gain microchannel plate (101) simultaneously sends out fluorescence.
2. no gain microchannel plate image converter tube according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the micro-strip cathode (103) is steamed
It is plated on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate (101), the micro-strip cathode (103) includes copper film and golden film;The nothing
Vapor deposition has copper film identical with thickness on input face and golden film in the output face of gain microchannel plate (101);
The thickness of the golden film is 150nm, and the thickness of the copper film is 200nm.
3. no gain microchannel plate image converter tube according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the micro-strip cathode (103)
It it is four, every micro-strip cathode (103) connects an impedance tapered line (104);
Micro-strip cathode (103) width is 6mm, between two micro-strip cathodes (103) between be divided into 2mm;
The impedance tapered line (104) is exponential impedance tapered line (104).
4. no gain microchannel plate image converter tube according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the no gain microchannel plate
(101) angle of chamfer is 6 °, thickness 0.5mm, and channel diameter is 12 μm;
Distance of the output face of the no gain microchannel plate (101) apart from the fluorescent screen (102) is 0.5mm.
5. a kind of no gain microchannel plate gates X-ray framing camera, which is characterized in that including no gain microchannel plate transshaping
Pipe, image pinhole array (30), gate pulse ganerator (204) and CCD camera (40), wherein
The no gain microchannel plate image converter tube connects the gate pulse ganerator (204), receives the gate pulse and occurs
The strobe signal of device (204) transmitting;The image pinhole array (30) is arranged in the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube
Front side, the rear side in the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube is arranged in the CCD camera (40);
X-ray is imaged onto the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, the photoelectron of generation by the image pinhole array (30)
It is gated by the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube, and accelerated by screen pressure, bombard the no gain microchannel plate transshaping
The fluorescent screen (102) of pipe generates visible light afterwards, and the CCD camera (40) acquires the image on the fluorescent screen (102).
6. no gain microchannel plate according to claim 5 gates X-ray framing camera, which is characterized in that the gating
Impulse generator (204) connects the radio-frequency joint of the no gain microchannel plate image converter tube by coaxial cable;
The gate pulse ganerator (204) includes avalanche transistor and diode clipping circuit, and the avalanche transistor generates
Ultrafast step high-voltage pulse, then slicing processing, output are carried out to ultrafast step high-voltage pulse by the diode clipping circuit
The strobe signal.
7. no gain microchannel plate according to claim 6 gates X-ray framing camera, which is characterized in that the gating
The input terminal of impulse generator (204) connects the trigger circuit (201) for exporting trigger signal, the trigger circuit (201)
Output end connection signal amplifier (202), the signal amplifier (202) pass through adjustable delay circuit (203) connection described in
Gate pulse ganerator (204);
The trigger signal is after the signal amplifier (202) amplification by the adjustable delay circuit (203) into line delay
Reason, the trigger signal after adjustment input the gate pulse ganerator (204).
8. no gain microchannel plate according to claim 5 gates X-ray framing camera, which is characterized in that the no increasing
Beneficial microchannel plate image converter tube includes:Micro-strip cathode (103), impedance tapered line (104), without gain microchannel plate (101) and fluorescence
Shield (102), wherein
The micro-strip cathode (103) connects the impedance tapered line (104), and is received and selected by the impedance tapered line (104)
Strobe signal;
The micro-strip cathode (103) is arranged on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate (101), the light letter for that will receive
Number be converted to photoelectron;
Fluorescent screen (102) setting is used to receive across the nothing in the output end of the no gain microchannel plate (101)
The photoelectron of gain microchannel plate (101) sends out fluorescence.
9. no gain microchannel plate according to claim 8 gates X-ray framing camera, which is characterized in that the micro-strip
Cathode (103) is vaporized on the input face of the no gain microchannel plate (101), the micro-strip cathode (103) include copper film and
Golden film;Vapor deposition has copper film identical with thickness on input face and golden film in the output face of the no gain microchannel plate (101);
The thickness of the golden film is 150nm, and the thickness of the copper film is 200nm.
10. no gain microchannel plate according to claim 8 gates X-ray framing camera, which is characterized in that the micro-strip
Cathode (103) is four, and every micro-strip cathode (103) connects an impedance tapered line (104);The micro-strip cathode
(103) width is 6mm, between two micro-strip cathodes (103) between be divided into 2mm;The impedance tapered line (104) is that exponential form hinders
Anti- transition line (104);
The angle of chamfer of the no gain microchannel plate (101) is 6 °, thickness 0.5mm, and channel diameter is 12 μm;The no gain
Distance of the output face of microchannel plate (101) apart from the fluorescent screen (102) is 0.5mm.
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Cited By (1)
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CN108183057A (en) * | 2018-01-10 | 2018-06-19 | 深圳大学 | A kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X ray framing camera |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108183057A (en) * | 2018-01-10 | 2018-06-19 | 深圳大学 | A kind of no gain microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X ray framing camera |
CN108183057B (en) * | 2018-01-10 | 2024-03-19 | 深圳大学 | Gain-free microchannel plate image converter tube and gating X-ray framing camera |
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