CN205607838U - Wheat spike number measuring device - Google Patents
Wheat spike number measuring device Download PDFInfo
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- CN205607838U CN205607838U CN201620408568.1U CN201620408568U CN205607838U CN 205607838 U CN205607838 U CN 205607838U CN 201620408568 U CN201620408568 U CN 201620408568U CN 205607838 U CN205607838 U CN 205607838U
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- tritici aestivi
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Abstract
The utility model relates to an agricultural equipment technical field especially relates to a wheat spike number measuring device. The utility model provides a wheat spike number measuring device, but this measuring device including height -adjusting's support and measurement holder, hot infrared measurement unit and image processing unit on locating the support, hot infrared measurement unit is connected with image processing unit, measurement holder's top is located to hot infrared measurement unit to make measurement holder be located the visual angle range of hot infrared measurement unit. Shoot the ear of wheat image in the measurement holder through hot infrared measurement unit to transmit it to image processing unit, obtain the ear of wheat quantity in the measurement holder, and then convert out the ear of wheat sum of arbitrary area area. The ear of wheat and the blade that the colour is close, the calculating efficiency and the degree of accuracy that have improved ear of wheat quantity can will be distinguished to hot infrared measurement unit through setting up, device in this application can be applicable to different climatic environment, has fine stability and reliability.
Description
Technical field
This utility model relates to agricultural equipment technical field, particularly relates to a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number and measures
Device, is specifically related to a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number survey that can improve and measure wheat head recovery efficiency and accuracy
Amount device.
Background technology
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number refers to the wheat head number in a certain wheat planting region, is that product process surveyed by Semen Tritici aestivi
One of important parameter.Meanwhile, the preferably offer important evidence that Semen Tritici aestivi spike number is new variety of wheat,
Therefore it is also one of the parameter that must measure of breeding expert.
At present, there is various ways to be used for the measurement of wheat yield, mainly include that field is manually surveyed
Amount, electric capacity survey product, climatic analysis prediction and year's harvest forecast etc..But, owing to field conditions is little
Wheat growth is intensive, growing way is different and enormous amount, and the hand-held one meter of long ruler of breeding expert enters
Field, the Semen Tritici aestivi quantity that in the different breeding plot independent rows of measuring and calculating, one meter of long scope is comprised,
And then the wheat head sum in estimation community, this mode wastes time and energy, and artificial at field conditions
Number fringe, count results has much relations with the density of individual's subjectivity and selected counting region Semen Tritici aestivi,
Different personnel are relatively big to the measurement result deviation in same plot, are difficult to obtain accurate data.Except this
Outside, breeding plot enormous amount, region quantity to be measured is many and field conditions is complicated, manually
Measurement efficiency is low.And electric capacity is surveyed product, climatic analysis prediction and year's harvest forecast mode and be there is subjective shadow
Ring big, cost height and the effect of the little scope accurate measure in local can not be accomplished.
Along with improving constantly of the breeding level of IT application, image recognition technology is utilized to carry out field wheat
Fringe counting becomes a kind of trend.Have researcher the most both at home and abroad image procossing and video to be supervised
During the application of control technology monitors with plant growth, such as: by photographic head based on can be by photoimaging side
Formula, extracts the color of the wheat head, textural characteristics, uses graphical analysis mode to calculate wheat head skeleton number
Amount and the quantity of wheat head skeleton useful cross, carry out wheat head quantity calculating;Or pass through digital camera
Shooting is required measures wheat head photo, and captured wheat head photo is used image procossing mode, point
Analyse based on color characteristic and wheat head partitioning scheme based on image texture characteristic, and used the wheat head
Skeleton angle point quantity carries out field wheat head counting.But, above-mentioned image recognition technology existing defects,
Photographic head or digital camera shooting wheat head image is used to belong to visible images style of shooting, if
This mode is used to carry out the mode of land for growing field crops wheat head counting, owing to wheat head color and leaf color are close,
And visible ray is easily affected by illumination factor at outdoor images acquisition process, it is difficult to ensure Image Acquisition
Stability, it is difficult to fundamentally solve the field wheat head and accurately obtain a difficult problem.In addition, also
Captured wheat head image need to be carried out a series of image characteristics extraction, such as color, texture
And contour feature extracts, the most also needing the technical characteristic to extracting to refine, operating procedure is many,
Also be unfavorable for wheat head quantity quick, accurately obtain.
Utility model content
(1) to solve the technical problem that
The technical problems to be solved in the utility model is to solve existing wheat head measurement apparatus to exist main
Viewing ring big, cost high, Image Acquisition easily by such environmental effects, image analysis step is complicated,
It is difficult to ensure that Image Acquisition stability and the problem being unfavorable for quick and precisely obtaining wheat head quantity.
(2) technical scheme
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, this utility model provides a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number and measures dress
Putting, this Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus includes height-adjustable support and is located on described support
Gage frame, thermal infrared measuring unit and graphics processing unit, described thermal infrared measuring unit with
Described graphics processing unit connects;Described thermal infrared measuring unit is located at the upper of described gage frame
Side, and make described gage frame be positioned at the angular field of view of described thermal infrared measuring unit.
Wherein, described gage frame includes 4 L being symmetrical in described gage frame center arrangement
Type splice, described 4 stretchable formulas of L-type splice are stitched together composition rectangular frame.
Wherein, described support is provided with the slide rail that vertical direction is arranged, described gage frame is passed through
Slide block moves along described slide rail.
Wherein, described graphics processing unit includes image acquisition subelement and graphical analysis subelement.
Wherein, described thermal infrared measuring unit is thermal infrared movement.
Wherein, this Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus also includes for described thermal infrared measuring unit and image
Processing unit provides the power subsystem of electric energy.
Wherein, described thermal infrared measuring unit is connected with described graphics processing unit by data wire.
(3) beneficial effect
Technique scheme of the present utility model has the advantage that this utility model provides one
Kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus, this Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus include height-adjustable support and
Gage frame, thermal infrared measuring unit and the graphics processing unit being located on support, thermal infrared is surveyed
Amount unit is connected with graphics processing unit;Thermal infrared measuring unit is located at the top of gage frame,
And make gage frame be positioned at the angular field of view of thermal infrared measuring unit.During operation, by heat
Wheat head image in infrared survey unit photographs gage frame, and by wheat head image transmitting to image
Processing unit, thus obtain the wheat head quantity in gage frame, and then converse arbitrary region face
Long-pending wheat head sum, processing method is simple, processes the time short, is favorably improved measurement efficiency.
There are differences with blade breathing transpiration, by arrange because being in the wheat head of pustulation period Semen Tritici aestivi
Thermal infrared measuring unit significantly can be distinguished in the thermal infrared images obtained according to this species diversity
The wheat head that color is close and blade, improve the measuring and calculating accuracy of wheat head quantity;Simultaneously as
The wheat head is determined by Wheat Physiological Characteristics, not by environmental factors with the breathing transpiration difference of blade
Impact, therefore the Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus in the application can be suitably used for Different climate environment, tool
There are good stability and reliability.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the concrete structure of a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus in this utility model embodiment one
Schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is the process flowchart of graphics processing unit in this utility model embodiment one;
Fig. 3 to Fig. 4 is to use wheatear number measurement apparatus in this utility model embodiment one to obtain
The result of the test processing procedure figure of wheat head quantity;
Fig. 5 is to use wheatear number measurement apparatus in this utility model embodiment one to obtain wheat head number
The result of the test figure of amount.
In figure: 1: thermal infrared imaging movement;2: panel computer;3: support;4: measurement frame
Frame.
Detailed description of the invention
For making the purpose of this utility model embodiment, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below
The accompanying drawing in this utility model embodiment will be combined, to the technical side in this utility model embodiment
Case is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is of the present utility model one
Section Example rather than whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in this utility model, this
It is every other that field those of ordinary skill is obtained on the premise of not making creative work
Embodiment, broadly falls into the scope of this utility model protection.
Embodiment one
As it is shown in figure 1, this utility model embodiment provides a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus,
This Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus includes height-adjustable support 3 and is located at the measurement on support 3
Framework 4, thermal infrared measuring unit and graphics processing unit, thermal infrared measuring unit and image procossing
Unit connects;Thermal infrared measuring unit is located at the top of gage frame 4, and makes gage frame 4
It is positioned at the angular field of view of thermal infrared measuring unit.In the present embodiment, thermal infrared measuring unit
Being fixed on the top of support 3, support 3 is used for fixing thermal infrared imaging movement 1, panel computer 2
And gage frame 4, gage frame 4 distance can be regulated accordingly by the height of regulation support 3
The height on ground, for ensureing measuring accuracy, actually used procedure regulation gage frame 4 to Semen Tritici aestivi
At canopy;After the height of complete gage frame 4 to be regulated, carry out phase by the height of regulation support 3
The height of thermal infrared measuring unit range measurement framework 4 should be regulated, make gage frame 4
In the angular field of view of thermal infrared measuring unit, in order to can be by all wheat heads in gage frame 4
According to entirely, improve the degree of accuracy of wheat head quantity test value.
Particularly, support 3 can realize adjustable-height, such as in several ways: support 3
Can assemble by the way of tubule is sheathed in big pipe, wherein, tubule can be along the axle of big pipe
Slided and fixed by locking mechanism in line direction;Or support is arranged and phase by many vertical directions
Adjacent pipe way uses threaded pipe to constitute, and by precession or back-out, regulates adjacent tubes
The relative distance of son, thus realizes support adjustment in the height direction.In the application can
The support of regulation height can use aforesaid way to realize, but is not only limited to aforesaid way.
Specifically, during operation, by the wheat head in thermal infrared measuring unit shooting gage frame 4
Image, and by wheat head image transmitting to graphics processing unit, thus obtain in gage frame 4
Wheat head quantity, and then converse the wheat head sum of arbitrary region area, process the time short, help
Efficiency is measured in improving.Transpiration existence is breathed with blade because being in the wheat head of pustulation period Semen Tritici aestivi
Difference, can distinguish the close wheat head of color and blade by the thermal infrared measuring unit arranged, carry
The high measuring and calculating accuracy of wheat head quantity;Simultaneously as the difference of the wheat head and blade is given birth to by Semen Tritici aestivi
Reason characteristic determines, not by such environmental effects, and the therefore Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus in the application
Can be suitably used for Different climate environment, there is good stability and reliability.
Specifically, gage frame 4 includes 4 L-types being symmetrical in gage frame 4 center arrangement
Splice, 4 stretchable formulas of L-type splice are stitched together composition rectangular frame.Can be according to reality
Border needs, and gage frame 4 is arranged to required specification size, it is not necessary to make the measurement of many specifications
Framework 4, simple and convenient, and the most cost-effective input.Wherein, the splicing of stretchable formula can be led to
Cross various ways to realize, such as: between adjacently positioned L-type splice, Flexible Connector can be provided with,
Gage frame 4 is stretched to required measurement specification, and is fixed by strut;Spell in each L-type
Fitting is provided with slide rail, and adjacently positioned L-type splice is moved along slide rail by connecting plate,
And fixed by bearing pin or bolt.
Particularly, the gage frame 4 in the Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus in the application is black side
Shape framework, and gage frame 4 is stretchable to different specification size, the height of support 3 can simultaneously
Adjusting, actually used procedure regulation gage frame 4 to wheat canopy place, gage frame 4 is for really
Surely Semen Tritici aestivi spike number region to be measured is treated, it is simple to the Semen Tritici aestivi spike number carrying out breeding plot or whole plot is surveyed
Amount, also can meet the Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement requirement of multiple zones of different area.
What deserves to be explained is, the altitude mixture control of gage frame 4 in the vertical direction can be passed through
Slide block and the motion mode of slide rail, but it is not only limited to this connected mode, it is also possible to pass through motor
And the mode of ball wire bar pair.
Specifically, graphics processing unit includes image acquisition subelement and graphical analysis subelement.
Wheat head image in thermal infrared measuring unit shooting gage frame 4, and by wheat head image transmitting
To image acquisition subelement, and by graphical analysis subelement, wheat head image is analyzed, with
Obtain the wheat head quantity in gage frame 4.Wherein, graphics processing unit can be single-chip microcomputer,
Can also be microcomputer, in the present embodiment, graphics processing unit be panel computer 2.
Preferably, thermal infrared measuring unit is thermal infrared movement 1.Thermal infrared movement 1 light weight, can
Strong by property, certainty of measurement is high, and belongs to the thermal infrared test device of low-power consumption, can effectively support
The macrocyclic wheat head measures operation.In the present embodiment, thermal infrared imaging movement 1 is used to obtain
The canopy thermal infrared images of Semen Tritici aestivi, used thermal infrared movement 1 temperature resolution is 0.05 DEG C,
The thermal infrared images resolution obtained is 384 × 288.
Specifically, use thermal infrared imaging mode that the Semen Tritici aestivi being in the pustulation period is carried out imaging, because of
The wheat head of pustulation period Semen Tritici aestivi and blade are breathed transpiration and be there are differences, and this difference is at thermal infrared figure
As difference is notable.And owing to this difference is determined by Wheat Physiological Characteristics, not by ambient lighting because of
Element impact, therefore this measurement apparatus is applicable to Different climate environment, have outstanding stability and
Reliability.
Further, this Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus also includes for thermal infrared measuring unit and image
Processing unit provides the power subsystem of electric energy.Wherein, power subsystem can be external ac power source,
Being alternatively rechargeable battery, in the present embodiment, thermal infrared movement 1 and panel computer 2 all pass through
Rechargeable battery is powered, easy to use, it is ensured that the Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus in the application
Can at field conditions normally, effectively work.Specifically, thermal infrared movement 1 and panel computer 2
All can be powered by 12V rechargeable battery.
Specifically, thermal infrared measuring unit is connected with graphics processing unit by data wire.At this
In embodiment, thermal infrared imaging movement 1 uses USB interface to be connected with panel computer 2, flat board
Computer 2 obtains the thermal infrared images information of the wheat head by USB interface;This utility model also provides for
A kind of using method of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus, including following operating procedure:
S1, place a stent into by the region to be measured that need to carry out Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement, and respectively survey
Amount framework, thermal infrared measuring unit and graphics processing unit are fixed on support;Meanwhile, will survey
Amount frame drawing is to required specification size, such as 50cm × 50cm;For obtaining optimum wheat head test
Data, specifically, first the height of regulation gage frame 4 is to wheat canopy, is in measurement frame
The wheat head within frame 4 is measuring and calculating object, subsequently by the altitude mixture control thermal infrared of adjusting pole 3
The height of movement 1 range measurement framework 4, to guarantee that gage frame 4 is in thermal infrared movement 1
Angular field of view in;
S2, thermal infrared measuring unit is connected with graphics processing unit, and starts thermal infrared and measure
Unit and graphics processing unit, for starting to measure ready work;In the present embodiment, heat
Infrared imaging movement 1 uses USB interface to be connected with panel computer 2, and panel computer 2 passes through
USB interface obtains the thermal infrared images information of the wheat head;
S3, obtain the wheat head image in gage frame by thermal infrared measuring unit and transmitted
To graphics processing unit;Specifically, the wheat in gage frame 4 is shot by thermal infrared movement 1
Fringe image, and transmit to image acquisition subelement;In the present embodiment, by thermal infrared machine
It is gray level image after wheat head image acquired in core 1 is stored, as shown in Figure 3;
S4, by the wheat head image in graphics processing unit analytical procedure S3, to obtain measurement frame
Wheat head quantity in frame;Specifically, by the wheat head in graphical analysis subelement analytical procedure S3
Image also calculates wheat head quantity, to obtain the wheat head quantity in the range of gage frame 4.
Specifically, the main bag of wheat spike number metering is carried out according to acquired thermal infrared images
Include following steps, the most as shown in Figure 2:
St1, acquisition field wheat head thermal infrared images;
St2, according to the wheat head in thermal infrared images and blade and the grey value difference of background, by ash
Degree stretching conversion carries out image enhaucament, the most such as to the wheat head thermal infrared images obtained in step St1
Shown in Fig. 4;Specifically, gray scale tension values is set between 0 and 255, can be greatly enhanced the wheat head
With the contrast between background (all pictures in addition to the wheat head, including blade and straw);
If the gray scale of the wheat head and blade is distributed mainly between a to b, arrive if its gray scale is stretched to 0
Between 255, then in artwork gray value be the pixel of P stretched after gray value P0=255
×(P-a)/(b-a);
After St3, threshold transformation, little area removes interference information, extracts wheat head image;After strengthening
Step St2 in picture carry out threshold transformation, and the image after threshold transformation is carried out little area
Remove interference information, obtain wheat head image, the most as shown in Figure 5;
The wheat head image obtained in St4, extraction step St3, and its each region is carried out respectively point
Analysis, according to region concavity and convexity calmodulin binding domain CaM area, carries out wheat head quantity calculating;Specifically, knot
Close concavity and convexity index (Convex) and the area (Area) in each region, carry out wheat head number calculating;Wherein,
The area that definition is this region of the concavity and convexity index (Convex) in region is external with this region minimum
The area ratio of rectangle, Convex value is the least, shows that this region shape is irregular, can be determined as
2 or the more wheat head are sticked together and are formed.
Concavity and convexity Convex according to each region and area Area, the calculating of Semen Tritici aestivi total spike number N
Method is:
If Convex > 0.7 and Area≤1.5A, this region wheat head quantity is calculated as N1;
If Convex > 0.7 and Area > 1.5A, this region wheat head quantity is calculated as N2;
If Convex≤0.7 and Area≤2.5A, this region wheat head quantity is calculated as N3;
If Convex≤0.7 and 2.5A < Area≤3.5A, this region wheat head quantity is calculated as N4;
If Convex≤0.7 and Area > 3.5A, this region wheat head quantity is calculated as N5;
Semen Tritici aestivi total spike number N=N1+2 × N2+2 × N3+3 × N4+4 × N5;
In formula, A is the average area of the single wheat head.
Specifically, in step s 2, thermal infrared measuring unit is by data wire and image procossing list
Unit connects, it is possible to by wireless connections or other signal connected mode.
Embodiment two
Further, support 3 is provided with the slide rail that vertical direction is arranged, gage frame 4 is passed through
Slide block moves along slide rail, can carry out along the vertical direction of support 3 realizing gage frame 4
Altitude mixture control.Preferably, for reaching preferable shooting effect, gage frame 4 is located to be measured
In region at wheat canopy.Wherein, vertical direction refers to be perpendicular to the direction on ground.Wherein,
Slide block can be connected with motor, is driven by motor so that slide block moves on slide rail;Certainly,
In the present embodiment, the drive form only with motor also it is not only limited to.
Thus, in the present embodiment, gage frame 4 can be by itself and the slidable connection of support
Realizing altitude mixture control, automaticity is high, and then is favorably improved testing precision.Especially
, in the present embodiment, it is possible to by the altitude mixture control of support and gage frame 4 and support can
It is slidably connected to combine and together gage frame 4 is regulated to wheat canopy, save further
The adjustment time, improve testing efficiency.Other technical scheme and the technical scheme phase in embodiment one
With, for avoiding repeating, do not do extra elaboration at this.
In sum, this utility model provides a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus, this wheatear
Number measurement apparatus includes height-adjustable support and the gage frame being located on support, thermal infrared
Measuring unit and graphics processing unit, thermal infrared measuring unit is connected with graphics processing unit;Heat
Infrared survey unit is located at the top of gage frame, and makes gage frame be positioned at thermal infrared measurement
In the angular field of view of unit.During operation, by thermal infrared measuring unit shooting gage frame
Wheat head image, and by wheat head image transmitting to graphics processing unit, thus obtain in gage frame
Wheat head quantity, and then converse arbitrary region area the wheat head sum, process the time short, have
Help improve and measure efficiency.Deposit with blade breathing transpiration because being in the wheat head of pustulation period Semen Tritici aestivi
In difference, the close wheat head of color and blade can will be distinguished by the thermal infrared measuring unit arranged,
Improve the measuring and calculating accuracy of wheat head quantity;Simultaneously as the difference of the wheat head and blade is by Semen Tritici aestivi
Physiological property determines, is not affected by ambient lighting factor, and therefore the Semen Tritici aestivi spike number in the application is surveyed
Amount device can be suitably used for Different climate environment, has good stability and reliability.
It is last it is noted that above example is only in order to illustrate the technical solution of the utility model,
It is not intended to limit;Although this utility model being described in detail with reference to previous embodiment,
It will be understood by those within the art that: it still can be to described in foregoing embodiments
Technical scheme modify, or wherein portion of techniques feature is carried out equivalent;And this
A little amendments or replacement, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from this utility model and respectively implement
The spirit and scope of example technical scheme.
Claims (7)
1. a Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus, it is characterised in that: include height-adjustable support
And it is located at the gage frame on described support, thermal infrared measuring unit and graphics processing unit, institute
State thermal infrared measuring unit to be connected with described graphics processing unit;Described thermal infrared measuring unit sets
In the top of described gage frame, and it is single to make described gage frame be positioned at the measurement of described thermal infrared
In the angular field of view of unit.
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described
Gage frame includes 4 L-type splices being symmetrical in described gage frame center arrangement, described 4
The individual stretchable formula of L-type splice is stitched together composition rectangular frame.
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that:
Described support is provided with the slide rail that vertical direction is arranged, described gage frame passes through slide block along institute
State slide rail to move.
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described
Graphics processing unit includes image acquisition subelement and graphical analysis subelement.
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described
Thermal infrared measuring unit is thermal infrared movement.
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: also wrap
Include the power subsystem that electric energy is provided for described thermal infrared measuring unit and graphics processing unit.
Semen Tritici aestivi spike number measurement apparatus the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described
Thermal infrared measuring unit is connected with described graphics processing unit by data wire.
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105842164A (en) * | 2016-05-06 | 2016-08-10 | 北京农业信息技术研究中心 | Wheat spike number measuring device and use method thereof |
CN107064146A (en) * | 2017-05-15 | 2017-08-18 | 柳州环山科技有限公司 | A kind of computer based wheat spike number measurement apparatus |
CN109843034A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2019-06-04 | 巴斯夫农化商标有限公司 | Production forecast for wheatland |
-
2016
- 2016-05-06 CN CN201620408568.1U patent/CN205607838U/en active Active
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105842164A (en) * | 2016-05-06 | 2016-08-10 | 北京农业信息技术研究中心 | Wheat spike number measuring device and use method thereof |
CN109843034A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2019-06-04 | 巴斯夫农化商标有限公司 | Production forecast for wheatland |
CN109863530A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2019-06-07 | 巴斯夫农化商标有限公司 | Determine the grain weight of grain ear |
CN109843034B (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2022-08-23 | 巴斯夫农化商标有限公司 | Yield prediction for grain fields |
CN109863530B (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2022-11-15 | 巴斯夫农化商标有限公司 | Method, system and computer-readable storage medium for determining grain weight of ears |
CN107064146A (en) * | 2017-05-15 | 2017-08-18 | 柳州环山科技有限公司 | A kind of computer based wheat spike number measurement apparatus |
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