CN1975112A - Shield tunnel subsidence control method based on exploring radar - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present invention belongs to the field of tunnel and underground engineering technology. In the concrete, it relates to a shield tunnel settlement control method based on ground-detecting radar. Said control method includes the following steps: adopting ground-detecting radar equipment to make sectional and longitudinal detection of slurry injection after shield tunnel wall, determining and estimating dielectric constant of slurry injection material, making model testing detection to obtain data, extracting characteristic image and characteristic wave, utilizing wavelet neural network automatic identification method to obtain slurry injection layer distribution form, combining said slurry injection layer distribution form with ground settlement monitoring data and making analysis, then defining further construction measure for implementing settlement control according to the detected and analyzed result.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to tunnel and underground construction technical field, be specifically related to a kind of shield tunnel subsidence control method based on ground penetrating radar.
Background technology
Though shield Method has experienced the development of nearly two a century, it has been a quite ripe construction technology, still there are many problems in the posterior settlement control and the construction quality management that cause but it is constructed in soft soil layer, these cause the excessive deformation of stratum generation on every side, cause a lot of unnecessary engineering accidents.Cause mainly containing of subway engineering accident:
(1) vertical differential settlement of subway tunnel operation phase.Mainly comprise: duct piece connector opens even leaks, leaks mud and track rigidity railway roadbed and tunnel duct piece and breaks away from.
(2) double-O-tube shield settlement after construction problem.Sea-gull piece top produces the back of the body soil phenomenon of coming to nothing, and the stress of column is concentrated problems such as destruction.
(3) by-pass construction freezing method problem.Freeze in the construction freezing method process scope determine and the worker after the tunnel thaw collapse also be the problem that tunnel structure safety is produced a very large impact.
From the problem that subway work ran into, in the constructing tunnel process: in soft soil layer, adopt the shield construction tunnel,, must cause surface deformable even cause the distortion of tunnel structure itself because of stratum loss and soil disturbance.The ground settlement that causes with the engineering slurry balance shield construction of threaded list road, south, East Road, Yan'an, Fig. 1 Shanghai is an example.Since the shield tail haul out ground settlement that the back produces be the shield-tunneling construction disturbance produce final ground settlement about 60%.And the method that solves this key issue is exactly the structure void that generation is filled in slip casting timely after the shield tail is hauled out, and controls grouting amount, grouting pressure and slip casting position etc. accurately.
The problem that is run into from the tunnel operation process of present use: the vertical uneven subsidence of shield tunnel mainly is present in the built shield tunnel, is the influence of environment to shield tunnel.Because the variation of environment, the surrounding soil displacement, underground water runs off, the tunnel inhomogeneous deformation that factor such as liquefaction of soil for sleeping in causes under the tunnel that vibration causes.And big vertically inhomogeneous deformation all has certain potential threat to the safety and the comfortableness of tunnel structure safety, subway train operation.As above iron Line 1 in Haiti began to start building in 1989, be open to the traffic to nineteen ninety-five, and be article one subway tunnel in Shanghai.Owing to also lacked experience in the soft soil layer in Shanghai, building the subterranean railway tunnel at that time, build up from the tunnel, sedimentation in various degree just appears in running tunnel, after operation in a few years, and serious differential settlement and distortion that subway sectional tunnel produces.
At the above several problems that have a strong impact on the subway tunnel structural safety, a main way of solution is exactly slip casting.But at present, relatively blindly to the control measure of the vertical differential settlement in tunnel.Concrete way is the settlement observation data according to the face of land, in the big place of sedimentation, on the relevant position, carries out secondary or control slip casting by the injected hole of imbedding in early days in the tunnel.In this case, the force value of slip casting, slurries amount, range of grouting and a series of problems such as effect of finally controlling sedimentation all have certain uncertainty.Therefore, must detect the clay distribution after the tunnel wall, slip casting effect.
Owing to the disguise of tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining, the document from state's Neva is published does not still have solid detection means at present simultaneously.In the construction of current subway tunnel in Shanghai, only rely on the control device in the construction, comprise the slip casting time, grouting pressure, grouting amounts etc., the sedimentation and deformation in combined ground settlement observation, tunnel itself are monitored and are carried out quality control.Because the part characteristic of slurries, such as flowability, bleeding, permeability, gelation rate etc., and the characteristic on stratum of living in, tunnel, for example the tunnel degree of depth (goes up overburden layer thickness, be overlying burden), the concrete castability of soil layer, to phreatic permeability and phreatic flowability or the like factor, behind condition might not be uniformly to injecting cement paste in the section of jurisdiction, slurries may run off along some slurry path that overflows, cause grouting amount very big, grouting pressure does not increase.Carry out grouting behind shaft or drift lining in certain constructing tunnel and above-mentioned situation occurs,, still adhere to original grouting pressure standard because worry the TERM DEFORMATION in tunnel.Find that at last slurries flow in the discarded bomb shelter along the soil body slit of splitting.Such thing generation main cause is exactly the slip casting detection means that does not have corresponding maturation.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of shield tunnel subsidence control method based on ground penetrating radar.
The shield tunnel subsidence control method that the present invention proposes based on ground penetrating radar, adopting dynamic circulation feedback method DAC method (is D-detect; A-analyse; C-control) carry out shield tunnel subsidence control, be summarized as follows:
Mainly be to adopt ground penetrating radar equipment that the shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining is carried out full section and detection longitudinally in the D-detection process.
The A-analytic process mainly comprises: at first obtain the injecting paste material dielectric constant by measuring or estimating, and the model testing GPR that is applied to tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer surveys, GPR Forward modelling result and the on-the-spot data of surveying, therefrom extract characteristic image and characteristic wave by analysis, then it is imported sample as training, utilize the automatic identification procedure of wavelet neural network, obtain the distributional pattern of tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer; Analyze in conjunction with face of land settlement monitoring data in case of necessity.
C-determines next step Construction Control Measures according to above analysis result, and promptly the C process mainly is by adjusting construction parameter and carrying out the second compensation grouting method.For the effect of access control measure need be carried out on-the-spot detection, i.e. process D again.Form the circulation dynamic process, until control shield tunnel differential settlement distortion in full force and effect.(Fig. 1 is the flow process of this method).
The shield tunnel subsidence control method that the present invention proposes based on ground penetrating radar, its concrete steps are as follows:
(1) the shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining is carried out lossless detection: adopt ground penetrating radar equipment that full section in tunnel and detection are longitudinally carried out in the slip casting of shield tail, from described slip casting, obtain echo;
Ground penetrating radar, or title geological radar (Ground Penetrate/Probing Radar), being called for short GPR, is to utilize the reflection of high-frequency electromagnetic wave beam to survey invisible objective body or subsurface interface, to determine a kind of high-resolution electromagnetic scanning technology of its inner constructional form or position.
When the basic principle of ground penetrating radar utilizes electromagnetic wave to propagate exactly, on the interface that the dielectric constant of medium changes, produce the principle of reflection and refraction in medium, obtain the degree of depth of reflecting interface by analysis the emission echo.
(2) adopt Network Analyzer that shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining dielectric material characterisitic parameter is surveyed;
At present, permanent really for the electromagnetic wave velocity of wave often is to estimate velocity of electromagnetic waves according to the dielectric constant as constant.And the dielectricity feature of medium is unknown before detection behind the actual tunnel wall, and according to specific time and site changes because of the variation of frequency, in order to obtain being fit to the medium dielectric property parameter of frequency change, need measure the dielectric constant of grouting behind shaft or drift lining material.Can survey shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining dielectric material characterisitic parameter by the coaxial probe method.Instrument commonly used is the HP8753E Network Analyzer, and employings swept frequency range is 30KHz～6GHz, and this instrument can divide 401 sections automatically and carries out frequency sweep in the frequency range of needs detection, provides the relative dielectric constant value of the medium under the different frequency.
Can also estimate according to former empirical data surveying except utilizing Network Analyzer.The dielectric constant of gained is the call parameter that model testing ground penetrating radar, forward simulation and the on-the-spot data of surveying are handled.
(3) by to test of shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining detection model and forward simulation, the grouting layer lossless detection is demarcated characteristic image and characteristic wave;
Model testing: by can reach the purpose that instructs actual tunnel to survey to data analysis.The difference that model testing is mainly formed from injecting paste material, the difference of distributional pattern, different detection times and several main aspects such as structure void that may exist are analyzed.The signal of Fig. 2 model testing is surveyed characteristic image and the characteristic wave that obtains grouting layer by the ground penetrating radar to model testing, and imports sample as the training that the wavelet neural network image is discerned automatically.
Forward simulation:
Consider based on the characteristic that the shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining distributes, simulate the simulation that the ground penetrating radar electromagnetic wave is propagated in the medium behind the tunnel section of jurisdiction with Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FDTD).When the grouting behind shaft or drift lining model construction, suppose that firing angle is zero, do not consider the influence of magnetic conductivity, obtained the echo reflection model of GPR detection grouting behind shaft or drift lining according to the electromagnetic wave principle, several basic points according to the FDTD application, the forward simulation step that radar electromagnetic wave is propagated in the medium behind wall is summarized as follows: the basic parameter of medium behind the input tunnel duct piece wall, set up structural model, obtain and the input stimulus source discrete source is advanced diff, make it to become the point of corresponding time step, utilize Finite Difference-Time Domain branch principle to calculate electromagnetic wave propagation characteristic in medium, comprise reflection, resultant field and transmitted field are analyzed and calculated respectively to transmission and loss characteristic, calculate mirror field, the signal of output reflection ripple.According to above step, set up the program of the forward model that tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining distribution ground penetrating radar ripple propagates in dielectric layer, Fig. 3 is this flow chart.
Forward modelling result although there is repeatedly reflection interference ripple, still can demonstrate back wave position, three roads as shown in Figure 4 clearly from three groups of Simulation result images, first road is the air direct wave; Interface 1 is the reflection at layer of concrete and grouting layer interface; Interface 2 is the boundary reflection between grouting layer and the dry sand.For next step image recognition provides good directive function.
(4) based on the data of model-test data, forward simulation, shield tunnel ground penetrating radar image is discerned automatically, drawn tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer distributional pattern by Wavelet Neural Network Method.
A, extraction characteristic feature ripple
In order successfully underground target to be classified, the extraction of signal characteristic is crucial.The feature extraction of signal can be carried out from aspects such as time domain, frequency domain, auto-correlation, two spectrum, wavelet field, obtain through just drilling the checking of numerical simulation and model testing: the ground penetrating radar electromagnetic wave is on the interface between concrete and the injecting cement paste, and the phenomenon that has all occurred phasing back on the interface of the injecting cement paste and the soil body.Pursue waveform phase upset, and adjacent twice lineups position has the rule of similitude, cooperate power spectrumanalysis simultaneously, can obtain the distributional pattern and the thickness of grouting layer;
The automatic identification of B, wavelet neural network grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer
1) input of wavelet neural network training sample
The characteristic difference of in medium, propagating according to the ground penetrating radar electromagnetic wave, be the characteristics that medium interface is reflected in slurry layer generation polarity upset, from model testing result, Forward modelling result and on-the-spot result of detection that ground penetrating radar is surveyed, extract and comparatively typically contain of the input (as Fig. 5 is the characteristic wave of forward simulation) of the ground penetrating radar characteristic wave of grouting layer as the learning training sample of wavelet-neural network model.
2) the standard output of wavelet neural network training
The output sample of wavelet neural network is to determine according to the model testing result and the Forward modelling result in early stage.According to setting up the output collection on the artificial accurately comparison base of recognition, form the matrix of a specific size.Assignment 1 on the grouting layer position of identification, area assignment 0 beyond grouting layer, obtain the output sample matrix like this, adopt the MATLAB programmed process, value according to the zones of different in the matrix can obtain the colored grouting layer zone that shows, the mutual contrast verification that helps the wavelet neural network recognition result, Fig. 6 is that certain shield tunnel radar detection data is discerned automatically through wavelet neural network and carried out multi-scale wavelet transformation and handle the back coloured image, can very intuitively draw shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining distributional pattern from figure.
Wavelet neural network is discerned the accuracy of grouting layer automatically, largely depends on the quantity and the accuracy of the input and output data of training sample.Therefore need utilize existing a large amount of model testing detection data, the data and the field test data of forward simulation, therefrom extract the input set that typical waveform forms the wavelet neural network training sample, make sample have good representativeness and accuracy.
(5) control measure
The distributional pattern of the shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer that draws by the wavelet neural network automatic distinguishing method for image, analyze in conjunction with the monitored data of ground settlement in case of necessity, tunnel subsidence in constructing tunnel and the operation process is controlled, can be taked the method for in construction, adjusting constructing tunnel parameter (grouting pressure, grouting amount etc.) and carrying out second compensation slip casting.Need carry out on-the-spot detection again for the effect of access control measure, form the circulation dynamic process, until control shield tunnel differential settlement distortion in full force and effect.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
Because the disguise of shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining, so mainly be to judge slip casting effect behind the wall up to now according to shield tunnel construction parameter (grouting pressure, grouting amount etc.), and on earth how actual effect, and existing recognition methods can not provide a concrete answer.And the application of DAC method of the present invention will address this problem well, and the effect that makes grouting behind shaft or drift lining makes shield tunnel subsidence control method more scientific from blindly determining concrete identification (effect as shown in Figure 6).
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow process diagram of DAC method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of model testing.Wherein: (a) being simulation entity section of jurisdiction grouting behind shaft or drift lining device schematic diagram, (b) is device schematic diagram when behind the wall of simulation entity section of jurisdiction structure void being arranged.
Fig. 3 is the flow process diagram of forward simulation.
Fig. 4 is the Forward modelling result of certain thickness grouting layer.Wherein: (a) being forward model dielectric constant constant and size, (b) is Forward modelling result.
Fig. 5 is the characteristic wave of forward simulation.Wherein: (a) and (b) are respectively the characteristic wave of different-thickness grouting layer.
Fig. 6 discerns the grouting behind shaft or drift lining distributional pattern that obtains automatically for wavelet neural network.
Fig. 7 is a Shanghai subway tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining result of detection among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 8 is a simulation entity section of jurisdiction grouting behind shaft or drift lining device schematic diagram among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 9 is the characteristic wave that the model testing ground penetrating radar is surveyed among the embodiment 1.
Forward modelling result when Figure 10 is 20cm for grouting layer among the embodiment 1.Wherein: (a) being forward model dielectric constant constant and size, (b) is the Forward modelling result of embodiment 1.
Number in the figure: 1 is the section of jurisdiction, and 2 is arc formwork, and 3 is cross binding, and 4 is injecting cement paste, and 5 is structure void.
The specific embodiment
Further specify the present invention below by embodiment.
Embodiment 1: subway tunnel, Shanghai adopts the shield tunnel construction: the tunnel external diameter is φ 6200mm, and internal diameter is φ 5500mm, prefbricated tunnel lining section of jurisdiction through seam assembling, totally 855 rings, wherein steel pipe sheet 2 rings; Lining segment is a steel concrete, width 1200mm, and thick 350mm, lining segment concrete design strength is C55, impervious grade 〉=S10;
Adopt shield tail synchronous grouting mode in time to inject single liquid slurry, to fill the annular building space between excavation profile and the section of jurisdiction external diameter.After synchronous grouting is finished, utilize the section of jurisdiction hole for hoist to carry out secondary reinforcement slip casting to the place of not filling with.Injecting paste material comprises cement, swell soil, flyash, sand, Admixture and water.
The on-the-spot detection
At the scene uplink was carried out the detection of ground penetrating radar slip casting effect on July 25th, 2006,545 encircle that 835 rings carry out vertically and the hoop detection along the tunnel respectively.This test divides vertical survey line and loop wire survey line to survey: radar antenna frequency 250MHz, antenna step-length 0.025m.Antenna divides separation 0.003m.The time window 126ns, sampling number 316.Finish 8 of surveys line altogether, 6 of wherein vertical surveys line, 2 surveys line of hoop.This distance of testing longitudinal probing is 300 rings, and Fig. 7 is for wherein 793 encircling～797 rings along the vertical grouting behind shaft or drift lining distribution of tunnel bottom detection baseline results.The injecting paste material dielectric constant is measured and estimation:
Injecting paste material comprises cement, swell soil, flyash, sand, Admixture and water, and material usage is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 cement mortar material scale (unit: kg/m
3)
| Cement | Fine sand | Flyash | Swell soil | Water | Water reducing agent |
| 125 | 260 | 1150 | 35 | 400 | 2.5 |
The slurries water content that adopts in this engineering is less than 20%.Therefore estimate that the dielectric constant (be 2 months the length of time, and look-in frequency is 250MHz) of slurries is: 22.
Model testing
Utilize a calibrated bolck in somewhere subway tunnel single targe structure construction section of jurisdiction commonly used to make as shown in Figure 8 test model.The section of jurisdiction diameter is 6.2m, and its width is 1m, and thickness is 350mm.An arc wooden form behind the section of jurisdiction, template and section of jurisdiction spacing are 200mm, form even slip casting thickness, fill single liquid slurry in the middle of template and section of jurisdiction.Utilize ground penetrating radar that this model testing is surveyed, drawn the characteristic wave (see figure 9) of grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer under the model testing situation.
Forward simulation
The thickness of this tunnel grouting layer is approximately 20cm, therefore adopts Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FDTD) method that grouting layer thickness is just being drilled numerical simulation for the 20cm model.
The discrete grid block planar dimension is 300 * 200 in the forward model; The maximum vertex of fillet is (300,200), and minimum vertex is (0,0); The center of antenna frequency is 200MHz, Δ x=Δ y=λ/20=0.025m.Wherein layer of concrete (simulation tunnel section of jurisdiction) is 14 grids, and 35cm is thick.If incidence wave is perpendicular to interface (θ=0), antenna branch separation is 6 grid=0.15m, and the step-length that antenna moves is 0.125m.Just drilling in the numerical model, the dielectric constant of each medium and thickness are as shown in figure 10.Layer of concrete ε=6.25, d=35cm, σ=0.001s/m; Dry sand ε=12, d=180cm, σ=0.002s/m.Fig. 5 is the characteristic wave of its Forward modelling result.
Wavelet neural network grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer is discerned automatically
Based on above-mentioned data, utilize wavelet neural network that 793 rings～797 ring result of detections are carried out grouting layer and discern automatically and carry out multi-scale wavelet transformation and handle back coloured image (shown in 6).The result shows that 795 rings～797 ring wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining amounts are less, and average thickness approximately has only 9.6cm, increases gradually from 793 rings～795 ring grouting amounts, and it is comparatively even to distribute, and average thickness reaches 19.1cm.
Control measure
Can intuitively obtain this shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining distributional pattern from Fig. 6, through checking with the site operation record, this section interval shield tail spillage occurred when construction, so grouting layer does not reach the thickness of design.So construction party has carried out slip casting control to it in time.
Claims (1)
1, a kind of shield tunnel subsidence control method based on ground penetrating radar adopts the dynamic circulation feedback method to carry out shield tunnel subsidence control, it is characterized in that concrete steps are as follows:
(1) the shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining is carried out lossless detection: adopt ground penetrating radar equipment that full section in tunnel and detection are longitudinally carried out in the slip casting of shield tail, from described slip casting, obtain echo;
(2) adopt Network Analyzer that shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining dielectric material characterisitic parameter is surveyed, the Network Analyzer swept frequency range is 30KHz～6GHz, and rule of thumb data are estimated simultaneously, obtain dielectric constant;
(3) by to test of shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining detection model and forward simulation, the grouting layer lossless detection is demarcated characteristic image and characteristic wave;
Model testing is the difference of forming from injecting paste material, the difference of distributional pattern, four aspects of different detection times and structure void are analyzed, survey characteristic image and the characteristic wave that obtains grouting layer by ground penetrating radar, and import sample as the training that the wavelet neural network image is discerned automatically to model testing;
The forward simulation step is: the basic parameter of medium behind the input tunnel duct piece wall, set up structural model, obtain and the input stimulus source, discrete source is advanced diff, make it to become the point of corresponding time step, utilize Finite Difference-Time Domain branch principle to calculate electromagnetic wave propagation characteristic in medium, comprise reflection, transmission and loss characteristic, analyze and calculate respectively the signal of resultant field and transmitted field, calculating mirror field, output reflection ripple;
(4) based on the data of model-test data, forward simulation, shield tunnel ground penetrating radar image is discerned automatically, drawn tunnel wall grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer distributional pattern by Wavelet Neural Network Method;
A, extraction characteristic feature ripple
The automatic identification of B, wavelet neural network grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer
1) input of wavelet neural network training sample
2) the standard output of wavelet neural network training
(5) control measure
The distributional pattern of the shield tunnel grouting behind shaft or drift lining layer that draws by the wavelet neural network automatic distinguishing method for image, monitored data in conjunction with ground settlement is analyzed, tunnel subsidence in constructing tunnel and the operation process is controlled, take in construction, to adjust constructing tunnel parameter and the method for carrying out second compensation slip casting, for the effect of access control measure need be carried out on-the-spot detection again, form the circulation dynamic process, until control shield tunnel differential settlement distortion in full force and effect.
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