CN1570557A - Electronic angle gauge tree surveying apparatus and automatic tree survey method - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention discloses an automatic method of tree measuring and an electronic angle gage device for tree measuring that comprises optical angle gage and digital camera and locates the CCD surface (optical-to-electric transducer) (2) on the focal surface of the optical angle gage. So the image optical signal collected by telescope system and microsystem is transformed into electronic signal and is digitalized. And the signals are imported into database through communication cable, which can realize the information collecting and automatic recording. The said method is the combination of the process of tree measuring by the electronic angle gage and computer techniques. With the aid of the electronic tree-measuring device, it can realize the measuring, judging and total automatic calculation through the angle gage tree-measuring software to accomplish outdoor and indoor work synchronously and increases the working efficiency and lower intensity of labor.

Description

Electronic angle gauge dendrometer and automatic forest mensuration method

Technical field

The invention relates to the instrument and the method for forest reserves sample survey, particularly do not wait the electronic angle gauge dendrometer and the automatic forest mensuration method of general sample survey about the forest reserves.Characteristics are to need not to measure the height of tree of standing tree or the mean height of standing forest, can infer standing volume or stand quite accurately, and in whole assize process, can realize the robotization from the information acquisition to the information processing.The Rational Management, the sustainable development that can be the forest reserves provide decision-making foundation.

Background technology

1 theory and method

The theory of angle gauge survey is that Austrian silviculturist Bitterlich W. initiated in nineteen forty-seven.Nineteen fifty-two American scholar Grosenbaugh, L.R. further illustrate from the angle of sampling based on theory of probability, and the angle gauge point sampling is not for typically waiting general sampling.Nineteen fifty-seven is imported China into.Because its efficient height, speed are fast, simple and easy to do, generally apply for countries in the world.Over more than 50 year, angle gauge theory and technology constantly development becomes better and approaching perfection day by day, but its major function remains the basal area of measuring standing forest.Be subjected to the enlightenment of this theory, nineteen fifty-five, flat field kind man (Japan) has proposed to decide angular measurement supreme people's court, measures the average height of tree of standing forest.1964 northern village prosperous U.S. (Japan) consistent height and method have been proposed, measure the accumulation of standing forest.The auspicious grade of 1991-1998 Xu Zhen has proposed the form point method, measures standing volume and stand.Their theory is undoubtedly correct, but tree crown is overlapping in the woods, and the intervisibility difficulty can't directly record the mean height of standing forest, so fail to apply in practice.

Simultaneously, aspect tree survey method, measure many than the basal area complexity of accumulating of standing forest, a large amount of, numerous and diverse information acquisition and processing can not be leaned on manual solution, wait robotization.

2 instruments

Up to the present, state-of-the-art angle gauge tree surveying apparatus remains Bitterlich, the relascope of W. invention.It has two kinds of easy reflect type and accurate telescopics, and domestic all have its Counterfeit Item.Yet this instrument is a pure optical system, can only lean on artificial observation and judgement, and it can't be stored the image information that collects in real time, transmit and handle.Therefore, a lot of troubles and error have been brought inevitably.

Summary of the invention

1 design electronic angle gauge dendrometer.Optical system and electronic system are combined, change automatically,, realize auto-measuring, storage and transmission accurately image digitization by photosignal.

2 establishment automatic forest mensuration method softwares.Angle gauge survey overall process and computer technology are combined, electronic angle gauge dendrometer signal transmitted is handled, already finish synchronously in the industry outside realizing.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the basic structure schematic diagram of electronic angle gauge dendrometer.Fig. 2 is the visual field striograph.Fig. 3 is tree survey method fine gold journey figure.Fig. 4 is the technical method process flow diagram

1 electronic angle gauge dendrometer

This instrument is promptly worked as object lens to the former by telescopic angle gauge and CCD face battle array digital camera be combined into, and the latter is worked as eyepiece.As shown in Figure 1,2. it just put the CCD face battle array (photoelectric commutator) of digital camera on the focal plane of optical angle gauge.As shown in Figure 2,1. will insert CCD last half field-of-view 2. after the amplification of the target on the trunk of the place ahead standing tree to be measured by telescopic system, pass through the graduation that 4. 3. microscopic system go up drum again, comprise and insert CCD following half field-of-view 2. after 5. angle gauge section factor and vertical angle amplify, 6. this image can be watched from the eyepiece of digital camera.CCD is converted to electronic signal (A/D) to the light signal of the image in the full visual field, and by the data cable input database.Realize information acquisition, transmission and record robotization thus.

In order to improve photographic efficiency, can increase the dress automatic focusing system; In order to improve the vertical angle accuracy of observation, can increase rotary encoder.

2 automatic forest mensuration method softwares

Measure in three key elements of standing volume, key difficulties is to measure shape index r, secondly is height of tree h, and diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground d is more or less freely.Standing tree form point method finds on the trunk of standing tree, the privileged site that can express stem form, i.e. a form point are arranged.The basal area g at form point place ₂Equal 0.5 times of basal area g, available angle gauge tree surveying apparatus is measured easily.According to standing tree form point method, when the form point section is arrived the dried length of breastheight section as form-point height h ₂The time, if the above length of doing of standing tree breastheight is h ₀, the form index r=logo.5/log (1-h of standing tree then ₂/ h ₀).Obviously, it so be not subjected to the limitation of seeds and region, has extremely strong versatility without any empirical parameter.Experiment showed, and adopt standing tree form point method, the standing volume of asking has very high accuracy.Measure stand same three elements are also arranged.Standing forest form point method finds, if the contour basal area of all each layers of forest of per hectare in the woods respectively during addition, will be produced a big trunk that numerically exists, promptly virtual standing forest trunk.In view of the above, the also available angle gauge method of accumulating of standing forest per hectare is measured.Simulated experiment proves, adopts standing forest form point method, measures stand and also has very high accuracy.But what must emphasize is, " measuring the form point method of standing volume " and " the form point method of mensuration stand " all is to be prerequisite can measure standing tree height of tree h and upper diameter.Obviously, in real standing forest, tree crown is overlapping, and the intervisibility difficulty almost can't be observed standing forest mean height H.Angle gauge automatic forest mensuration method among the present invention is " the inferring the form point method of stand " that proposes on the basis of known form point method, and it can avoid the intervisibility difficulty.Because it need not to measure the mean height H of standing forest, only need with electronic angle gauge around surveying the following approximate form-point height Ha of crown canopy (apart from crown base 60cm with interior trunk place) and approximate form-point height basal area Ga, basal area G, assisting high H _b(be bordering on breastheight and be preced with high middle part down) and the long-pending G of auxiliary maximum section of passenger flow thereof _b, can obtain accumulating of standing forest.

Automatic forest mensuration method software is made up of automatic observing system and Automatic computing system two parts.The former comprises the digital photogrammetry data handling system and matches with instrument.

Adopt electronic angle gauge when surveying, need two people to cooperate.One people holds instrument and places on the angle gauge point; The flat scale of one people's water holding places the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground place of standing tree to be measured.Around side as shown in Figure 3.At first send " beginning " instruction, and input meets the basal area factor F (0.5,1,2,4) of standing forest present situation, approximate form-point height vertical angle α _a, auxiliary high vertical angle α _b, then by prompting operation.Since the i strain, the first step, aiming breastheight place.In last half field-of-view, can see meticulous and the image of the trees diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground and horizontal ruler scale accurately; Can see the sight line gradient θ of this moment in following half field-of-view _iThe image of the degree that (vertical angle scale) and the basal area factor F division line and the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground are cut mutually.After the photography, cameral CCD by data communication cable input digit Photogrammetric Processing system, is extracted related data, as diameter d with image digitization _i, sight line angle of gradient θ i.The angle gauge survey recording geometry can show and store breastheight section count feature value δ _iWith auxiliary high vertical angle α _Bi(=tg α _b+ tog θ _i).The 2nd step is along the upwards observation of trunk of this standing tree, when the vertical angle value arrives α _BiThe time, photography.Through showing and store the count feature value δ of auxiliary maximum section of passenger flow after the above-mentioned a series of processing _jWith approximate form-point height vertical angle α _Ai(=tg α _a+ tg θ _i).In the 3rd step, continue along upwards observation of trunk, when the vertical angle value arrives α _AiThe time, photography.Through the above-mentioned a series of count feature value δ that the back shows and store approximate form-point height section that handles _kAnd the observation of prompting beginning i+1 strain standing tree.So around surveying a week, neither test leakage is not resurveyed yet, and can send " end " instruction.This moment, the recording geometry result that will store was imported Automatic computing system into, can the on-the-spot net result that shows and store this measuring point: the standing tree strain of standing forest per hectare count N, average height of tree H, on average form R, basal area G, accumulate the multinomial factor such as M.

Automatic computing system in the method software as shown in Figure 4, it is to be made up mutually to derive by a plurality of mathematical models to form, and implements to calculate according to program.

The field data that transmits from automatic observing system is: basal area factor F, auxiliary angle of elevation α _b, approximate form point angle of elevation α _aAnd breastheight section count feature value sum, i.e. z=∑ δ is counted in breastheight sample trees strain _iAnd the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground d of each strain sample trees _iZ is counted in auxiliary high sample trees strain _b=∑ δ _jZ is counted in approximate form-point height sample trees strain _a=∑ δ _k

The implementation procedure of Automatic computing system is as follows:

(1) at first 1. 2. 3., can get the basal area G of standing forest per hectare, the long-pending G of auxiliary maximum section of passenger flow with the corresponding mathematical model of above-mentioned each field data difference substitution _bWith approximate form-point height basal area Ga.

(2) then 4., can get the strain of standing forest per hectare standing tree and count N the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground di substitution digital-to-analogue of each breastheight sample trees in the field data.

(3) with G _b, G _aWith N substitution digital-to-analogue 5. 6., can get the auxiliary high H of standing forest _bWith approximate form-point height Ha.(4) with G, G _b, G _a7. the substitution digital-to-analogue can get transition index A.

(5) with H _b, H _aWith A substitution digital-to-analogue 8., can be similar to form-point height and distinguish the relevant form index Ra of section, and then 9. the substitution digital-to-analogue obtains standing forest form index R.

(6) with H _b, H _a, R _aWith R substitution digital-to-analogue 10., can get standing forest mean height H.

(7) at last with G, H and R substitution digital-to-analogue , can get the standing forest per hectare and accumulate M.

The invention effect

The advantage of 1 electronic angle gauge dendrometer is:

(1) gives full play to the information collection function of optical angle gauge.

Therefore the field angle of optical angle gauge is about 2.5 °, and is much smaller more than digital camera, can be at the meticulous and image accurately of acquisition in (30m) scope closely.Overcome the difficulty of not having as distortion of the object lens in the digital photogrammetry of reference mark and photo distortion.

Optical angle gauge has the automatic leveling function, not only can judge arbitrary cross-section count feature value very easily, and can also be under the cooperation of horizontal ruler, direct sighting distance, and then obtain standing tree arbitrary cross-section height and cross section diameter.This is that digital camera can't be accomplished.

(2) give full play to information translation, storage and the transfer function of digital camera.Overcome optical angle gauge record automatically, self-propagating difficulty.

2 realize the angle gauge survey process automation.

Can realize the angle gauge survey whole-course automation, comprise: measurement, record, calculating, demonstration, storage, transmission etc.Particularly, the mean height that need not to measure standing forest can obtain accumulating of standing forest.Therefore, the present invention not only has important significance for theories, and has higher practical value and vast market prospect.

Embodiment

Automatic forest mensuration method software is made up of automatic observing system and Automatic computing system two parts.The former comprises the digital photogrammetry data handling system and matches with instrument.

Adopt electronic angle gauge when surveying, need two people to cooperate.One people holds instrument and places on the angle gauge point; The flat scale of one people's water holding places the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground place of standing tree to be measured.Around side as shown in Figure 3.At first send " beginning " instruction, and input meets the basal area factor F (0.5,1,2,4) of standing forest present situation, approximate form-point height vertical angle α _a, auxiliary high vertical angle α _b, then by prompting operation.Since the i strain, the first step, aiming breastheight place.In last half field-of-view, can see meticulous and the image of the trees diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground and horizontal ruler scale accurately; Can see the sight line gradient θ of this moment in following half field-of-view _iThe image of the degree that (vertical angle scale) and the basal area factor F division line and the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground are cut mutually.After the photography, cameral CCD by data communication cable input digit Photogrammetric Processing system, is extracted related data, as diameter d with image digitization _i, sight line angle of gradient θ i.The angle gauge survey recording geometry can show and store breastheight section count feature value δ _iWith auxiliary high vertical angle α _Bi(=tg α _b+ tog θ _i).The 2nd step is along the upwards observation of trunk of this standing tree, when the vertical angle value arrives α _BiThe time, photography.Through showing and store the count feature value δ of auxiliary maximum section of passenger flow after the above-mentioned a series of processing _jWith approximate form-point height vertical angle α _Ai(=tg α _a+ tg θ _i).In the 3rd step, continue along upwards observation of trunk, when the vertical angle value arrives α _AiThe time, photography.Through the above-mentioned a series of count feature value δ that the back shows and store approximate form-point height section that handles _kAnd the observation of prompting beginning i+1 strain standing tree.So around surveying a week, neither test leakage is not resurveyed yet, and can send " end " instruction.This moment, the recording geometry result that will store was imported Automatic computing system into, can the on-the-spot net result that shows and store this measuring point: the standing tree strain of standing forest per hectare count N, average height of tree H, on average form R, basal area G, accumulate the multinomial factor such as M.

Automatic computing system in the method software as shown in Figure 4, it is to be made up mutually to derive by a plurality of mathematical models to form, and implements to calculate according to program.

The field data that transmits from automatic observing system is: basal area factor F, auxiliary angle of elevation α _b, approximate form point angle of elevation α _aAnd breastheight section count feature value sum, i.e. z=∑ δ is counted in breastheight sample trees strain _iAnd the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground d of each strain sample trees _iZ is counted in auxiliary high sample trees strain _b=∑ δ _jZ is counted in approximate form-point height sample trees strain _a=∑ δ _k

The implementation procedure of Automatic computing system is as follows:

(1) at first 1. 2. 3., can get the basal area G of standing forest per hectare, the long-pending G of auxiliary maximum section of passenger flow with the corresponding mathematical model of above-mentioned each field data difference substitution _bWith approximate form-point height basal area Ga.

(2) then 4., can get the strain of standing forest per hectare standing tree and count N the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground di substitution digital-to-analogue of each breastheight sample trees in the field data.

(3) with G _b, G _aWith N substitution digital-to-analogue 5. 6., can get the auxiliary high H of standing forest _bWith approximate form-point height Ha.(4) with G, G _b, G _a7. the substitution digital-to-analogue can get transition index A.

(5) with H _b, H _aWith A substitution digital-to-analogue 8., can be similar to form-point height and distinguish the relevant form index Ra of section, and then 9. the substitution digital-to-analogue obtains standing forest form index R.

(6) with H _b, H _a, R _aWith R substitution digital-to-analogue 10., can get standing forest mean height H.

(7) at last with G, H and R substitution digital-to-analogue , can get the standing forest per hectare and accumulate M.

Claims (4)

1. electronic angle gauge dendrometer, it is characterized in that: 2. it just place the photoelectric commutator CCD face battle array of digital camera on the focal plane of optical angle gauge, 1. the image light signal of 3. being gathered with microscopic system by telescopic system, after being converted to electronic signal, CCD is digitized, import database into through the data communication cable again, can realize collection, the record robotization of information.

2. an automatic forest mensuration method that realizes the described electronic angle gauge dendrometer of claim 1 is characterized in that: under the cooperation of electronic angle gauge, according to three vertical angles (breastheight angle a=0, auxiliary angle of elevation a _b＞0, approximate form point angle of elevation a _a＞a _b) aim at the trunk diameter of respectively counting under the standing tree tree crown respectively, by the strain photography, after automatic observing system is handled, can obtain field data automatically, after Automatic computing system is handled, can obtain net result automatically again.

3. automatic forest mensuration method according to claim 2 is characterized in that: industry was calculated in Automatic computing system was finished according to following program.

(1) at first 1. 2. 3., can get the basal area G of standing forest per hectare, the long-pending G of auxiliary maximum section of passenger flow with the corresponding mathematical model of each field data difference substitution _bWith approximate form-point height basal area Ga;

(2) then 4., can get the strain of standing forest per hectare standing tree and count N the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground di substitution digital-to-analogue of each breastheight sample trees in the field data;

(3) with G _b, G _aWith N substitution digital-to-analogue 5. 6., can get the auxiliary high H of standing forest _bWith approximate form-point height Ha; (4) with G, G _b, G _a7. the substitution digital-to-analogue can get transition index A;

(5) with H _b, H _aWith A substitution digital-to-analogue 8., can be similar to form-point height and distinguish the relevant form index Ra of section, and then 9. the substitution digital-to-analogue obtains standing forest form index R;

(6) with H _b, H _a, R _aWith R substitution digital-to-analogue 10., can get the average height of tree H of standing forest;

(7) at last with G, H and R substitution digital-to-analogue , can get the standing forest per hectare and accumulate M.

4. automatic forest mensuration method according to claim 3 is characterized in that:

$A=\log \left(2{\left(\frac{\sqrt{G_b}-\sqrt{G_a}}{\sqrt{G}-\sqrt{G_a}}\right)}^2\right)/\log 0.5$ $R_a=\log 0.5/\log \frac{{\left({H_a}^A(H_a-H_b)\right)}^{\frac{1}{A+1}}}{H_a}$

$R=\frac{\frac{R_a}{R_a+1}0.068375+0.39270}{\frac{1}{R_a+1}0.068375+0.39270}$

$H=\frac{0.29289(H_a-H_b)\frac{\sqrt{G_b}-\sqrt{0.5G}}{\sqrt{G_a}-\sqrt{0.5G}}/\left({1-0.5}^{\frac{1}{R_a}}\right)+H_b}{1+{0.5}^{\frac{1}{R}}}+1.3$

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