CN1566034A - Slow release/controlled release fertilizer for regulating and controlling crop nutrition all the time and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Slow release/controlled release fertilizer for regulating and controlling crop nutrition all the time and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a slow release/controlled release fertilizer for regulating and controlling crop nutrition all the time and preparation method thereof, wherein the fertilizer comprises a framework integument and exterior film using three proportions of nitrogen, phosphor and potassium as the core, and different integument material, integument processes and different emancipation systems are employed, the fertilizer also comprises a releasing bundle layer for controlling the fertilizer, addition agent, binding agent with adhesive action, amendment agent, solubilizing agent and active agent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary, and relate to a kind of preparation method of release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary.
Background technology
China consumes the maximum country of chemical fertilizer in the world, chemical fertilizer total quantity consumed in 1999 is 4124.58 ten thousand tons (pure), and according to Nanjing soil institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 782 the field test points in the whole nation are investigated, China's utilization rate of fertilizer is 28～41%, minimum have only 16～22%, and fertilizer is the grain of farm crop, add up according to Food and Argriculture OrganizationFAO (FAO), chemical fertilizer is 40% to the grain-production contribution rate, China can support the population that accounts for world population 22% with the cultivated area that accounts for the world 7%, should half give the credit to the effect of chemical fertilizer.Improve utilization rate of fertilizer simultaneously, reduce environmental pollution, press for that fertilizer industry is dense towards height, the direction of the compound manure of multi-element durable, slowly-releasing (controlled release) develops, the chemical fertilizer that the peasant drops into same amount can obtain more benefit, reaches high yield, fine target.Slowly-releasing (controlled release) fertilizer of omnidistance control crop alimentary just is based on above reason and develops development.
In order to improve utilization rate of fertilizer, reduce the loss of chemical fertilizer pollution on the environment, a large amount of research, development have all been carried out to release fertilizer in countries in the world, and the annual production of world's release fertilizer at present is about 700,000 tons.But because its complex manufacturing, used release material price costliness, the price of release fertilizer is unusual according to its kind to be 3～9 times of traditional fertilizer, because valency height, about 90% is used for non-agricultural purpose, as golf course, nursery, professional lawn and landscaped area, be used for the agricultural less than 10%, mainly be vegetables, melon and fruit and benefits economic crops.
Fertile wholesale price in West Europe in 2000 of Osmocote as U.S. Scotts company is 2390 dollars/ton.
Zhengzhou happy happiness fertilise company is with the coated compound manure of fused(calcium magnesium)phosphate coated urea, and commodity are by name: Luxuriance, in March, 2003, price was (Zhengzhou delivery): 2700～2800 yuan/ton of 45% ternary coated compound fertilizers.
Both at home and abroad envelope type slow release/controlled release fertilizer has microcapsule, weighting agent to fill, method such as polymer capsule, fertilizer Wrapped fertilizer then, and above method complex process needs accurate measurement, and the production cost height is difficult to big area and promotes.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary, and a kind of preparation method of release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary is provided.
The objective of the invention is to realize in the following way: be included in its inner nitrogen that forms three kinds of different proportionings of skeleton coating and outer coating, phosphorus, potassium is the fertilizer of core, the composition of fertilizer and content, take all factors into consideration crop and rely on external environmental condition, as soil, sunlight, the influence of key elements such as water, the required nutritional needs of growth cycle by crop, different coated fertilizers is adopted in segmentation, coating process and different delivery systmes, the release integument of control fertilizer, the binding agent that also contains little fertilizer additive and play cohesive action, amendment, solubilizing agent and promoting agent, the fertilizer of segmentation sustained release.
Its amendment is: the aqueous solution of yellow soda ash, sodium xylene sulfonate, water glass, sodium sulfate, tripoly phosphate sodium STPP, potassium silicate sodium bicarbonate, sodium-chlor etc.Solubilizing agent is: alkylamide, polyoxyethylene sorbitol acid anhydride mono laurate fat, T-60 emulsifying agent, T-85 emulsifying agent, at least a in polyoxyethylene lauric monoethanolamide or the polyoxyethylene coconut monoethanolamide.Promoting agent is: at least a in alkylsulfonate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl-sulphate, Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) polyoxy ether sulphur salt, fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene.
The composition of the release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary and content are the growth physiological periods according to Different Crop, the required nutritive ingredient of growth physiological period by Different Crop, the fertilizer of mitogenetic long-living reason stage preparation, adopt different coated fertilizers, coating process and different delivery systmes, the release of control fertilizer.The release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary with regard to paddy rice, with the growth physiological period of crop, is divided into by required nutrient difference: period of seedling establishment, tillering phase, heading flowering period and productive phase.
With regard to paddy rice, be seedling dressing of turnning green stage, tillering fertilizer, the solid fertilizer of heading by paddy growth cycle and required nutrient difference, it is characterized in that: the weight percent that various compositions account for the fertilizer total amount is:
The seedling dressing of turnning green stage:
Urea: 26～50%
Monoammonium phosphate: 15～40%
Repone K: 20～40%
Binding agent: 1～5%
Little fertilizer additive: 0.2～1.2%
Promoting agent: 0.1～0.3%
Solubilizing agent: 0.1～0.3%
Amendment: 0.2～0.5%
Tillering fertilizer:
Urea: 20～40%
Monoammonium phosphate: 15～35%
Repone K: 10～30%
Little fertilizer additive: 0.5～1.5%
Binding agent: 1～5%
Coating agent: 0.1～1.3%
The solid fertilizer of earing:
Urea: 10～25%
Monoammonium phosphate: 20～40%
Repone K: 25～45%
Binding agent: 1～8%
Little fertilizer additive: 1～8%
Water-soluble polymers: 0.5～2.8%
Coating agent: 1～3%
Different controlled release mechanism are: period of seedling establishment fertilizer is taked quick-acting releasing mechanisms, add amendment, solubilizing agent and promoting agent, promote the dissolving of the required nutrient of crop, reduce the surface tension of solution (moisture) in the soil, promote nutrient matter stream migration in soil,, played seedling and turned green soon, strengthen seedling, increase the effect of tillering, promote root system development nutrient absorbing in order to crop root;
Tillering phase, fertilizer was taked framework controlled release mechanism, the nutrient powder that crop is required is with after water-soluble high-molecular material mixes, utilize the character such as gellifying property, segment relaxation force, Van der Waals force, second-order transition temperature of macromolecular material, carry out art breading, form the framework controlled release system jointly with silicate gel in the fertilizer system.
The fertile powder of heading flowering period is taked framework controlled release and surface-coating releasing mechanism, and wherein the powder of nutritive ingredient adopts multiple functional high molecule material to carry out the particulate state fertiliser mixtures of framework controlled release and surface-coating control formation.
Regulate skeleton coating agent and surface-coating agent concentration and consumption, can adjust deenergized period effectively.
Fertilizer is made up of the required macroelement of crop (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), moderate-element (sulphur, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, silicon etc.) and trace element (boron, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, manganese etc.).
The framework controlled release system can be water-soluble polymers and (or) water-soluble polymer forms, also can be water insoluble polymer emulsion as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid and derivative thereof, carboxymethyl cellulose, chitin etc., and the gelifying agent mutual group become the skeleton controlled release system.
Skeleton slowly-releasing technology is the second-order transition temperature of controlling packet mould material.As when using the polyvinyl alcohol single component as the framework controlled release system, its second-order transition temperature is controlled at 85 ℃～150 ℃.
The slowly-releasing mechanism of skeleton sustained release dosage is that the swelling slowly-releasing discharges.
Peplos comprises the polymkeric substance of multi-component water-soluble polymers or vinylformic acid and derivative thereof, at least a in polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or the inferior vinyl resins.
The polymkeric substance of multi-component water-soluble polymers or vinylformic acid and derivative thereof.Its coating is water-insoluble dense film within a certain period of time, and the rupture time of film is 50～70 days.
Be that consumption and the feed glass temperature of adjusting framework material are controlled deenergized period.
Gelifying agent is silicon and silicate gel.
The release fertiliser production method of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary is:
A. seedling dressing of turnning green stage preparation method:
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion,, send into stirrer and stir well, spray promoting agent, solubilizing agent, send into balling-up Φ 3～5mm in Squeezinggranulator or the rotary drum granulator through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders.Material after the granulation delivered to carry out drying in the rotary drum dryer, will dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, and metering enters at last and loads in mixture the storehouse through electronics.
B. the preparation method of tillering fertilizer:
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion,, send into stirrer and stir well,,, send into balling-up Φ 3～5mm in Squeezinggranulator or the rotary drum granulator according to mass flow spray water soluble macromolecular material mixing by the PLC robot control system(RCS) through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders.Then the material after the granulation is delivered to and carried out drying in the rotary drum dryer, will dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, and metering enters at last and loads in mixture the storehouse through electronics.
C. the ear preparation method of solid fertilizer:
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion,, send into stirrer and stir well through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders; by the PLC robot control system(RCS); according to mass flow spray water soluble macromolecular material mixing, form the skeleton coating, send into balling-up Φ 3～5mm in Squeezinggranulator or the rotary drum granulator.To cause the material behind the grain to deliver to the rotary drum dryer inlet then, receiver by PLC control is heated to 80～100 ℃ with water-soluble high-molecular material and steam, water, sustained release dosage after the dissolving is sprayed onto on the granulated material, send into drying machine, polishing area by drying machine carries out peplos, and is dry then, will dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, and metering enters at last and loads in mixture the storehouse through electronics.
D. all enter the material that loads in mixture the storehouse, are mixed and made into finished product through being metered into mixing machine, packing warehouse-in after checking.
Positively effect of the present invention is: super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer adopts disposable full field fertilizing method easy, practical, the crop yield height, fertilizer efficiency is long time of releasing, the disposable nutritional need that can satisfy each growth period of paddy rice that applies, and the saving of labor, save time, alleviated labour intensity, saved the labour, reduced cost, this fertilizer can not cause the various diseases of covering that the paddy rice overgrowing brings simultaneously; After the fertilising, transplanting seedlings can be turned green in 24 hours, and promotion is tillered, the nutrition supply balance, not early ageing, the strong bar of enriching shoot.
(1) in Longshan, Hunan Province, Huaihua, Guidong and four ground, Changsha have carried out sub-district fertilizer efficiency comparison test, this test use super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer with the import composite fertilizer of nutrient, homemade composite fertilizer and rural area autogamy simple substance fertilizer two line system, two super hybridized rices of accurate S/527 make up enterprising row equivalent, etc. the fertilizer efficiency comparison test of nutrient.Test-results shows, (a) under equal conditions, super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer has than other fertilizer and significantly increases the fringe effect of increasing production, than other fertilizer formula science more, more meets the regulation of fertilizer requirement of super hybridized rice.(b) super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer is than other fertilizer is steady for fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency is long time of releasing, truly has slowly-releasing, controlled-release effect.
(2) in Longshan, Hunan Province, the Yongshun carried out the field Da Qu simultaneous test of special-purpose fertile and import composite fertilizer, homemade composite fertilizer and rural area autogamy simple substance fertilizer of super hybridized rice: (a) under equal conditions, super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer has significant effect of increasing production than other fertilizer, its result and plot experiment are identical substantially, verified that further super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer than other fertilizer formula science more, is more suitable for the growth of super hybridized rice.(b) super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer helps peasant's increasing both production and income than other fertilizer input-output ratio height.
Special-purpose fertilizer relatively increases production situation with contrast fertilizer
The fertile special-purpose fertilizer of special-purpose fertilizer/import/homemade fertile special-purpose fertilizer/custom is with fertile
Two line system 11.78% 19.79% 9.63%
Accurate S/527 8.87% 19.43% 13.34%
(3) the special-purpose hundred mu of fertile experiment and demonstration work in flakes of early, middle and late rice super hybridized rice have been carried out on Longshan, Hunan Province, Yongshun, Yiyang, Xiang Tan, Chenzhou and other places.
Produce each test point actual measurement output of demonstration sheet
Test point area (mu) kind mean yield (kilogram) remarks
Longshan 112 88S/0293,813.7 semilate rice
Longshan 105 two line systems, 625.9 semilate rice
Yongshun 100 S/527,715 semilate rice
Chenzhou 100 two line systems, 684 semilate rice
Excellent 207 503 late rices of Xiang Tan 100 gold medals
Excellent 213 514 early rice of Yiyang 100 gold medals
According to the reflection of local peasant household, this output all is higher than toward annual production, also is higher than the same variety yield that other fertilizer is used in the locality, and amount of increase in production is greater than 15～35%.Super hybridized rice special slow release/controlled-release compound fertilizer adopts disposable full field fertilizing method easy, practical, not only fertilizer efficiency is good for this fertilizer, time of releasing is long, the disposable nutritional need that can satisfy each growth period of paddy rice that applies, and the saving of labor, save time, alleviated labour intensity, saved the labour, reduced cost, this fertilizer can not cause the various diseases of covering that the paddy rice overgrowing brings simultaneously, welcome by peasant household.Hundred mu in Longshan yield result of 813.7 kilograms of demonstration test point per mu yields is in flakes reported to the whole world in world's paddy rice conference in 2002 by Yuan Longping academician.
Obvious effect of increasing production (, can improve crop yield 5～35%) through the super hybrid rice field experiment.Single fertilization, deenergized period is adjustable in crop growth period.After the fertilising, transplanting seedlings can be turned green in 24 hours, and promotion is tillered, the nutrition supply balance, not early ageing, the strong bar of enriching shoot.Harvesting is during paddy, and bar is straight, Ye Qing, fringe is ripe, setting percentage is high.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1: preparation seedling dressing of turnning green stage
Phosphorus ammonium: 16%;
Urea: 53.32%;
Repone K: 21%;
Fused(calcium magnesium)phosphate: 4%;
Boric acid: 1.2%;
Zinc sulfate: 0.6%;
Manganous sulfate: 0.8%;
Magnesium oxide: 1.2%;
Binding agent: 1.2%;
Promoting agent: 0.25%;
Solubilizing agent: 0.23%;
Amendment: 0.2%
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion,, send into stirrer and stir well, spray 0.25% promoting agent, 0.23% solubilizing agent, send into and squeeze balling-up Φ 3～5mm in tablets press or the rotary drum granulator through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders.Carry out drying in the drying machine with causing material behind the grain to deliver to, will dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, and metering enters to load in mixture the storehouse at last through electronics.
Embodiment 2: the preparation tillering fertilizer
Phosphorus ammonium: 15%;
Urea: 40%;
Repone K: 30%;
Fused(calcium magnesium)phosphate: 5.2%;
Boric acid: 1.2%;
Zinc sulfate: 0.6%;
Manganous sulfate: 0.8%;
Magnesium oxide: 1.2%;
Binding agent: 4%;
Coating agent: 1.2%;
Water-soluble polymers: 0.3%.
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion,, send into stirrer and stir well,,, send into and squeeze balling-up Φ 3～5mm in tablets press or the rotary drum granulator according to mass flow spray water soluble macromolecular material mixing by the PLC robot control system(RCS) through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders.Carry out drying in the rotary drum dryer with causing material behind the grain to deliver to, will dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, and metering advances to load in mixture at last through electronics.
Embodiment 3: the solid fertilizer of preparation heading
Phosphorus ammonium: 29%;
Urea: 21.7%;
Ammonium molybdate: 0.5%;
Repone K: 28%;
Fused(calcium magnesium)phosphate: 10.8%;
Boric acid: 1.2%;
Zinc sulfate: 0.6%;
Manganous sulfate: 0.8%;
Magnesium oxide: 1.2%;
Binding agent: 2.4%.
Coating agent: 1.38%;
Water-soluble polymers: 2.42%.
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion,, send into stirrer and stir well,,, send into balling-up Φ 3～5mm in Squeezinggranulator or the rotary drum granulator according to mass flow spray water soluble macromolecular material mixing by the PLC robot control system(RCS) through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders.Material behind the granulating is delivered to the drying machine inlet, receiver by PLC control is heated to 80～100 ℃ with water-soluble high-molecular material and steam, water, sustained release dosage after the dissolving is sprayed onto on the granulated material, send into drying machine, polishing area by drying machine carries out peplos, and is dry then, will dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, and metering enters at last and loads in mixture the storehouse through electronics.
More than enter three kinds of fertilizer that load in mixture the storehouse, after metering, send into mixing machine with conveyor and mix, packing warehouse-in after the check metering.
Claims (11)
1, a kind of release fertilizer of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary, it is characterized in that: be included in its inner nitrogen that forms three kinds of different proportionings of skeleton coating and outer coating, phosphorus, potassium is the fertilizer of core, the composition of fertilizer and content, take all factors into consideration crop and rely on external environmental condition, as soil, sunlight, the influence of key elements such as water, the required nutritional needs of growth cycle by crop, different coated fertilizers is adopted in segmentation, coating process and different delivery systmes, the release integument of control fertilizer, the binding agent that also contains little fertilizer additive and play cohesive action, amendment, solubilizing agent and promoting agent, the fertilizer of segmentation sustained release.
2, the release fertilizer of a kind of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary according to claim 1, with regard to paddy rice, by paddy growth cycle and required nutrient difference is seedling dressing of turnning green stage, tillering fertilizer, the solid fertilizer of heading, it is characterized in that: the weight percent that various compositions account for the fertilizer total amount is:
The seedling dressing of turnning green stage:
Urea: 26～50%
Monoammonium phosphate: 15～40%
Repone K: 20～40%
Binding agent: 1～5%
Little fertilizer additive: 0.2～1.2%
Promoting agent: 0.1～0.3%
Solubilizing agent: 0.1～0.3%
Tillering fertilizer:
Urea: 20～40%
Monoammonium phosphate: 15～35%
Repone K: 10～30%
Little fertilizer additive: 0.5～1.5%
Binding agent: 1～5%
Coating agent: 0.1～0.3%
The solid fertilizer of earing:
Urea: 10～25%
Monoammonium phosphate: 20～40%
Repone K: 25～45%
Binding agent: 1～8%
Little fertilizer additive: 1～8%
Water-soluble polymers: 0.1～0.8%
3, a kind of quick-acting strong seedling controlled-release compound fertilizers according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: its amendment is the aqueous solution of yellow soda ash, sodium xylene sulfonate, water glass, sodium sulfate, tripoly phosphate sodium STPP, potassium silicate sodium bicarbonate, sodium-chlor etc.
4, a kind of quick-acting strong seedling controlled-release compound fertilizers according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: solubilizing agent is alkylamide, polyoxyethylene sorbitol acid anhydride mono laurate fat, T-60 emulsifying agent, T-85 emulsifying agent, at least a in polyoxyethylene lauric monoethanolamide or the polyoxyethylene coconut monoethanolamide.
5, a kind of quick-acting strong seedling controlled-release compound fertilizers according to claim 2 is characterized in that: promoting agent is at least a in alkylsulfonate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl-sulphate, Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) polyoxy ether sulphur salt, fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene.
6, the release fertilizer of a kind of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary according to claim 2 is characterized in that: trace element comprises at least a in boron, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, the manganese.
7, the release fertilizer of a kind of omnidistance regulation and control crop alimentary according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: the framework controlled release system comprises water-soluble polymers/or water-soluble polymer, or comprise water insoluble polymer emulsion as at least a in polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid and derivative thereof, carboxymethyl cellulose, the chitin, and the gelifying agent mutual group becomes the skeleton controlled release system.
8, a kind of release fertiliser production method for preparing omnidistance regulation and control crop according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: peplos comprises the polymkeric substance of multi-component water-soluble polymers or vinylformic acid and derivative thereof, at least a in polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or the inferior vinyl resins.
9, a kind of release fertiliser production method that is used to prepare the described omnidistance regulation and control crop of claim 1 is characterized in that:
A. seedling dressing of turnning green stage preparation method:
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion; through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders; sending into stirrer by a certain percentage stirs well; spray promoting agent, solubilizing agent; send into and squeeze balling-up Φ 3～5mm in tablets press or the rotary drum granulator, carry out drying in the drying machine with causing material behind the grain to deliver to, will dry afterwards then, material sieves; finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, through the most laggard the loading in mixture of metering.
B. the preparation method of tillering fertilizer:
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion; through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders; sending into stirrer by a certain percentage stirs well; by robot control system(RCS),, send into and squeeze balling-up Φ 3～5mm in tablets press or the rotary drum granulator according to mass flow spray water soluble macromolecular material mixing; carry out drying in the rotary drum dryer with causing material behind the grain to deliver to; to dry the back material then and sieve, finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, through the most laggard the loading in mixture of metering.
C. the ear preparation method of solid fertilizer:
Take by weighing various batchings in proportion; through crusher in crushing to 60～80 orders; sending into stirrer by a certain percentage stirs well; pass through robot control system(RCS); according to mass flow spray water soluble macromolecular material mixing; send into and squeeze balling-up Φ 3～5mm in induction tablets press or the rotary drum granulator; material behind the granulating is delivered to drying machine inlet, by receiver with water-soluble high-molecular material and steam; water is heated to 80～100 ℃, and the sustained release dosage after the dissolving is sprayed onto on the granulated material; send into drying machine; polishing area by drying machine carries out peplos, and is dry then, will dry the back material then and sieve; finished product materials is delivered to cooler through travelling belt, through the most laggard the loading in mixture of metering.
D. all enter the material that loads in mixture the storehouse, are mixed and made into finished product through being metered into mixing machine, are packaged into the storehouse after check.
10, the preparation method of slowly-releasing (controlled release) fertilizer of omnidistance control crop alimentary according to claim 9, it is characterized in that: the exsiccant temperature: inlet is 120 ℃～160 ℃, and temperature out is 50 ℃～80 ℃, and the time is 15～45 minutes.
11, the preparation method of the release fertilizer of omnidistance control crop alimentary according to claim 9, it is characterized in that: release-controlled coated employing saturation steam heating, the macromolecule material solution temperature is 65 ℃～95 ℃, controls automatically by the PLC system when solution is got with pump.
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| CN114315467A (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-04-12 | 上海诺同农业科技有限公司 | Special multistage controlled-release composite microbial fertilizer for rice and preparation method thereof |
-
2003
- 2003-06-25 CN CNA031245773A patent/CN1566034A/en active Pending
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