CN1473718A - 轮轴轴承装置 - Google Patents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
- F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
- F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
- F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
- F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
- F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
- F16C19/187—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement with all four raceways integrated on parts other than race rings, e.g. fourth generation hubs
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B27/00—Hubs
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
- F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
- F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
- F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
- F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
- F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
- F16C19/185—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement with two raceways provided integrally on a part other than a race ring, e.g. a shaft or housing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
- F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
- F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
- F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
- F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
- F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
- F16C19/186—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement with three raceways provided integrally on parts other than race rings, e.g. third generation hubs
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
- F16C33/62—Selection of substances
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D3/00—Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive
- F16D3/16—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts
- F16D3/20—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members
- F16D3/22—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts
- F16D3/223—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts the rolling members being guided in grooves in both coupling parts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D3/00—Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive
- F16D3/16—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts
- F16D3/20—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members
- F16D3/22—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts
- F16D3/223—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts the rolling members being guided in grooves in both coupling parts
- F16D2003/22326—Attachments to the outer joint member, i.e. attachments to the exterior of the outer joint member or to the shaft of the outer joint member
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S384/00—Bearings
- Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
- Y10S384/913—Metallic compounds
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种制造成本低、使用寿命高的轮轴轴承装置。恒速万向节的外部连接构件装配到轮毂内圈,而外部连接构件和轮毂通过该外部连接构件主干部分放射状向外的塑性变形连接在一起。该外部连接构件制造用钢材的主要化学成分除含铁外,还含有重量百分比为0.5%至0.7%的碳、重量百分比为0.1%至1.5%的硅、重量百分比为0.6%至1.0%的锰及不可避免的杂质元素。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及诸如汽车之类交通工具上使用的轮轴轴承装置。
背景技术
轮轴轴承装置通常划归为驱动轮轴承或从动轮轴承。驱动轮轴轴承装置通常包括一轮毂和一双列轴承,或一由轮毂、轴承和恒速万向节组成的组件。
驱动轮轴轴承装置的一种设计方案是将轴承的双列内滚道槽之一成型到轮毂的外圈,而将另一内滚道槽成型到恒速万向节(constantvelocity joint)的外部连接构件(outer joint member)的外圈。在这种轴承装置中,轮毂和恒速万向节需连接在一起,以便让双列内滚道槽保持一定的相对位置,同时也对轴承内侧施加一定预载。现已有一新的连接方法,即日本申请专利号为No.2001-18605的专利中描述的摇摆(swaging)方式连接。该方法的优点是有效利用轴承的轴向空间并增强万向节刚度。根据该方法,外部连接构件的主干部分通过塑性变形向外呈放射状膨胀,以便能与轮毂内圈的不规则区域紧密啮合。
对于这种摇摆方式,呈放射状向外膨胀的主干部分应具有较低硬度,以使该摇摆方式具有优良操作性,同时也保障足够的万向节强度。另一方面,外部连接构件的部位,例如密封脊面的区域或与密封唇和外圈表面内滚道槽相接触的部位,以及外万向节构件内圈表面的轨道槽处,应具有高的硬度以保障其疲劳寿命。
因此,上述摇摆设计方案中的外部连接构件同时具有高硬度部分和低硬度部分。然而,成型这种具有不同硬度的构件需要复杂的制造工艺过程,以至制造成本高。例如,若外部连接构件的基体材料采用表面硬化钢或诸如SCM420之类的渗碳轴承钢或类似材料,在将钢材锻造加工成外部连接构件形状后可通过渗碳淬火方法增加其硬度。此时,主干部分在硬化后还必须采取脱碳和退火处理以便降低其硬度,这也相应增加了生产成本。
诸如SUJ2之类高碳铬轴承钢或类似材料,由于具有较高的滚动疲劳寿命,也可用于制作外部连接构件。然而因其具有高的材料硬度,即使在热处理之前其主干部分也很难顺利向外呈放射状膨胀。另外,由于外部连接构件通常采用锻造方法成型,这也使得含有高碳铬的高硬度轴承钢不适于用作其基体材料。
另外,上述两种轴承钢均含有诸如铬和钼之类的昂贵元素,因而,钢材本身的高成本将相应增加轮轴轴承装置的总体成本。
发明内容
考虑到上述情况,本发明的目的在于提供一种具有优良摇摆工作性能和高的摇摆万向节强度且制造成本低的轮轴轴承装置。
按照本发明,轮轴轴承装置包括一个与内圈上双列外滚道槽一起成型的外部构件,一个带有轮毂的内部构件。该轮毂带有一个用于安装车轮的法兰和一个安装在轮毂的内圈或外圈的装配构件。该内部构件与双列内滚道槽在外圈上一起成型,且在内外滚道槽之间设有两列辊子。轮毂和装配构件两者之一位于内部者通过塑性变形向外呈放射状膨胀,以便将轮毂和装配构件连接到一起。
上述轮轴轴承装置中,轮毂和装配构件中至少有一个所用的钢材除含铁外,还含有重量百分比为0.5%至0.7%的碳、0.1%至1.5%的硅、0.6%至1.0%的锰及不可避免的杂质元素。
由于所用的钢材属于中碳钢,其硬度在热处理前低于诸如高碳铬轴承钢之类材料。因此在未经热处理强化时就可施加塑性变形,且有优良的加工性能。热处理可采用感应淬火硬化方法,该方法不需要随后的退火或脱碳处理过程,且可硬化滚动或滑动区域使这些区域具有高的疲劳强度。另外,由于该种钢材不含诸如铬或钼之类的昂贵元素,轴承装置的总体成本便可相应降低。
该种钢材以含有硅元素的为佳,其重量百分比含量可为0.6%至1.2%。
该种钢材中奥氏体晶粒的较佳尺寸为3级或3级以上,旨在提高未经热处理区域的疲劳强度,从而延长整个构件的使用寿命。
轮毂和外部连接构件两者中位于内部的一个不经过热处理,以便能轻易产生塑性变形。这就改善了经历过塑性变形部位的延展性,因而增加这些部位的可加工性及连接强度。
连接强度还可通过以下方法进一步增加:使轮毂和外部连接构件两者中位于内部者的外圈表面同与其相对的表面上经过热处理或硬化处理后的不规则部位产生接合。
在该轮轴轴承装置的一个实施例中,装配构件可为恒速万向节的一个外部连接构件。此时,轮毂和外部连接构件中的一个被安装在另一个的内部。另一种方式就是将双列内滚道槽成型到轮毂和外部连接构件的外圈(见图1)。
在另一实施例中,装配构件可为安装到轮毂上的内环。此时,双列内滚道槽可成型到轮毂和内环的外圈(见图2),或成型到安装在轮毂外圈的两个内环的外表面(见图3)。
附图说明
图1是本发明第一种实施方轮轴轴承装置的横截剖面图;
图2是本发明另一实施方式中轮轴轴承装置的横截剖面图;
图3是本发明又一实施方式中轮轴轴承装置的横截剖面图;
图4是本发明再一实施方式中轮轴轴承装置的横截剖面图。
具体实施方式
下面,结合图1至图4说明本发明的几种较佳实施方式。
图1表示本发明驱动轮轮轴轴承装置。该轮轴轴承装置为一个包括轮毂10、轴承20和恒速万向节40的组件。下文所用术语“外侧”(outboardside)和“内侧”(inboard side)指安装到一机车上轴承装置的外侧和内侧,而分别对应于图中的左边和右边。
轮毂10为带有轴向中心钻孔的中空构件,该中心钻孔沿轮毂中心穿透轮毂。法兰14成型在轮毂10外侧的末端以安装车轮(未标出)。轮毂螺栓15沿轮毂周向均匀分布并***法兰14以便固定轮盘。一外侧内滚道槽27成型到轮毂10的外圈表面上相对于法兰14的内侧。
恒速万向节40通过其内部连接构件和扭矩传送滚珠(两者均未标出)将扭矩从驱动轴传递到其外部连接构件41。多个轨道槽41a成型在外部连接构件41的外圈,并与内部连接构件外圈上对应的多个轨道槽一起形成多个滚珠轨道。扭矩传送滚珠排列在这些滚珠轨道内,并借助于保持架(未标出)处在同一平面内。
外部连接构件41为一装配于轮毂10的内圈的装配构件,并包括作为一个整体的主干部分45和开口部分46。主干部分45装入到轮毂10内圈,直到开口部分46的肩部47接触到轮毂10的内侧端面为止,由此可达到轮毂10和外部连接构件41之间在轴向的相对定位。这种接触也固定了两个内滚道槽27和28之间的距离。内侧内滚道槽28成型在开口部分46靠近肩部47的外圈表面。主干部分45呈圆筒状,轴向孔48与杯形开口部分46的底部相通。
外部连接构件41通过锻造成型,此后再经局部热处理。经热处理硬化的部位在图1中以点状图案表示并可分为两个区域:覆盖肩部47、内侧内滚道槽28、以及密封件26的密封唇与之产生滑动接触的密封脊面的区域;以及开口部位46以内并覆盖扭矩传送滚珠滚动所在轨道槽41a的区域。这两个区域经硬化后的硬度均达HRC58或以上。这些区域的热处理以感应硬化工艺为佳,因感应硬化可对局部区域进行加热,也可自由选择硬化层深度,且对未经硬化处理的基体材料的热影响程度较小。
其它一些构件在锻造后不需要进行热处理硬化,其中包括如后文所述以摇摆方式向外呈放射状膨胀而产生塑性变形的主干部分45的摇摆区域34。在这些不经热处理硬化的构件中,考虑到摇摆时的操作性能,摇摆区域34最好具有尽可能低的硬度,这样可在一定程度上避免构件疲劳性能的降低。摇摆区域34的较佳硬度范围为HRC13~28,更好硬度范围为HRC18~25。
轴承20包括一外部构件21和双列辊子22。外部构件21包括一个用于将自身安装到车辆机体(图中未标出)上的法兰23,且与双列外滚道槽24共同成型到双列辊子22滚动所在的内圈表面。双列辊子22填充在轮毂10和外部连接构件41的内滚道槽27、28,及外部构件21的双列外滚道槽24之间。尽管该种实施方式是通过用滚珠作为辊子22的双列径向滚珠轴承实施例加以表述,但也应注意到重型机车轮轴轴承装置经常使用双径向锥形滚轴轴承,此时采用的辊子就是锥形滚轮。密封件25、26分别安装在外部构件21的两个开口端,目的是防止轴承内填充的润滑脂向外泄露,也防止外部的水分或外来物进入到轴承内部。
与外部连接构件41的摇摆区域34相对,轮毂10内圈上的装配面16成型有不规则区域31。装配面16除不规则区域31外是光滑的圆柱形表面,且与主干部分45的圆柱形外圈表面紧紧接触。不规则区域31可呈多种形式,诸如:螺纹形、包含齿条的锯齿形、多个沟槽相互交叉的菱形滚花。这些不规则区域31经热处理硬化后硬度要达到HRC58或以上。
轮毂10的局部硬化层不仅包括内圈上不规则区域31,还包括外圈上,如图1点状图案部分所示,覆盖内滚道槽27上到内侧端面的密封件25密封脊面的区域,。该区域热处理工艺最好也采用感应硬化方法,原因与上述理由相同。如图中所示,这些硬化区域相互之间不连续,因而可防止轮毂10产生淬火裂纹。
轮毂10和外部连接构件41通过摇摆方式塑性连接在一起。也就是说,将外部连接构件41的主干部分45装入到轮毂10内圈后,主干部分45的摇摆区域34便呈放射状向外产生塑性变形,使得不规则区域31咬入到摇摆区域34的外圈。这样轮毂10和外部连接构件41就实现了塑性连接。这种连接方式确定了两内滚道槽27和28之间的距离,同时也对轴承20内部施加了一个预载荷。这种塑性连接的轮毂10和外部连接构件41共同组成一内部构件29,并在该内部构件29外圈上成型有双列内滚道槽27、28。
如上所述,不规则区域31被硬化处理后具有很高硬度,因而在摇摆压力下几乎不会产生屈服。另一方面,摇摆区域34的硬度低于不规则区域31,且具有高的延展性。这样在成型时就为摇摆工作方式预留了很大余地,故不存在增加产生主干部分45摇摆裂纹的危险性。另外,摇摆方式使得不规则区域31深深咬入到摇摆区域34,故可保障轮毂10和外部连接构件41之间高的连接强度。
摇摆动作借助于***到外部连接构件41的主干部分45的孔48中的一个摇摆冲头完成。也就是说,在将外部连接构件41主干部分45***到轮毂10内圈后,将一外径大于孔48内径的摇摆冲头压入到孔48中,因此就使得主干部分45摇摆区域34向外呈放射状膨胀。
外部连接构件41的制造用材料最好为这样一种钢材(以下称“特种钢”—specific steel),其主要成份,除铁元素外,包括以下其它合金元素:重量百分比为0.5%至0.7%的碳、0.1%至1.5%的硅、0.6%至1.0%的锰以及不可避免的杂质。其中硅元素的更佳含量范围为重量百分比0.6%至1.2%。
碳含量的范围应为0.5%至0.7%,其原因如下:众所周知,当钢材中含有一定含量的硅和锰时,为采用感应硬化方法达到特定硬度级别,同时也为保障轴承在大载荷下具有特定滚动工作寿命,碳的重量百分比含量就应至少为0.5%或以上。另一方面,碳或碳化物的作用是让钢达到稳定的硬度。当碳含量超过0.7%时,材料硬度就会太高以至于在一定程度上降低其可加工性能。更何况,碳含量超过0.7%的钢还必须进行一些成本昂贵的热处理过程,如防止元素偏析所需的高温扩散退火或均匀化退火,以及将碳化物颗粒转变成球形的处理工艺。考虑到这些热处理过程的高成本,应将碳含量控制在不超过0.7%的范围。
材料中硅的作用是增强基体材料并提高其滚动工作寿命。同时它还抑制高温下材料的软化过程以及延缓结构变化和大载荷反复作用下裂纹的萌生过程。因此硅含量应为0.6%或以上。又由于硅元素含量的增加不会使基体材料硬度达到象下文所述添加锰元素时那样高的硬度级别,却会降低材料的冷、热加工性能,硅的含量应控制在不超过1.2%的范围。
锰元素可改善钢的淬火性能。另外,钢材固相中溶解的锰元素还可提高钢的强度并增加残留奥氏体含量,其中残留奥氏体有助于提高钢的滚动工作寿命。锰不仅可象硅元素一样增强基体材料强度,还可溶入到碳化物中增加碳化物硬度。因此,在有效增加材料硬度的同时,过量的锰却会降低材料的使用性能和机加工性能。考虑到上述因素,锰元素的含量应控制在0.6%至1.0%。
当轴承20受到载荷作用开始滚动时,即使在正常工作条件下,轴承20也受到反复脉动载荷作用,由于滚动疲劳,最终会在滚道内产生诸如薄片剥落之类的失效现象。当一组具有同样表征状态的轴承在相同条件下工作时,其中90%的轴承在达到或超过一定转动圈数时不会因滚动疲劳而产生失效现象,这一转动圈数便被定义为“轴承基本额定寿命(L10)”。考虑到轮轴轴承装置中轴承的功能,通常情况下其L10值期望达到5000×104或更高。
在滚道28和外部连接构件41的轨道槽41a处,除滚动外,还会产生滑动,故这些部位比较容易产生表面裂纹。上述采用感应淬火硬化方法对这些区域进行硬化的目的就是防止产生这类问题,但这也许仍不足以避免表面裂纹的产生。因此,感应硬化区域的与拉伸疲劳裂纹扩展相关的应力增加因子ΔKth下限最好设为6.2MPa√m或更高。满足该条件的钢应对反复拉伸应力作用下疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展过程具有较高的抵抗力,并能延缓滑动面表面裂纹的萌生和扩展过程,甚至在表面除承受滚动外还承受滑动反复拉伸应力作用条件下也是如此,因而可延长外部连接构件41的总体寿命。
作为特种钢,在机械结构中可采用诸如S53C之类的中碳钢。根据日本工业标准规定,S53C钢包含0.5%至0.6%的碳、0.1%至0.4%的硅、0.6%至1.0%的锰。也可采用满足以下条件的碳钢,即含0.5%至0.6%的碳、0.7%至0.9%的硅、0.6%至1.0%的锰。后者由于比前者含有更多的硅,其未经热处理硬化的区域也比前者的相应区域具有更高的疲劳强度。
上述每种制造外连接构件41所用特种钢与诸如SUJ2高碳铬轴承钢相比,未经热处理硬化的区域具有较低硬度和较好加工性能。摇摆区域34也就比较容易通过塑性变形向外呈放射状膨胀。此时摇摆操作比较容易完成,且摇摆后还可获得足够的万向节强度。另外由于加热精细处理可采用感应淬火硬化工艺,这就避免了在高碳铬轴承钢浸没式淬火条件下必须进行诸如退火之类的繁杂处理工艺,或避免了表面硬化钢渗碳后必须进行的脱碳处理工艺,因而相应地降低了成本。
另外,上述特种钢不含诸如铬或钼之类的昂贵元素,因此材料成本低,因而可相应降低轴承成本。
虽然上述实施例仅通过采用特种钢制作外部连接构件41这一实施方式加以表述,然而轮毂10也可用上述特种钢之一来制作。轮毂10螺栓孔周围区域需具有低硬度,其目的在于,当螺栓15压入安装到螺栓孔时,轮毂螺栓15上的滚花能与螺栓孔牢固啮合,从而防止螺栓15的转动。使用特种钢制作轮毂10且采用感应淬火硬化工艺获得局部区域硬化时,不再需要退火和/或脱碳处理过程,故可降低成本。
根据同样理由,外部构件21也可用特种钢制作。此时,如图1中点状图案所示,跨接并覆盖两外滚道槽24区域的硬化层也可通过感应淬火硬化方法获得。
若外部连接构件41、轮毂10和外部构件21均采用特种钢制造,那幺一些未经热处理强化相对较弱的区域,诸如法兰14和23的基部拐角A~C以及外部连接构件41内圈不同区域D~F,可能不具备足够的疲劳强度,故这些较弱区域最好通过热处理加以强化。然而,该问题也可通过采用奥氏体晶粒为3级或3级以上的上述特种钢之一作为制造材料加以解决。奥氏体晶粒为3级或3级以上的特种钢由于具有小的晶粒尺寸,故即使在未经热处理强化区域也具有高的疲劳强度。这样上述A~F区域就不用再经过热处理强化,从而也降低了成本。为严格测量奥氏体晶粒尺寸,也许必要采用如JIS G 0551或Bechet-Beaujard方法中规定的热处理晶粒尺寸测试方法。然而,在本发明中,还可采用一种更为简单的方法,即:镜面抛光样品横截面后,采用5%的硝酸酒精溶液浸蚀以显示铁素体-珠光体金相组织,此时就可采用显微镜测量从奥氏体晶粒起源的最先析出铁素体相包围着的珠光体结构尺寸作为奥氏体晶粒尺寸。
[0047]图1表示一实施例,其中在摇摆区域所在位置,轮毂10安装在外部,而外部连接构件41安装在内部。它们也可按相反顺序安装,此时安装在内部的轮毂10与摇摆区域34一起成型,而外部连接构件41则安装在该摇摆区域的外圈。
下面,结合图2和图3描述本发明的其它实施例,其中均采用了其它类型的轮轴轴承装置。与图1中相同的组件在此也以相同数字表示,故略去重复叙述部分。
在图2所示实施例中,内部构件29由轮毂10和安装在轮毂10外圈的内环35组成。外侧内滚道槽27成型在轮毂10的外圈,内侧内滚道槽28成型在内环35的外圈。
[0050]根据该实施例,内环35压入装配到轮毂10内侧端、小直径圆筒区域19的外圈。外部连接构件41安装到轮毂10内圈,通过一个诸如花键或类似装置的扭矩传送装置37进行连接,同时借助于环38固定在轮毂10上。环35内侧端面与外部连接构件41的肩部区域42相接触,同时外侧端面与轮毂10的肩部区域18相接触。
根据该实施例,如图2中十字交叉线图案所示,摇摆区域34成型在轮毂10的小直径圆筒区域19上,硬化不规则区域31成型在内环35的内圈。轮毂10的摇摆区域34不经过热处理硬化,并借助于塑性变形向外呈放射状膨胀,这样就使得小直径圆筒区域19的外圈与内环35的不规则区域31牢固接合,也就使轮毂10和内环35产生塑性啮合。此时,内环35包括一个安装在轮毂10外圈的装配构件。
同样根据该实施例,轮毂10、内环35、外部构件21及外部连接构件41中的一个或多个可采用上述特种钢制造。
图3表示再一实施例,此时内部构件29包括轮毂10、装配到轮毂10外圈上的第一内环51和第二内环52。内部构件29的内滚道槽27、28分别位于内环51和52外圈。图中未标出的外部连接构件装配到轮毂10内圈并进行有效连接,以便传送扭矩。
内侧第一内环51在内侧端有一轴向延伸段53,与经热处理或硬化的不规则区域31一起成型。摇摆区域34位于轮毂10内侧端,它不经热处理硬化,因而能通过塑性变形而向外呈放射状膨胀并与不规则区域31坚实啮合,从而实现轮毂10和内环51之间的塑性连接。此时,内环51和52均含有一个装配到轮毂10外圈的装配构件。
同样在该实施例中,轮毂10、第一内环51、第二内环52、外部构件21及外部连接构件中的一个或多个可采用上述特种钢制造。
尽管图2和图3所示为轮毂10、轴承20和外部连接构件作为一整体的驱动轮轴轴承装置的实施例,但很明显,本发明的轮轴轴承装置也适用于不包括外万向节构件而仅包括轮毂和轴承的从动轮。
[0057]按照本发明,同时存在热处理硬化区域和未热处理硬化区域的钢材构件的制造成本低,而其优良加工性能又可保障未经热处理硬化区域能顺利产生塑性变形。因此,本发明提供了一种低成本、高寿命的轮轴轴承装置。
Claims (7)
1.一种轮轴轴承装置,包括:
一外部构件,其内圈上成型有双列外滚道槽;
一内部构件,包括用于安装车轮法兰的轮毂和安装到轮毂内圈和外圈之一上的装配构件,该内部构件在其外表面成型有双列内滚道槽,该轮毂和该装配构件两者之一位于内部者通过塑性变形向外呈放射状膨胀,以便连接轮毂和装配构件;以及
一内、外滚道槽之间的辊子,
该装置特征在于,轮毂和装配构件中至少有一个所用钢材除含铁外,还含有重量百分比为0.5%至0.7%的碳、重量百分比为0.1%至1.5%的硅、重量百分比为0.6%至1.0%的锰及不可避免的杂质元素。
2.如权利要求1所述的轮轴轴承装置,其特征在于,上述钢种的硅含量范围为重量百分比0.6%至1.2%。
3.如权利要求1所述的轮轴轴承装置,其特征在于,上述钢种的奥氏体晶粒尺寸为3级或3级以上。
4.如权利要求1至3之一所述的轮轴轴承装置,其特征在于,装配构件是恒速万向节的外部连接构件,而双列内滚道槽成型在轮毂和外部连接构件的外圈。
5.如权利要求1至3之一所述的轮轴轴承装置,其特征在于,装配构件为装配到轮毂外圈的内环。
6.如权利要求5所述的轮轴轴承装置,其特征在于,双列内滚道槽成型在轮毂和内环的外圈。
7.如权利要求5所述的轮轴轴承装置,其特征在于,双列内滚道槽成型在装配到轮毂外圈上两个内环的外圈。
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-
2002
- 2002-06-21 JP JP2002181787A patent/JP2004028143A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-05-23 DE DE10323447A patent/DE10323447A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-06-10 US US10/457,777 patent/US6969201B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-13 CN CNA031427650A patent/CN1473718A/zh active Pending
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100413725C (zh) * | 2006-10-30 | 2008-08-27 | 孔素芳 | 汽车轮毂单元与万向节组合总成 |
CN101542148B (zh) * | 2006-11-14 | 2012-08-22 | Ntn株式会社 | 车轮用轴承装置 |
CN101633292B (zh) * | 2009-04-21 | 2011-09-14 | 万向钱潮股份有限公司 | 带轮毂轴承单元的等速万向节总成 |
CN111765174A (zh) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-10-13 | 上海涟屹轴承科技有限公司 | 一种管道泵水润滑推力轴承 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004028143A (ja) | 2004-01-29 |
US6969201B2 (en) | 2005-11-29 |
US20040252926A1 (en) | 2004-12-16 |
DE10323447A1 (de) | 2004-01-15 |
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