CN1382236A - 可以使用硅氧烷组分作为溶剂的干洗装置和方法 - Google Patents

可以使用硅氧烷组分作为溶剂的干洗装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN1382236A
CN1382236A CN00812806A CN00812806A CN1382236A CN 1382236 A CN1382236 A CN 1382236A CN 00812806 A CN00812806 A CN 00812806A CN 00812806 A CN00812806 A CN 00812806A CN 1382236 A CN1382236 A CN 1382236A
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siloxane solvent
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渥尔夫－迪特·R·奔迪特
约翰·麦克利得·格里菲斯
詹姆斯·E·道格拉斯
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Abstract

提供一种***和方法,用来采用硅氧烷溶剂干洗衣物。该***(5)包括一个洗涤筐(10)用来放置衣物,和一个或多个罐(14,16)用来盛放一种硅氧烷溶剂。用泵(12)把罐和洗涤筐耦合起来,其作用是用硅氧烷溶剂浸泡洗涤筐中的衣物。该***还有一个蒸馏器(24),用来蒸馏脏污的硅氧烷溶剂从而回收纯硅氧烷溶剂。一个冷凝器(26)与洗涤筐和/或蒸馏器耦合,用来回收冷凝蒸汽。为除去来自冷凝器的硅氧烷溶剂中的任何水分,一个分离器(28)与所述冷凝器耦合。一个风扇(32)与洗涤筐耦合,用来循环空气通过冷凝器,然后加热器蛇形管(34)进入洗涤筐对衣物进行干燥和冷却。

Description

可以使用硅氧烷组分作为溶剂的干洗装置和方法
本发明所属技术领域
本发明属于对服装、织物、纺织品等进行干洗的一般领域，更特别地涉及一种采用硅氧烷溶剂进行干洗的方法和装置。
与本发明相关的背景技术
干洗是一种遍及世界的重要行业。仅在美国就有4万多家干洗店(其中许多有连锁店)。干洗业是当今经济中不可缺少的行业。许多衣物(及其他物品)必须进行干洗，以除去人体分泌的油脂，保持清洁，同时防止缩水及褪色。
迄今为止普遍采用的干洗剂是全氯乙烯(PERC)。它的使用存在着许多不利因素，包括其自身的毒性和气味。
在该领域中存在的另一个问题是不同的织物需要使用不同的***来处理，以防止在干洗过程中损坏织物。
先前的干洗工艺包括使用各种溶剂及适合的机器来完成洗涤。如前所述，过去最普遍采用的溶剂是全氯乙烯。全氯乙烯有着非常好的洗涤效果，但其主要缺陷是危害健康，污染环境，即它的使用会导致许多种癌症，污染地下水，损害水生物。在一些地区，由于其危害性，全氯乙烯被禁用。此外，过去也曾尝试使用其他溶剂，例如石油基溶剂或烃类。所述各类溶剂比全氯乙烯具有较小的侵蚀性，但它们仍属于挥发性有机化合物(VOC’s)。因此，在大多数空间区域，这类化合物受到限制。
干洗业长期依赖石油基溶剂，及为人熟知的氯化烃、全氯乙烯和三氯乙烯，用来清洗纺织品和服装面料。自二十世纪四十年代以来，全氯乙烯被誉为不易燃、去污力强、洗涤效果理想、特别适用于干洗业的合成物。在二十世纪七十年代初，发现全氯乙烯可致动物肝癌。这是一个引起恐慌的发现，因为干洗行业的污水排放、废物堆积，会使污染物渗入土壤和地下水。
环境保护机构日益出台更为严格的法规，最终于1996年出台法规，要求所有干洗店采用“干至干”循环，意即纺织品及衣物以干燥状态进机，以干燥状态出机。这要求“闭环”***操作，以回收绝大部分液态和气态全氯乙烯。此“循环”过程包括，将纺织品或衣物放入特制的洗衣机，该洗衣机可容纳15至150磅纺织品或衣物，带有圆形观察窗。放入洗衣机前，要对织物或衣物的污渍进行人工检查。如果织物是非常见的，或者是对于难于处理的质地，则需检查标签，确认制造商是否认为物品适于干洗。如果不这样做，则可能造成永久性污渍。例如，一处糖渍不易被发现，但是一经干洗，就会因氧化而变成棕色。如果污渍是油渍，水就不起作用，但溶剂可以溶解油脂。事实上，对某些衣物采用干洗方法的主要原因(此类衣物不适用常规洗衣机)，是除去积聚的身体分泌的油脂(如脂肪酸)，因其易于氧化而产生污秽气味。
积聚于溶剂中的油脂和脂肪酸通过过滤作用去除，回收溶剂。换言之，脏污的溶剂被蒸馏并通过蛇形管所有蒸汽被冷凝成为液体。回收的液体由溶剂和水组成，然后使该液体通过一个分离器，从而分离所述的两种不可混溶的液体。清洗前纺织品曝露于环境空气中，因此所述水分可能来自环境空气中的天然湿气。水分的另一来源，在于衣物的预除污过程。
从机中取出纺织品前，洗涤机成为干燥机。热风吹入箱体，不向外排风，取而代之的是气流进入冷凝器，将蒸汽冷凝成液体。然后该液体通过一个分离器，把水与溶剂分开，从而回收再利用溶剂。
虽然已开发了如上述的一些用诸如全氯乙烯、石油基溶剂和烃类溶剂进行干洗的***，但还没有一种特殊设计的***用来使用硅氧烷组分作为干洗剂。
发明简述
提供一种***和方法，用来采用硅氧烷溶剂干洗衣物。该***包括一个洗涤筐用来放置衣物，和一个或多个罐盛放硅氧烷溶剂。用泵将罐和洗涤筐耦合，其作用是用硅氧烷溶剂浸泡洗涤筐中的衣物。该***还有一个蒸馏器，用来蒸馏硅氧烷溶剂从而进行回收。一个冷凝器与洗涤筐和蒸馏器耦合，用来回收冷凝蒸汽。为除去来自冷凝器的硅氧烷溶剂中的任何水分，一个分离器与所述冷凝器耦合。一个风扇与洗涤筐耦合，用来循环空气通过加热器蛇形管并进入洗涤筐对衣物进行干燥。
在根据本发明的一个方面，蒸馏器与洗涤筐耦合，用于接收来自洗涤筐的硅氧烷溶剂。冷凝器可以采用蒸馏器蒸汽冷凝器，它与蒸馏器耦合从而接收来自该蒸馏器的冷凝蒸汽。进一步，冷凝器的形式也可以是干燥蒸汽冷凝器，它与洗涤筐耦合从而回收来自该洗涤筐的冷凝蒸汽。
在根据本发明的另一个方面，来自洗涤筐中的潜在蒸汽温度保持在120和138华氏度之间。进一步，在干燥过程中，循环空气可在120和180华氏度之间进入洗涤筐。作为一种选择，在搅动过程中，硅氧烷溶剂的温度可保持在90和130华氏度之间，从而提高其洗涤效力。
附图简要描述
前述本发明的优点以及附加的目的和有关优点，将通过对下述优选实施例进行详细描述，以及结合附图说明，这将更有助于理解。
图1是干洗机的示意图，其使用的溶剂具有需要真空蒸馏的沸点；
图2是根据本发明实施例的干洗步骤流程图；
图3是分离水和溶剂的操作步骤、流程图；以及
图4是用于从溶剂中去除水的机构示意图，其中水和溶剂的密度非常接近，如前述图3所示。
发明详述
本发明包括一种装置和方法，共同用于干洗纺织品、织物、皮革制品等。
为了说明本发明涉及的互相关联的洗涤步骤，在图1中给出干洗***5的示意图，当然洗涤配置还可以有所选择。应该注意到，图1中的洗涤***5可用于处理3级A型(Class 3-Atype)溶剂。
在干洗衣物或其他物品时，首先把它们放入***5中的一个水平旋转的洗涤筐10中。用泵12送入一种干洗液开始洗涤循环，该干洗液包括一种有机硅氧烷基硅氧烷(organo silicone-basedsiloxane solvent)溶剂。从一个工作罐14或一个新溶剂罐16把溶剂送入装有衣物的洗涤筐10。通过过滤器18、或直接把溶剂泵入洗涤筐10。
从洗涤筐10，通过按钮式阀门20，溶剂被循环到泵12。在搅动预定时间后，排出溶剂并泵入图1所示3个罐(罐14、罐16和罐22)中的任何一个。然后离心甩干洗涤筐10，从而把剩余的溶剂排到任何所希望的罐中。
与本发明所用特定溶剂匹配的过滤***类型是：一种20和30微米型的旋转圆盘，所用硅藻土能够选用30微米的旋转圆盘；一种管状过滤***(软管、硬管、或者凸缘(bump)管)，也能够选用硅藻土；一种筒状物(活性炭芯、整体活性炭、或者标准型号，特大的或可分的型号)；Kleen Rite筒(Kleen Rite Cartridge)***，该***无需蒸馏器。也可使用10至100微米孔隙的过滤器，在分离前过滤冷凝的蒸汽。
过滤溶剂还可除去洗涤衣物上析出的脏污微粒。而且，过滤硅氧烷基溶剂消除了该溶剂的聚合作用，即使存在催化剂。
用于洗涤的溶剂应用蒸馏法提取，其比率是每100磅提取10至20加仑，除非使用前述的Kleen Rite筒***。为完成此过程，可以使用一个蒸馏器24来收集来自过滤器18或来自废液罐22的溶剂。废液罐22中的溶剂通过吸管引入蒸馏器，因为该蒸馏器处于真空条件下，真空是通过一个浮球阀(图中未示出)加以控制的。
任何来自蒸馏器的回收的或冷凝的蒸汽，可用蒸馏器蒸汽冷凝器26的水冷却蛇形管进行冷凝。其后，重力驱使冷凝溶剂进入分离器28。流动速率与蒸馏器有关，其范围是0.75至1.25加仑/每分钟(GPM)，分离器要相应地进行设计。用液压泵30或文氏管法产生真空。
在干燥过程中，衣物在洗涤筐10中翻滚，一个风扇32迫使空气吹过加热蛇形管34，这使进入的空气流的温度在120和180华氏度之间。当留在衣物上的溶剂和水被加热并形成蒸汽时，空气流离开洗涤筐10并流过干燥蒸汽冷凝器36的冷却蛇形管，在这里蒸汽冷凝成液体。通过一个导管37，上述液体自重进入分离器28。
离开洗涤筐10的含有蒸汽的空气，其温度范围是在120和138华氏度之间。这种温度是重要的，原因在于它低于前述溶剂闪点30华氏度或更多。在一方面，冷凝液体的流动速率可限制于0.75加仑/每分钟，因此可依据蒸馏器和干燥蒸汽冷凝器26和36的冷凝液体的结合流动速率来设计分离器。
图2说明一种步骤，其可以使用本发明的各种部件，以达到阐明的目的。依据上述干洗过程，不止一种而是两种或更多的溶剂来源进入分离器。把重新冷凝的溶剂送回干洗***的能力依赖于分离器28及其效率。
为获得这种效率，如图3所示，提供了一种分离水和溶剂的方法。如操作步骤40所示，在干洗过程中，干洗液和来自衣物的任何水分所组成的混合物被除去。在操作步骤42中，分离器28收集该混合物。该混合物一经收集就被推动通过一聚结介质，如操作步骤44所示。接着，分离干洗液和水，见操作步骤46。
图4是根据本发明一个实施例的分离器28的示意图，其可以实施图3的方法。当水合溶剂或水和干洗液的混合物流向分离器28的主容器48时，可对混合物进行过滤，从而阻止纤维屑和脏污微粒进入分离器28，该杂质可能限制处于下游的聚结过滤器。为完成这种过滤过程，可在进口管52的初端覆盖聚结介质(coalescentmedia)56。根据本发明的各种聚结介质，包括尼龙或任何其他聚结介质。在图1干洗***5中，以一定的方式用管路把蒸汽冷凝器26和蒸汽冷凝器36连接起来，不存在下部存水点。这样，混合物的流液尽可能直接进入分离器28。
水合溶剂在50处进入分离器28，在50处所述水合溶剂靠自重流入进口管52，并在水和干洗液之间界面层54上方的几英寸处停止向下流动。硅氧烷基溶剂不溶于水，而水是以微团的形态悬浮在水合溶剂中，直到形成直径约0.015cm的水珠。该水珠由于自重沉降于主容器48的底部。所述水合溶剂从进口管52的水平端口55处水平地流出，从而把扰动降至最低程度。
当主容器48中的液体增加时，一个浮动液面开关58会断开，并接着起动一个潜水泵60，该潜水泵的额定转速为400加仑/每小时。在主容器48总高度1/3和1/2之间，泵60汲取水合溶剂，然后该液体通过泵60泵入过滤箱62，该过滤箱62有一个高度在2和20英寸之间的垂直腔。
然后，迫使水合溶剂流过聚结介质64，聚结介质64置于过滤箱62内。该介质直径在2和1 2英寸之间，其截面在1/4和4英寸之间。应该注意到，在过滤箱62的垂直腔中可以放置3个或更多的分离介质64。PFP聚合物可用于制造聚结介质64，而PFP聚合物的蜂窝状孔隙结构便于水微团的聚结。当水合溶剂被迫流过聚结介质64时，一些水珠会形成并出现在聚结介质64的外侧。
泵60可以是电动式的或气动式的。使用任何液流控制器，如泵60，或者利用真空都能达到足够的分离效果。选用的液流控制器应达到0.5至2.5加仑/每分钟的流量。如果水合溶剂的流入量大于聚结介质64所允许的量，可以降低浮动液面开关58的位置，从而使水合溶剂有更大的缓冲区，其中浮动液面开关58的作用是起动液流控制器。
分离后的液体离开过滤箱62后，进入另一个容器68中的垂直管66，容器68使水珠沉降于底部。分离后的溶剂流出溶剂出口69。
在容器68底部收集的水珠，靠自重通过导管70流入主容器48的底部。在一实施例中，导管70的内径是在1/8和1/4英寸之间。通过一个水中的浮动液面开关72以机械方式开启铰链阀74，排出收集于主容器48底部的水。也可以用两个电导点或探针(未示出)，当水面升高时它们会接触，从而构成一个回路，并进而给气动阀或电动阀信号，排出主容器48中的水。在主容器48的底部也可以有一个人工排水口，用于周期性的人工维护。
可以用不锈钢或聚乙烯制造主容器48。不赞成用碳钢制造主容器48，因为氧化作用和生锈可能会迅速发生。而且，也不赞成使用聚乙烯管、聚氯乙烯和聚氯乙烯，因为硅氧烷基溶剂会除去增塑剂从而使材料变脆。也可以使用不受溶剂影响的其他制品。
采用硅氧烷基溶剂时，允许一定的温度范围，这种观点在传统的干洗领域通常并不存在。干洗时，控制液体溶剂的温度非常关键。
如前所述，最普遍采用的溶剂是全氯乙烯，其理想保持的温度范围是在78至82华氏度之间。这也是目前在干洗领域采用的所有其他溶剂的通常范围。如果温度增加，溶剂则更具侵蚀性，这导致洗涤织物的损伤。KB(kari butyl)值的增加，通常导致洗涤衣物上的染料脱落并把这些染料转移到其他洗涤的衣物上。对控制温度的需要促使干洗机制造商在底罐(base tank)安装水冷却蛇形管，以及和在管路上安装串联式水冷却套管，以利于热转移。
通过增加根据本发明的硅氧烷基溶剂的温度范围到90至130华氏度，提供了洗涤所需的侵蚀性，但不会造成脱色问题。此过程最好这样完成：以闭环方式循环水，从热水罐出发，通过一个循环泵，接着通过蛇形管(先前用于冷却)，以后流回热水罐。所述循环泵可用温度探头加以控制，温度探头可置于溶剂中。获得精确控制的溶剂温度，溶剂温度影响了溶剂的侵蚀性但不会引起洗涤衣物的损伤。
以上描述了多种实施例，应当明了的是，本发明不限于此。对实施例的描述是为了便于理解本发明，不应构成对本发明范围的限制。本发明的范围应由以下权利要求及等效文件限定。
组件符号说明5         干洗***10        洗涤筐12        泵14        工作罐16        新溶剂罐18        过滤器20        按钮式阀门22        废液罐24        蒸馏器26        冷凝器28        分离器30        液压泵32        风扇34        加热蛇形管36        冷凝器37        导管48        主容器50        进口52        进口管54        界面层55        水平端口56        聚结介质58        浮动液面开关60        潜水泵62        过滤箱64        聚结介质66        垂直管68        容器69        溶剂出口70        导管72        液面开关74        铰链阀

Claims (19)

1.一种干洗衣物的***，包括：
(a)一个放置衣物的洗涤筐；
(b)一个或多个用来盛放硅氧烷溶剂的罐；
(c)一个泵，把所述罐和所述洗涤筐耦合，从而在所述洗涤筐中用所述硅氧烷溶剂浸泡所述衣物；
(d)一个用来蒸馏和收集所述硅氧烷溶剂的蒸馏器；
(e)一个冷凝器，与所述至少一个洗涤筐和蒸馏器耦合，用来回收所述硅氧烷溶剂的冷凝蒸汽；
(f)一个分离器，与所述冷凝器耦合，用于除去来自所述冷凝器的所述硅氧烷溶剂中的任何水分；以及
(g)一个风扇，与所述洗涤筐耦合，用来循环空气通过加热器蛇形管并进入所述洗涤筐，从而对衣物进行干燥。
2.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中所述蒸馏器与所述洗涤筐耦合，用于收集来自所述洗涤筐的所述硅氧烷溶剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中所述冷凝器是一种与所述蒸馏器耦合的蒸馏器蒸汽冷凝器，用来回收来自所述蒸馏器的所述硅氧烷溶剂的冷凝蒸汽。
4.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中所述冷凝器是一种与所述洗涤筐耦合的干燥蒸汽冷凝器，用来回收来自所述洗涤筐的所述硅氧烷溶剂的冷凝蒸汽。
5.根据权利要求4所述的***，其中来自所述洗涤筐的含有蒸汽的空气温度是在120和138华氏度之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中所述分离器借助重力收集所述硅氧烷溶剂。
7.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中所述蒸馏器与所述罐耦合，并且一个真空发生器与所述蒸馏器耦合，用来在其中产生真空从而抽汲其中的所述硅氧烷溶剂。
8.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中所述循环空气保持在120和180华氏度之间。
9.一种干洗衣物的方法，包括如下步骤：
(a)把所述衣物放入一个洗涤筐中；
(b)在一种硅氧烷溶剂中浸泡所述衣物；
(c)在所述硅氧烷溶剂中搅动所述衣物；
(d)离心甩干所述衣物，从而除去至少一部分所述硅氧烷溶剂；
(e)蒸馏所述硅氧烷溶剂从而回收所述硅氧烷溶剂；
(f)回收所述硅氧烷溶剂的冷凝蒸汽；
(g)分离所述硅氧烷溶剂中的任何水分；
(h)在所述衣物周围循环加热的空气，从而干燥所述衣物；
(i)从所述洗涤筐中拿去所述衣物；以及
(j)重复使用所述溶剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述蒸馏的硅氧烷溶剂是通过冷凝作用进行回收。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述硅氧烷溶剂的所述冷凝蒸汽是从所述蒸馏器回收而获得。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述硅氧烷溶剂的所述冷凝蒸汽是从所述洗涤筐回收而获得。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中来自所述洗涤筐的含有冷凝蒸汽的空气温度是在120和138华氏度之间。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法，进一步包括使用真空发生器从一个蒸馏器中抽汲所述硅氧烷溶剂，所述蒸馏器用作蒸馏所述硅氧烷溶剂。
15.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述循环加热的空气是保持在120和180华氏度之间。
16.根据权利要求9所述的方法，进一步包括在浸泡所述衣物前过滤所述硅氧烷溶剂。
17.根据权利要求9所述的方法，进一步包括在回收所述硅氧烷溶剂前过滤所述的硅氧烷溶剂。
18.根据权利要求9所述的方法，进一步包括保持在搅动过程中所用硅氧烷溶剂的温度在90和130华氏度之间。
19.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中使用了一种聚结介质来增强所述干洗过程，所述聚结介质由脲醛树脂制成的蜂窝状孔隙泡沫构成。
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CN102234596A (zh) * 2010-05-07 2011-11-09 上海和黄白猫有限公司 复合去油气雾剂
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CN102839519B (zh) * 2011-06-22 2017-05-03 海尔集团公司 一种家用干洗机及衣物的干洗方法
CN103306110A (zh) * 2012-03-06 2013-09-18 海尔集团技术研发中心 家用干洗装置、干洗方法及干洗溶剂回收方法
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CN104342890A (zh) * 2013-07-25 2015-02-11 海尔集团技术研发中心 家用干洗机及其控制方法
CN104342890B (zh) * 2013-07-25 2018-09-04 青岛海尔滚筒洗衣机有限公司 家用干洗机及其控制方法
CN106149327A (zh) * 2015-03-26 2016-11-23 东莞市凰后干洗有限公司 一种干洗机的干洗可防缩并易于进行功能性整理的辅助装置

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