CN1367536A - Copper-indium-galliun-selenium film solar cell and its preparation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A film solar battery with copper, indium, gallium selenium and its parparing method relates to semiconductor film preparation and structure design of semiconductor film device. It has the characteristics as using n-ZnS as a window layer, CuIn GaSe P-semiconductor film as an absorption layer and to form ZnS/Cu (In,Ga) Sezp-n junction with ZnS, of which metal back electrode is Mo-Cu alloy. In present invention. ZnS has been used as a window layer of film solar battery to replace ZnO material so as to increase absorption spectral region of sun light at absorption layer and to avoid the application of hazardous material of Cd, furthermore Mo-Cu alloy has been used as a back electrode to replace Mo for making joint between battery and backing more solid to raise the yield of battery production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the photoelectric material technical field of new energies, relate to the preparation of semiconductive thin film and the structural design of semiconductor film membrane module, particularly with structural design and the preparation method of CIGS thin-film as the thin-film solar cells of absorbed layer.
Background technology
Compound semiconductor copper indium diselenide (CuInSe with yellow copper structure
2, be called for short CIS) or solid solution Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cu (In, Ga) Se of gallium are arranged
2, being called for short CIGS) and film not only has high energy conversion efficiency as the thin-film solar cells of light absorbing zone, and have stability to radiation, thereby become one of the research focus in photovoltaic cell field.Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar cell is deposit multilayer film and the photovoltaic device that constitutes respectively on glass or other inexpensive substrate, its structure is generally: and antireflective coating/metal gate-shaped electrode/transparent electrode layer/Window layer/transition zone/light absorbing zone (CIGS, CIS)/metal back electrode/substrate.Through research for many years, the CIGS solar cell has developed different structure, and main difference is the selection of window material.Be to make window the earliest with CdS.Absorbed layer as the hull cell of patent US3978510 report is p type CuInSe
2, Window layer is the CdS of n type, respectively with the gold and indium as electrode leads to client.The battery structure of patent US4465575 report is: antireflective coating/metal gate-shaped electrode (Al)/Window layer (CdS)/light absorbing zone (CIS)/metal back electrode (Mo)/substrate.Battery structure is among the patent US4335266: antireflective coating/metal gate-shaped electrode/Window layer (CdS)/light absorbing zone (CIGS)/metal back electrode/substrate, different with aforementioned patent is in the US4335266 patent, and Window layer is to be combined by the different two-layer CdS of resistivity.
Further achievement in research be with CdZnS replaced C dS as Window layer, as mentioning among the patent US4611091, the Window layer of its used in battery can be n N-type semiconductor N CdS, CdZnS, ZnSe, CdSe etc.In view of heavy metal Cd harmful, contaminated environment, and the energy gap of CdS material own is narrow partially, Window layer is used the ZnO material that energy gap is 3.3eV instead in recent years, but when using ZnO as Window layer, in order to guarantee the excellent properties of battery, generally must be with the thin CdS layer of one deck as ZnO and the contacted resilient coating of CIGS, battery structure as patent WO 97/22152 report is: antireflective coating/metal gate-shaped electrode/transparent electrode layer (mix the ZnO of Al, be called for short ZAO)/Window layer (ZnO)/transition zone (CdS)/light absorbing zone (CIGS)/metal back electrode (Mo)/glass.This also is present modal CIGS hull cell structure.Also useful other material is as transition zone, battery structure as patent CN12300031A report is: metal electrode/transparent electrode layer (tin indium oxide, be called for short ITO)/Window layer (ZnO)/transition zone/light absorbing zone (P type CIGS)/metal back electrode (Mo)/substrate, wherein used buffer layer material is n type compound semiconductor and n N-type semiconductor N laminated film.Its n type compound semiconductor materials contains Cu, at least a among In and the Ga, at least a among Se and the S, at least a among Mg, Zn and the Cd.It can be ZnO that n N-type semiconductor N material contains, Zn (O, OH), Zn (O, OH, S), ZnIn
xS
e, etc.
In addition, the back electrode of battery generally adopts metal molybdenum, the metal molybdenum film that all is to use as the back electrode of the CIGS thin-film solar cells among patent US3978510, patent US4465575 and the patent US4335266, in order to improve the adhesion strength between molybdenum layer and the absorbed layer, patent WO 97/22152 has reported by the electro-deposition method layer of metal copper layer that is covered on molybdenum layer, make metal composite layer as back electrode, but increased technical process like this, improved production cost.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide copper-indium-galliun-selenium film solar cell of a kind of new structure and preparation method thereof, not only can improve the electricity conversion of battery, and, can avoid fully using CdS or CdZnS etc. to contain the harmful substance of heavy metal Cd, help environmental protection.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a kind of copper-indium-galliun-selenium film solar cell, be made up of antireflective coating, transparent electrode layer, Window layer, transition zone, light absorbing zone, metal back electrode and substrate successively, it is characterized in that: described Window layer is n type zinc sulphide (ZnS) film.
On the basis of such scheme, the present invention as absorbed layer, forms ZnS/Cu (In, Ga) Se with ZnS with p type Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) layer
2P-n junction.Can increase the sunlight absorption spectrum ranges of absorbed layer like this, realize higher electricity conversion.
The present invention by sulfuration process, forms the CIGSS transition zone behind the preparation cigs layer, thereby has improved the interfacial state of ZnS/CIGS.
The back electrode of battery adopts the Mo-Cu alloy to replace Mo among the present invention, not only solved the attachment issue between back electrode and the absorbed layer, and technology is easy.
A kind of method for preparing above-mentioned solar cell, its feature may further comprise the steps:
(1) on the surface of substrate,, deposits Cu-Mo alloy back electrode with Cu, Mo alloy sputter or with Cu, Mo dual-target sputtering;
(2) preparation of absorbed layer: use coevaporation method, promptly carry out reactive evaporation, form Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cu (In, Ga) Se on the substrate of back electrode being covered with Cu, In, Ga, Se
2) film;
(3) preparation of transition zone: at least a material co-evaporated in CIGS thin-film surface evaporation sulphur or sulphur and copper, indium, gallium, selenium, generate the prefabricated membrane of sulfur-bearing, by the vacuum heat process, diffuse to form copper indium gallium sulphur selenium film then, heat treatment temperature is 350 ℃-550 ℃;
(4) preparation ZnS Window layer: adopt chemical plating method, make and contain ammoniacal liquor and thiocarbamide (NH in the plating bath
2CSNH
2), and contain at least a compound in the halide, nitrate, sulfate, acetate of Zn, and bath temperature is at 60 ℃-85 ℃, and the pH value of plating bath is 10.0-12.0;
(5) dry up through cleaning, argon gas, in Window layer surface preparation transparency electrode, coated metal goes between again; Prepare antireflective coating then, promptly make solar cell of the present invention.
In the above-mentioned preparation process (2), solid-state selenizing method is adopted in the preparation of absorbed layer, promptly at first adopt the method for substep sputter or evaporation to form the preparation layers of cupric, indium, gallium, selenium, by the vacuum heat process under the selenium atmosphere, heat treatment temperature is 350 ℃-550 ℃, diffuses to form copper indium gallium sulphur selenium film.
In the above-mentioned preparation process (3), the preparation method of transition zone also can adopt chemical plating method, and plating bath contains thioaldehydes (CH
3CSNH
2), at least a compound in the halide of hydrochloric acid and indium, indium nitrate, indium sulfate, solution temperature is 70 ℃-90 ℃, generates the prefabricated membrane of sulfur-bearing, then by the vacuum heat process, diffuse to form copper indium gallium sulphur selenium film, heat treatment temperature is 350 ℃-550 ℃;
In the above-mentioned preparation process (4), the preparation method of Window layer ZnS film also can adopt electron beam evaporation method, and evaporating materials is the ZnS crystal, and base reservoir temperature is 250-350 ℃.
Because the present invention replaced the Window layer of materials such as ZnO as thin-film solar cells with ZnS, increased the sunlight absorption spectrum ranges of absorbed layer, avoided containing the use of the harmful substance of heavy metal Cd simultaneously; The back electrode of battery adopts the Mo-Cu alloy to replace Mo among the present invention, makes to combine more firmly between battery and the substrate, has improved the rate that manufactures a finished product of battery; The present invention forms the CIGSS transition zone by simple sulfuration process, has improved battery operated stability.Therefore, it is simple that the present invention has a battery structure, and the conversion efficiency height of light, good stability are pollution-free, advantage such as technology is easy.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a solar cell schematic cross-section of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the I-V characteristic curve of the prepared solar cell of embodiment 5.
Embodiment
Contrast accompanying drawing 1 describes the structure and the optimal way of solar cell in detail below: the used substrate 1 of solar cell among the present invention, can select soda-lime glass or stainless steel etc. for use.At its surface deposition Cu-Mo alloy back electrode 2.The Cu-Mo alloy-layer can adopt the vacuum sputtering method, as with the Cu-Mo alloy sputter or with Cu, Mo dual-target sputtering, deposits the Cu-Mo alloy-layer, its thick about 0.5～2 μ m, and as the back electrode of battery, its surface is welded with lateral electrode 9.Because the quality of Cu-Mo alloy substrate directly influences the series resistance of the adhesive force and the battery of film, therefore be also noted that the cleaning of substrate, keep higher vacuum degree and cleannes in the preparation process, reduce pin hole as far as possible.The component content of Cu is 3-30% in the Cu-Mo alloy firm of preparation.
CIGS absorbed layer 3 can adopt the combination of coevaporation method, selenizing method or two kinds of methods.Promptly carry out reactive evaporation, on substrate, form Cu (In, Ga) Se with Cu, In, Ga, Se
2Film.Or the preformed layer that preparation contains Cu, In, Ga, Se on substrate earlier, in selenium atmosphere, carry out selenizing then, the selenizing temperature is 350～550 ℃.Film build method can be evaporation, sputter, spraying plating pyrolysis, close-spaced sublimation, molecular beam epitaxy, electro-deposition etc.This layer film thickness is thick at 1.0-3.0 μ m.
The preparation method of copper indium gallium sulphur selenium (CIGSS) transition zone 4 can be with evaporation or chemical plating method.Method of evaporating wherein comprises at least a material co-evaporated in the evaporation of sulphur or sulphur and copper, indium, gallium, the selenium, forms performed thin film; Wherein chemical plating method comprises, uses In
+ 3(0.001-0.005M) and CH
3CSNH
2Mixed solution (0.1-0.3M) is regulated PH between 1.5～2.8 with hydrochloric acid, and temperature generates the preformed layer of sulfur-bearing 70～90 ℃ of chemical platings.More than two kinds of prepared prefabricated membranes of method need carry out vacuum annealing at 350～500 ℃ and handle, also can use protective gas, as argon gas, nitrogen etc.Generate the CIGSS film.Its thickness is 30-80nm.
The preparation method of ZnS Window layer 5 can be chemical plating or vacuum evaporation method.Wherein chemical plating can be selected for use and contain Zn
+ 2(0.1-0.3M), ammoniacal liquor (5-8M, PH=10.5-11.0), thiocarbamide (NH
2CSNH
2, plating bath 0.3-0.9M), temperature is at 60-85 ℃, chemical plating ZnS layer.Wherein vacuum evaporation method can be selected the ZnS crystal grain for use, realizes with thermal evaporation or electron beam evaporation.Film thickness is 70-220nm.
At transparent electrode layer upper surface coated metal lead-in wire 8, material can be gold, silver, aluminium etc.For improving the conversion efficiency of battery, at the upper surface deposition antireflection film layer 7 of battery, the antireflective coating material can be used MgF
2, CaF
2, SiO
2Deng.
Embodiment 1:
On the soda-lime glass surface, with Cu, Mo alloys target sputtering sedimentation Cu-Mo alloy back electrode, the about 1.45 μ m of thickness, the component content of Cu is 6% in the Cu-Mo alloy firm of preparation.Adopt coevaporation method then, promptly carry out reactive evaporation, on substrate, form Cu (In, Ga) Se with Cu, In, Ga, Se
2Film is when its grown in thickness start vaporizer sulphur behind the 2.0 μ m.Base reservoir temperature is 350 ℃, evaporation rate 6/S.Form the sulfur-bearing preparation layers of the about 50nm of thickness.Under argon shield atmosphere,, form the CIGSS film then through 500 ℃, 15 minutes annealing.After process cleaning, argon gas dry up, at room temperature immerse and contain 0.1MZn
+ 2, 7M ammoniacal liquor, 0.6M thiocarbamide solution in, take out after 30 seconds, plating bath is warming up to 85 ℃, flood repeatedly five times, form the ZnS thin layer about 120nm of thickness, densification.Then, after drying up through cleaning, argon gas, at its surface preparation transparency electrode ITO, use the ITO ceramic target, it is 0.12 μ mITO film that magnetron sputtering prepares thickness.Lining aluminum metal lead-in wire on transparency electrode.Make solar cell, the open circuit voltage of this battery is 346mV, and short-circuit current density is 15.2mA/cm
2
Embodiment 2:
On the soda-lime glass surface, with Cu, Mo alloys target sputtering sedimentation Cu-Mo alloy back electrode, the about 1.45 μ m of thickness, the component content of Cu is 15% in the Cu-Mo alloy firm of preparation.After process cleaning, argon gas dry up, form the preparation layers that contains Cu, In, Ga with magnetically controlled sputter method on this substrate, its thickness is 1.2 μ m.In its surface, evaporating a layer thickness is 0.7 μ m selenium layer, and keeps 500 ℃, 20 minutes in the atmosphere of selenium.Subsequently, carry out sulphur, indium co-evaporated.Base reservoir temperature is 450 ℃, then through after 500 ℃, 10 minutes the vacuum annealing, forms the CIGSS film that thickness is about 35nm.At room temperature immerse and contain 0.2MZn
+ 2, 6M ammoniacal liquor, 0.8M thiocarbamide solution in, take out after 30 seconds, plating bath is warming up to 80 ℃, flood repeatedly five times, form the ZnS thin layer about 110nm of thickness, densification.Then, after drying up through cleaning, argon gas, at its surface preparation transparency electrode ITO, use the ITO ceramic target, magnetron sputtering prepares the ito thin film that thickness is 0.21 μ m.Lining aluminum metal lead-in wire on transparency electrode.Make solar cell, the open circuit voltage of this battery is 366mV, and short-circuit current density is 13.1mA/cm
2
Embodiment 3:
On the soda-lime glass surface, with Cu, Mo metal targets sputtering sedimentation Cu-Mo alloy back electrode, the about 1.55 μ m of thickness, the component content of Cu is 3% in the Cu-Mo alloy firm of preparation.After process cleaning, argon gas dry up, form Cu, In, Ga preparation layers with magnetically controlled sputter method on this substrate, its thickness is 1.2 μ m.Evaporating a layer thickness then is 0.6 μ m selenium layer, and keeps 450 ℃, 25 minutes in the atmosphere of selenium.At the CIGS film surface, adopt chemical plating method, with containing In
+ 30.004M, contain CH
3CSNH
20.25M mixed solution, regulating PH with hydrochloric acid is 1.8, it is the sulfur-bearing preparation layers of 48nm that chemical plating generates thickness.After 500 ℃, 13 minutes vacuum annealing, at room temperature immerse and contain 0.4MZn
+ 2, 7M ammoniacal liquor, 0.5M thiocarbamide solution in, take out after 30 seconds, plating bath is warming up to 75 ℃, flood repeatedly seven times, form the ZnS thin layer about 110nm of thickness, densification.Then, after process cleaning, argon gas dry up, at its surface preparation transparency electrode ZAO, use the ZAO ceramic target, magnetron sputtering prepares the ZAO film that thickness is 0.25 μ m.Lining aluminum metal lead-in wire on transparency electrode.Make solar cell, the open circuit voltage of this battery is 423mV, and short-circuit current density is 10.6mA/cm
2
Embodiment 4:
On the soda-lime glass surface, with Cu, Mo metal targets sputtering sedimentation Cu-Mo alloy back electrode, the about 1.5 μ m of thickness, the component content of Cu is 28% in the Cu-Mo alloy firm of preparation.Adopt coevaporation method then, promptly carry out reactive evaporation, on substrate, form Cu (In, Ga) Se with Cu, In, Ga, Se
2Film, its thickness are 2.3 μ m.At the CIGS film surface, adopt chemical plating method, with containing In
+ 30.002M, contain CH
3CSNH
20.15M mixed solution, be 2.0 with hydrochloric acid condition pH value, chemical plating generates the sulfur-bearing preformed layer.Under 450 ℃, vacuum annealing generates CIGSS film, the about 60nm of its thickness then.The deposited by electron beam evaporation method prepares the ZnS layer thereon subsequently, adopts granularity to be about 100mm
3The ZnS crystal grain, base reservoir temperature is 200 ℃, evaporates 120 seconds, the ZnS film thickness reaches 150nm.Transparency electrode ZAO uses zinc oxide aluminum ceramic target, high-frequency ac magnetron sputtering.Thickness is 0.35 μ m.Lining aluminum metal lead-in wire on transparent electrode layer.Evaporate a layer thickness then and be about the antireflective film of the magnesium fluoride film of 150nm as light.Make solar cell, the open circuit voltage of this battery is 418mV, and short-circuit current density is 12.7mA/cm
2
Embodiment 5:
On the soda-lime glass surface, with the molybdenum-copper dorsum electrode layer of Cu-Mo alloys target sputtering sedimentation cupric 20%, the about 1.5 μ m of thickness, after process cleaning, argon gas dry up, adopt magnetically controlled sputter method, form Cu, In, Ga preparation layers on this substrate, its thickness is 1.3 μ m.Evaporating a layer thickness subsequently is 0.5 μ m selenium layer, and selenizing is 25 minutes under 530 ℃ nitrogen protection atmosphere, forms the CIGS thin layer.Then, use method of evaporating, carry out sulphur, selenium, indium, copper co-evaporated.Base reservoir temperature is 380 ℃, evaporates 20 seconds, and forming thickness is the sulfur-bearing transition layer film of 30nm, generates the CIGSS film vacuum annealing in 400 ℃, 20 minutes then.Adopt electron beam evaporation method to prepare the ZnS layer then, adopt granularity to be about 150mm
3The ZnS crystal grain, base reservoir temperature is 250 ℃, evaporation rate 3/S, forming thickness is the ZnS thin layer of 120nm.Transparency electrode ZAO uses zinc oxide aluminum ceramic target, high-frequency ac magnetron sputtering.Thickness is 0.12 μ m.Lining aluminum metal lead-in wire on transparent electrode layer.Evaporate a layer thickness then and be about the antireflective film of the magnesium fluoride film of 110nm as light.Make solar cell.Its I-V characteristic curve is seen shown in Figure 2.
Claims (8)
1. a copper-indium-galliun-selenium film solar cell is made up of antireflective coating, transparent electrode layer, Window layer, transition zone, light absorbing zone, metal back electrode and substrate successively, it is characterized in that: described Window layer is n type zinc sulphide (ZnS) film.
2. solar cell as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described light absorbing zone is Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cu (In, Ga) Se
2) the P type semiconductor film.
3. according to claim 1 or 2 described solar cells, it is characterized in that: described transition zone be copper indium gallium sulphur selenium (Cu (and In, Ga) (S, Se)
2) film.
4. according to the described solar cell of claim 3, it is characterized in that: described metal back electrode is molybdenum-copper alloy (Mo-Cu), and wherein the content of copper is 3～30%.
5. one kind prepares the method for solar cell according to claim 1, and its feature may further comprise the steps:
(1) on the surface of substrate,, deposits Cu-Mo alloy back electrode with Cu, Mo alloy sputter or with Cu, Mo dual-target sputtering;
(2) preparation of absorbed layer: use coevaporation method, promptly carry out reactive evaporation, form Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cu (In, Ga) Se on the substrate of back electrode being covered with Cu, In, Ga, Se
2) film;
(3) preparation of transition zone: at least a material co-evaporated in CIGS thin-film surface evaporation sulphur or sulphur and copper, indium, gallium, selenium, generate the prefabricated membrane of sulfur-bearing, by the vacuum heat process, diffuse to form copper indium gallium sulphur selenium film then, heat treatment temperature is 350 ℃-550 ℃;
(4) preparation ZnS Window layer: adopt chemical plating method, make and contain ammoniacal liquor and thiocarbamide (NH in the plating bath
2CSNH
2), and contain at least a compound in the halide, nitrate, sulfate, acetate of Zn, and bath temperature is at 60 ℃-85 ℃, and the pH value of plating bath is 10.0-12.0;
(5) dry up through cleaning, argon gas, in Window layer surface preparation transparency electrode, coated metal goes between again; Prepare antireflective coating then, promptly make solar cell of the present invention.
6. according to the described preparation method of claim 5, it is characterized in that: solid-state selenizing method is adopted in the preparation of step (2) absorbed layer, promptly at first adopt the method for substep sputter or evaporation to form the preparation layers of cupric, indium, gallium, selenium, by the vacuum heat process under the selenium atmosphere, heat treatment temperature is 350 ℃-550 ℃, diffuses to form copper indium gallium sulphur selenium film.
7. according to the described preparation method of claim 5, it is characterized in that: chemical plating method is adopted in the preparation of step (3) transition zone, and its plating bath contains thioaldehydes (CH
3CSNH
2), at least a compound in the halide of hydrochloric acid and indium, indium nitrate, indium sulfate, solution temperature is 70 ℃-90 ℃, generates the prefabricated membrane of sulfur-bearing, then by the vacuum heat process, diffuse to form copper indium gallium sulphur selenium film, heat treatment temperature is 350 ℃-550 ℃;
8. according to the described preparation method of claim 5, it is characterized in that: the preparation of step (4) Window layer zinc sulphide (ZnS) film can be adopted electron beam evaporation method, and evaporating materials is a zinc sulfide crystal, and base reservoir temperature is 250-350 ℃.
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