CN1214074C - Sulfur/electric conducting polymer composition used as positive electrode of electrochemical power supply and its method - Google Patents
Sulfur/electric conducting polymer composition used as positive electrode of electrochemical power supply and its method Download PDFInfo
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- CN1214074C CN1214074C CNB02111403XA CN02111403A CN1214074C CN 1214074 C CN1214074 C CN 1214074C CN B02111403X A CNB02111403X A CN B02111403XA CN 02111403 A CN02111403 A CN 02111403A CN 1214074 C CN1214074 C CN 1214074C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to an elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical power supply, and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of electrochemical batteries. The present invention is characterized in that elemental sulfur composite material with electrochemical activity, high volume density and high energy density is prepared. The elemental sulfur composite material is made from a conducting polymer with good electronic and/or ionic conductivity and elemental sulfur with electrochemical activity. The present invention provides a method for preparing the elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material. The elemental sulfur is used as an oxidant, an organic polymer is dehydrogenated, and thus, the conducting polymer with conjugation electrons is generated; simultaneously, the elemental sulfur and the conducting polymer form the composite material. The elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material can be used as positive electrode material for the secondary chemical power supply. The elemental sulfur / conducting polymer composite material contains 15 to 90 wt% of sulfur. The battery which is made from the elemental sulfur / conducting polymer composite material serving as positive active material can be reversibly charged and discharged at room temperature.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the electrochemical power source positive electrode material of a kind of high-energy-density and high capacity density.Specifically, prepared elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material a kind of electrochemical activity, that have high capacity density and high-energy-density.This matrix material, is compound to elemental sulfur in the electro-conductive material as matrix with electronics and/or ionic conductivity favorable conductive polymer materials, forms matrix material with it, and this kind elemental sulfur composite material can be used as the positive electrode material of secondary chemical sources of electric energy.The invention still further relates to above-mentioned matrix material and with the preparation method of this kind material as the anodal secondary chemical sources of electric energy.
Background technology
In recent years, battery has been played the part of more and more important role in the modern communications world.Along with the modern information technologies industry, especially (Microelectronic Mechanical System MEMS) or the development of micro devices, has proposed more and more higher requirement to the performance of battery especially heavy body (high-energy) density to MEMS (micro electro mechanical system).Though by improving existing battery material preparation and cell making process, can improve the performance of battery to a certain extent, the capacity density that improves battery by a relatively large margin finally must lean on novel material.
The theoretical energy density of elemental sulfur is 3517.5Wh/kg, other positive electrode material CF
xBe 2180Wh/kg, Li/SOCl
21470Wh/kg and Li/MnO
21005Wh/kg, however back three kinds of materials are that primary cell is with anodal.Table 1 has compared the energy density and the relative price of various materials in the secondary cell, and visible elemental sulfur is the highest positive electrode material of energy density that present people understand.
Various positive electrode material specific energies of table 1 and price comparison
| Material | Theoretical specific capacity (mAh/g) | Voltage (V) | Actual specific capacity (mAh/g) | The relative price prediction [2] |
| LiCoO 2 | 275 | 3.7 | 130-140 | 1 |
| LiNiO 2 | 274 | 3.4 | 170-180 | 0.86 |
| LiMn 2O 4 | 148 | 3.8 | 100-120 | 0.17 |
| V 2O 5 | 400 | 2.5 | 120-200 | |
| S m | 1675 | 2.1 | 0.017 | |
| DMcT [1] | 376 | 3.2 | 160-220 | 0.26 |
| Polyaniline | 294 | 3.7 | 80-90 | 1.38 |
Annotate:
(1) DMcT is 2,5-dimercapto, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles;
(2) relative price shown in this table is with LiCoO
2The per kilogram material price is 1 relatively value.
For this reason, basic metal/simple substance S battery has obtained people's attention very early.The report of this respect is also a lot, for example: United States Patent (USP) 3,532,543,3,953,231 and 5,532,179; People such as Peled, J.Electrochem.Soc., 1989,136 (6): 1621-1625; R.D.Rauch etc., J.Electrochem.Soc., Elechemical Science ﹠amp; Tech., 1979,126 (4): 523-527.More detailed summary is seen Armand etc., Chem.Rev., 1997,97:207-281.
Sulphur content is that 100% positive pole at room temperature can not discharge and recharge in the Li/S battery, because elemental sulfur is electronics and ion isolator, must add a large amount of electronics and ionic conductor in the sulphur positive pole of actual Li/S battery, the ratio of electro-conductive material may make the energy density of electrode and even battery just greatly reduce up to 50wt%; Also there are other significant defectives in the Li/S battery: comprise active material utilization be lower than 50% and cycle performance poor, this all is because S and Li
2The insulativity of S causes; Moreover the polysulfides that forms during discharge is dissolved in the electrolytic solution, causes the active substance loss, and capacity is decayed gradually; In addition, generate unordered Li
2S
2And Li
2The complete irreversible reaction of S has also caused the battery performance deterioration.Along with the development of polymkeric substance or gel electrolyte, especially adopt pure solid-state poly-oxyethylene (PEO) ionogen in conjunction with special battery design technology, the dissolving of inhibition discharging product that can be bigger.The Polyplus Battery Company has obtained bigger achievement in this respect, and has released the sample battery.But problem unresolved [D.Marstein etc., J.Power Sources, 2000,89:219-226 such as electroconductibility of sulfur electrode own and reversible reaction; United States Patent (USP) 5,582,623 and 5,814,420; International monopoly 9,919,931].
People [United States Patent (USP) 4,833,048 and 4,917,974 such as De Jonghe; J.Eletrochem.Soc., 1991,138 (7): 1891-1895; J.Eletrochem.Soc., 1992,139 (8): 2077-2081] a series of organic sulfides with a plurality of sulfydryls have been proposed, but many organic sulfides can only carry out reversible discharging and recharging under 90 ℃.Reason is that at room temperature electron transfer rate is very slow for the disulfide that only is made of aliphatics.In these organic sulfides, better performances be DMcT (2,5-dimercapto, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles).Organic sulfides such as DMcT are based on as electrode active material
Reversible reaction, promptly in the charge and discharge process, reversibly fracture and polymerization take place in disulfide linkage.A sulfydryl can be stored an electronics, and it is 376mAh/g that its theoretical capacity such as DMcT contain two sulfydryls.Need under middle high temperature, react and shortcoming such as poorly conductive, limit the application of these organic sulfides.People such as Oyama [Nature, 1995,373 (16): 598-600; Langmuir, 1999,15:857-865] find that the conductive polyaniline of electrolytic preparation has the function of catalysis organic sulfide redox reaction.On molecular level, mix the matrix material that forms by polyaniline with DMcT, the chemical property of DMcT is greatly improved.Moreover can the accelerated charging reaction by adding the conductive agent pyrrole derivative, select the copper collector or directly add the chemical property that mantoquita all can increase substantially electrode.But this system exists disulfide bonds and polyreaction in charge and discharge process.The micromolecular compound that breaks to form easily is dissolved in the electrolytic solution, causes capacity attenuation, and this solute may be diffused into negative pole, the generation self-discharge; Moreover this system fails to embody the advantage of organic sulfide heavy body (high-energy) density.
People such as Skotheim [United States Patent (USP) 5,690,702,5,601,947 and 5,529,860] have described poly-carbon sulfide (Polycarbon Sulfide writes a Chinese character in simplified form PCS) material (CS
x)
n(wherein, 2＜x＜50, n＞2).The capacity of these organic sulfides is all lower, because the S-S linkage content is too low in the material, and sulphur content may be not low.
People such as Perichaud [United States Patent (USP) 4,664,991] have studied the matrix material that conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, polystyrene, Polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline and derivative thereof and elemental sulfur chemical combination form.The elemental sulfur grafting forms at least one polysulfidic bond on these conductive polymers skeletons in matrix material.On this basis, people such as Malkina [United States Patent (USP) 6,117,590] have synthesized polyacetylene-many sulphur copolymer p AS (Polyacethylene-co-Polysulfide).But all there is many-sided deficiency respectively in these materials, are difficult to realize reversible discharging and recharging by polyaniline, Polythiophene and polypyrrole synthetic organic sulfide; Find in the experimentation that the PAS material causes to have stench owing to there is the cause of sulfydryl, and also lower to the Li cathode voltage, average discharge voltage is about 1V.
Recently, people's [international monopoly 0067340] such as Kovalevigor described a kind of around the aromatic hydrocarbon ring grafting polysulfidic bond compound.This material is because sulfur-bearing is higher relatively, and initial discharge capacity reaches 1000mAh/g.But aromatic nucleus can not play the effect of conduction, will limit charging and discharging currents, influences the power density of battery, even cycle performance.Moreover, this material complex manufacturing technology, material cost height.
Summary of the invention
Cause the low reason of elemental sulfur electrode active material utilization ratio to have, the reaction product of reaction product dissolving, electrode conductivuty difference and electronic isolation is wrapped in the active material particle surface and causes the granule interior active substance to lose efficacy.For this reason, the present invention has designed a kind of electrochemical activity, has the elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of height ratio capacity (high-energy-density).This matrix material is made up of two portions: the one, and electronics and/or ionic conductivity favorable conductive polymkeric substance are made matrix; Another part is the elemental sulfur of electrochemical activity.Also be this matrix material with conductive polymers as matrix, elemental sulfur is compound in the conductive polymers.This kind elemental sulfur composite material can be used as the positive electrode material of secondary chemical sources of electric energy.The invention still further relates to above-mentioned matrix material and with its method as the anodal secondary chemical sources of electric energy.
Also be that content of the present invention comprises:
1, elemental sulfur and organic polymer are carried out compound, the conducting base with conjugated electrons that the organic polymer dehydrogenation is formed, elemental sulfur embed and wherein form elemental sulfur composite material;
2, the preparation elemental sulfur composite material is as the positive electrode material of secondary chemical sources of electric energy;
3, adopt gel electrolyte and/or solid state electrolyte inhibition elemental sulfur and reaction product sulfide to be dissolved in the electrolytic solution;
4, the present invention also provides this kind matrix material and with the preparation method of this kind material as the anodal secondary chemical sources of electric energy, the outstanding feature and the excellent properties of the matrix material that the present invention relates to evidence.
Elemental sulfur composite material by this mentality of designing preparation can be realized reversible discharging and recharging at normal temperatures as the positive electrode material of secondary chemical sources of electric energy.
Concrete preparation process is as follows:
(1) take by weighing a certain amount of organic polymer, the form of these organic polymers can be powder, small shreds, particle or fiber;
(2) take by weighing a certain amount of elemental sulfur, elemental sulfur can be a sublimed sulphur, and purity is 99%, also can be high purity sulphur, and purity is 99.9%;
(3) with the elemental sulfur uniform mixing in organic polymer in the step (1) and the step (2), the part by weight of organic polymer and elemental sulfur is 1: 1 to 1: 20 in the mixture;
(4) mixture in the heat drying step (3) under inert atmosphere; Inert atmosphere can Ar also can be N
2Drying temperature 50-120 ℃, the scope of recommendation is 60-100 ℃; Time is 1-10 hour, and the scope of recommendation is 3-8 hour.
(5) heating.Make organic polymer generation dehydrogenation reaction in step (4) mixture, generation has the conductive polymers of conjugated electrons, the fusing of elemental sulfur generation simultaneously and elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material electrochemical activity, that have height ratio capacity (high-energy-density) of describing with its formation the present invention.Range of reaction temperature is between 200-500 ℃, and the scope of recommendation is 250-450 ℃ and constant temperature 1-10 hour, and the scope of recommendation is 3-8 hour.
Wherein the organic polymer that adopts in the step (1) is: a kind of in polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polystyrene, polyoxyethylene (PEO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
The elemental sulfur that obtains thus/conducting polymer composite material sulphur content is 15-90wt%, and the sulphur content of recommendation is 30-70wt%.
In order to detect the chemical property of elemental sulfur composite material of the present invention, this elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material has been prepared chargeable lithium battery as positive pole.The above-mentioned elemental sulfur composite material of anodal employing, collector can be carbon net, copper mesh, nickel foam, aluminium net, also can be copper pool, nickel pool, aluminium pool; Ionogen adopts solid electrolyte and/or gel electrolyte, and negative pole can be metal or alloy such as Li, Li-Sn, Li-Si, Li-Al.Ionogen plays the ionic conduction effect in battery, be clipped between positive pole and the negative pole, promptly plays the barrier film effect simultaneously.This solid electrolyte is at least by following a kind of composition the: Li
2O-B
2O
3-Li
2SO
4, Li
2S-SiS
2-P
2S
5, Li
2S-SiS
2-Li
3PO
4, LiI-Li
2S-SiS
2, Li
3.6Si
0.6P
0.4O
4, Li
3.3PO
3.9N
0.17LiI-Li
2S-SiS
2Has very high room-temperature ion electric conductivity, Li
3.3PO
3.9N
0.17Have and the good interface stability of negative pole.Gel electrolyte is made up of two portions: the one, by PVDF-HFP (polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-hexafluoropropylene copolymer), PAN (polyacrylonitrile), PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or the mixture between them as macromolecular scaffold, the 2nd, liquid electrolyte comprises EC (NSC 11801)-PC (propylene carbonate)-LiClO
4, PC-LiClO
4, EC-DEC (diethyl carbonate)-LiPF
6, EC-DMC (methylcarbonate)-LiPF
6, EC-PC-DMC-LiPF
6, EC-PC-LiPF
6, EC-DEC-LiBF
4, EC-DMC-LiBF
4, EC-PC-DMC-LiBF
4, EC-PC-LiBF
4
With the secondary chemical sources of electric energy of above-mentioned preparation at room temperature with 0.3mA/cm
2Current density discharge and recharge, the positive active material specific storage is 200-900mAh/g, average discharge voltage is 1.8V (vs.Li/Li
+), the utilization ratio of active substance elemental sulfur is between 50-90%, and efficiency for charge-discharge is near 100%.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 represents elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material backscattered electron figure, and the median size of matrix material is about 200nm.
Fig. 2 represents the X diffractogram of elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material, and as seen this matrix material is an amorphous structure.
Charging and discharging curve when Fig. 3 has represented with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of the present invention as lithium battery anode, X-coordinate is represented battery charging and discharging capacity (or time), ordinate zou is represented cell voltage (V).As seen average charging tension is at 2.3-2.4V, and average discharge voltage is about 1.8V.
Battery loop condition when Fig. 4 has represented with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of the present invention as lithium battery anode, X-coordinate is represented the battery charging and discharging cycle index, ordinate zou is represented battery charging and discharging capacity (mAh/g).Through after 60 charge and discharge cycles, capacity still remains on about 550mAh/g.As can be seen from the figure, efficiency for charge-discharge is near 100%.
Embodiment
Can further understand the present invention from following examples, but the present invention not only is confined to following examples.
Embodiment 1
(PEO Aldrich) mixes, and the two part by weight is 5: 1, and 60 ℃ of dry 2h under argon shield are elevated to temperature 300 ℃ of following constant temperature 6h then with a certain amount of elemental sulfur and polyoxyethylene.In this process, constantly feed argon gas.Behind the cool to room temperature, sulphur content is 56.6wt% in elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of collecting.The sign of matrix material is seen Fig. 1, and the median size of material is about 200nm.
Embodiment 2
(PAN Aldrich) mixes, and the two part by weight is 15: 1, and 90 ℃ of dry 2h under nitrogen protection are elevated to temperature 400 ℃ of following constant temperature 3h then with a certain amount of elemental sulfur and polyacrylonitrile.In this process, constantly feed nitrogen.Sulphur content is 40.7wt% in elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of collecting behind the cool to room temperature.The sign of matrix material is seen Fig. 2, and material is a non-crystalline state.
Embodiment 3
A certain amount of elemental sulfur is mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the two part by weight is 8: 1, and 80 ℃ of dry 5h under nitrogen protection are elevated to temperature 250 ℃ of following constant temperature 8h then.In this process, constantly feed nitrogen.Sulphur content is 30wt% in elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of collecting behind the cool to room temperature.
Embodiment 4
Change the PEO among the embodiment 1 into polystyrene, all the other are with embodiment 1.Sulphur content is 70wt% in the elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material that obtains.
Embodiment 5
Change the PVA among the embodiment 3 into polypropylene (PP), all the other are with embodiment 3.Sulphur content is 50wt% in the elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material that obtains.
Embodiment 6
Elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material in embodiment 1 and 4 is made into electrode respectively, adopts tetrafluoroethylene as caking agent, acetylene black is made conductive agent, and ethanol is made dispersion agent, and nickel foam is made collector.Make negative pole with metallic lithium, ionogen adopts PVDF-HFP and EC-DMC-LiPF
6Gel electrolyte is assembled into battery.Battery open circuit voltage is respectively 2.8V, and average discharge voltage shown in Figure 3 is 1.8-2.0V.Fig. 4 shows that the initial discharge specific storage reaches 700mAh/g, and 60 times circulation back capacity still remains on about 550mAh/g.
Embodiment 7
With the elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material in embodiment 2 and 3, PVDF-HFP multipolymer and acetylene black, the three mixed by weight 70: 20: 10.Acetone is made dispersion agent, and copper mesh is made collector.Make negative pole with metallic lithium, ionogen adopts PAN and EC-PC-LiBF
4Gel electrolyte is assembled into battery.Battery open circuit voltage is respectively 3.0V, and average discharge voltage is 1.9V.50 times circulation back capacity still remains on about 400mAh/g.The elemental sulfur active material utilization is 90%, and efficiency for charge-discharge is near 100%.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of electrochemical power source is anodal with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material, with the organic polymer is matrix, it is characterized in that elemental sulfur makes organic polymer generation dehydrogenation reaction generate the conductive polymers with conjugated electrons, elemental sulfur is compound in the conductive polymers; The organic polymer that is adopted is that polypropylene, polypropylene are fine, in polystyrene, polyoxyethylene or the polyvinyl alcohol any one.
2, anodal with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material by the described electrochemical power source of claim 1, the content that it is characterized in that elemental sulfur in the described matrix material is 15-90wt%.
3, anodal with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material by the described electrochemical power source of claim 1, the content that it is characterized in that elemental sulfur in the described matrix material is 30-70wt%.
4, by claim 1, the anodal elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of using of 2 or 3 described electrochemical power sources, the median size that it is characterized in that matrix material is 200nm.
5, the anodal preparation method with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material of a kind of electrochemical power source is characterized in that:
(1) any one organic polymer and elemental sulfur uniform mixing in polypropylene, polypropylene is fine, polystyrene, polyoxyethylene or the polyvinyl alcohol, the part by weight of this organic polymer and elemental sulfur is 1: 1 to 1: 20 in the mixture;
(2) the above-mentioned mixture of heat drying under inert atmosphere; Inert atmosphere is Ar or N
2, drying temperature 50-120 ℃;
(3) heating makes organic polymer generation dehydrogenation reaction in step (2) mixture, generates the conductive polymers with conjugated electrons, and elemental sulfur fusing simultaneously forms elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material; Range of reaction temperature between 200-500 ℃, constant temperature 1-10 hour.
6, by the anodal preparation method of the described electrochemical power source of claim 5, it is characterized in that step (2) drying temperature is 60-100 ℃ with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material.
7,, it is characterized in that the temperature of step (3) generation dehydrogenation vulcanization reaction is 250-450 ℃ by the anodal preparation method of the described electrochemical power source of claim 5 with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material.
8,, it is characterized in that the time of step (3) generation dehydrogenation vulcanization reaction is 3-8 hour by the anodal preparation method of the described electrochemical power source of claim 5 with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material.
9,, it is characterized in that step (1) used polypropylene, polypropylene are fine, the form of any one organic polymer is powder, small shreds, particle or fiber in polystyrene, polyoxyethylene or the polyvinyl alcohol by the anodal preparation method of the described electrochemical power source of claim 5 with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material.
10, by the anodal preparation method of the described electrochemical power source of claim 5, it is characterized in that the described elemental sulfur of step (1) is that purity is 99% sublimed sulphur with elemental sulfur/conducting polymer composite material.
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Families Citing this family (19)
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| CN100384911C (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2008-04-30 | 武汉大学 | Aromatic acid anhydride sulfurized polymer |
| CN101800312A (en) * | 2010-04-02 | 2010-08-11 | 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 | Preparation method of sulphur-containing polyacrylonitrile battery anode material |
| EP2576682A4 (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2015-10-28 | Basf Se | Composite materials, production thereof and use thereof in electrical cells |
| CN102315424B (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2014-07-16 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | Composite anode material for lithium sulfur battery, preparation method and application thereof |
| CN102544432A (en) * | 2010-12-13 | 2012-07-04 | 依诺特生物能量控股公司 | Positive electrode and battery with same |
| CN102231439B (en) * | 2011-05-17 | 2014-01-22 | 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 | Sulfur-carbon composite material for cathode of lithium ion battery, preparation method and lithium ion battery |
| CN103247776B (en) * | 2012-02-07 | 2016-02-17 | 苏州宝时得电动工具有限公司 | The preparation method of electrode composite material |
| EP2720303B1 (en) | 2011-06-11 | 2017-05-31 | Positec Power Tools (Suzhou) Co., Ltd | Electrode composite material, method thereof, positive electrode and battery including the same |
| CN102820454B (en) * | 2011-06-11 | 2016-05-18 | 苏州宝时得电动工具有限公司 | Electrode composite material and preparation method thereof, positive pole, there is this anodal battery |
| WO2013057023A1 (en) | 2011-10-17 | 2013-04-25 | Volkswagen Ag | Active material for batteries |
| CN103326001B (en) * | 2013-05-28 | 2015-09-09 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | The preparation method of core-shell polymers-nano-sulfur particles composite material |
| CN104347850A (en) * | 2013-07-25 | 2015-02-11 | 苏州宝时得电动工具有限公司 | Electrode composite material, its preparation method, positive electrode, battery possessing positive electrode |
| EP3152792B1 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2020-10-21 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Polymer electrlyte for a lithium sulfur cell |
| WO2016019544A1 (en) * | 2014-08-07 | 2016-02-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Sulfur-polyacrylonitrile composite, preparation and use thereof |
| CN106159264A (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2016-11-23 | 中国人民解放军63971部队 | A kind of preparation method of nitrogenous many nitric sulfids positive electrode |
| CN106486659A (en) * | 2016-12-25 | 2017-03-08 | 天津艾利安电子科技有限公司 | The preparation method of electrode composite material |
| CN109256554B (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2020-08-28 | 河南科技学院 | Vulcanized polymer composite material and preparation method and application thereof |
| JP7136244B2 (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2022-09-13 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Organic sulfur material, electrode, lithium ion secondary battery, and manufacturing method |
| KR20210130101A (en) | 2020-04-20 | 2021-10-29 | 스미토모 고무 코교 카부시키카이샤 | Organic sulfur material, electrode and lithium ion secondary battery, and manufacturing method thereof |
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