CN1206446A - Flameless combustor - Google Patents
Flameless combustor Download PDFInfo
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- CN1206446A CN1206446A CN96199385A CN96199385A CN1206446A CN 1206446 A CN1206446 A CN 1206446A CN 96199385 A CN96199385 A CN 96199385A CN 96199385 A CN96199385 A CN 96199385A CN 1206446 A CN1206446 A CN 1206446A
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- burner
- combustion chamber
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- combustion
- temperature
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000006454 non catalyzed reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- MFRCZYUUKMFJQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione;1,3-dioxan-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OCCCO1.O=C1COC(=O)CO1 MFRCZYUUKMFJQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001074085 Scophthalmus aquosus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/02—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners
Landscapes
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Gas Burners (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Wick-Type Burners And Burners With Porous Materials (AREA)
- Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
- Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
Abstract
A flameless combustor eliminates the flamme as a radiant heat source, which results in a more even temperature distribution throughout the length of the burner. Flameless combustion is accomplished by preheating the fuel and the combustion air to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the mixture. The present invention lowers the autoignition temperature by placing a catalytic surface within the desired combustion chamber. Temperatures are maintained above the catalyzed autoignition temperature but less than the noncatalyzed autoignition temperatures for noncatalyzed reaction. Thus, the amount and location of reaction can be controlled by varying the amount and distribution of catalyst within the burner. Removing heat from the combustion chamber in amounts that correspond to the oxidation of fuel within different segments of the combustion chamber can result in low temperatures and relatively even distribution of heat from the burner.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of combustion apparatus and method.
U.S. Patent No. 4,640,352 and No.4,886,118 have proposed to utilize the conduction of the oil-containing subterranean strata of hypotonicity to heat the oil that reclaims wherein.The rock stratum of hypotonicity comprises kieselguhr, class close burning coal, Tar sands and oil shale.The hypotonicity rock stratum is to the second class oil recovery method, and is insensitive as methods such as steam, carbon dioxide or flame overflows.Overflow material is tending towards preferentially penetrating the rock stratum with hypotonicity by the crack.The material that injects has been walked around the hydrocarbon of most of rock stratum.On the contrary, the conduction heating does not need fluid migration to enter the rock stratum.So the oil in the rock stratum is not bypassed can not resembling in press over system.When having improved the temperature of rock stratum by the conduction heating, it is more even that vertical Temperature Distribution will be tending towards, because the rock stratum generally has comparatively uniform thermal conducting and specific heat.The migration of hydrocarbon is to be undertaken by confining the oil in the rock pore of rock stratum and pressure-driven, evaporation and the thermal expansion of water in the radiant heat method.Hydrocarbon moves with the fine cracks that evaporation produces by the expansion of thermal stress and oil and water.
U.S. Patent No. 5,255,742 have proposed a kind of flameless burner that is used to heat subterranean strata, utilize the fuel gas and/or the combustion air of preheating, wherein, fuel gas mixes with combustion air with the form of increment, said increment should be enough little, thereby avoided the appearance of flame.Almost can eliminate NO
xGeneration because building material is comparatively cheap, so the cost of heater reduces greatly.Unless in fuel gas, add CO
2, H
2, steam or other coke inhibitor, otherwise the preheating meeting of the fuel gas that carries out according to explanation of technology before this causes the formation of coke.In addition, the initial operation of this known heater is time-consuming process, because it must be operated under the temperature of the uncatalyzed autoignition temperature that is higher than the fuel gas mixture.
Catalytic burner also is known.For example, U.S. Patent No. 3,928,961 have proposed the hot combustion apparatus that a kind of catalysis is supported, wherein, have eliminated NO by burning under the temperature of the autoignition temperature that is higher than fuel
xFormation, but be lower than a large amount of generations that burning under these temperature can cause nitrogen oxide.
For example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,355, the metal coating surface that applies with oxidation reaction catalyst has been proposed in 668 and No.4,065,917.The catalyst-coated surface is used in these patent suggestions on the parts of gas-turbine unit.Said U.S. Patent No. 4,065,917 suggestions use the catalyst-coated surface to be used for the starting of turbine, and advise a mass transfer control restriction stage in the start-up function.
So an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of combustion method and equipment of nonflame, additive that need be in fuel gas stream is to prevent the formation of coke.In another aspect of the present invention, the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of reduction NO
XThe combustion method and the equipment of formation.Another object of the present invention provides a kind of flameless burner, mixes when wherein fuel and oxidant are initial, and the distribution of burning is by the distribution decision of the catalytic surface in the combustion chamber.
These and other objects reach by a kind of flameless burner that is used for the burning of fuel and oxidant mixture.Said burner comprises:
A combustion chamber that links to each other with the outlet of import and combustion product;
Mixed fuel that links to each other with said import and oxidant feeding mechanism;
A catalytic surface that is positioned within the said combustion chamber, wherein, said catalytic surface causes a certain amount of fuel oxidation effectively, and wherein, the fuel oxidation of described amount can not cause temperature to surpass the uncatalyzed autoignition temperature of fuel and oxidant mixture.
Flameless burner of the present invention causes the nitrogen oxide generation minimum, because avoided because the temperature that the adiabatic combustion of fuel one oxidant mixture produces.Do not remove or prevent the formation of nitrogen oxide so do not need other measure.Heat distribution comparatively uniformly is possible on bigger regional and bigger length, and because ignition temperature is lower, can use more cheap building material to be used to construct burner of the present invention.
The acceptable catalyst material comprises noble metal, semi-precious metal and transition metal oxide.In general, known oxidation reaction catalyst can be used for the present invention.Such metal or metal oxide also can be used.
Flameless burner of the present invention can be particularly useful as the thermal sprayer that the heating subterranean strata reclaims hydrocarbon.Catalytic surface also can improve the operability and the start-up function of such thermal sprayer.The present invention has eliminated the needs that transmit fuel and oxidant with the combustion zone of dividing other conduit in such thermal sprayer.This has produced tangible cost savings.
According to the present invention, also provide a kind of method with flameless combustion heating subterranean strata.The method according to this invention comprises:
A combustion tube is installed, has been determined a drop-pipe formula combustion chamber in the drilling well in rock stratum to be heated;
In said combustion chamber, supply with fuel and oxidant by an import; Introducing said fuel and oxidant mixture makes it flow through catalyst surface in the combustion chamber, wherein, said catalyst surface can make a certain amount of fuel with certain speed generation oxidation effectively, thereby makes average temperature in the combustion chamber keep below the uncatalyzed autoignition temperature of said fuel and oxidant mixture;
Combustion product is flow on the said surface by a combustion product outlet in the drilling well.
Preferably, said combustion chamber determining by the borehole wall than lower part with near the stopper of said borehole wall bottom.Said catalyst surface is provided by the inner surface of pipe and/or the catalyst coat on the external surface, and said pipe is coaxial to be suspended within the said borehole wall, makes to keep an axial space between pipe lower end that hangs and stopper.
Equally preferably, the pipe of said suspension as the fuel and the air inlet conduit of mixing, being used as the combustion product delivery channel at pipe that suspends and the annular space between the said borehole wall, is perhaps used conversely.
By from following accompanying drawing, will be clearer according to these features and the other features, objects and advantages of burner of the present invention and method, wherein:
Fig. 1 represents according to burner of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is in explanation testing equipment of the present invention, the consumption of methane and the graph of a relation of temperature.
In general, flameless combustion is finished by warm-up combustion-supporting air and fuel gas fully, and promptly when two air-flows mixed, the temperature of mixture surpassed the autoignition temperature of mixture, but is lower than the temperature that oxidation reaction when mixing is subjected to mixing velocity control.When not having catalyst surface, said air-flow is preheating to temperature between about 815 ℃ and 1260 ℃, then said fuel gas is mixed into said combustion air with small incremental and will produces flameless combustion.
When effectively catalytic surface existed, the temperature that oxidation reaction takes place in the zone that influenced by catalytic surface obviously reduced.This temperature this paper that has reduced is called the autoignition temperature of catalysis.In turbulent flow, the fluid in the boundary layer on contact catalysis surface is oxidation quantitatively almost, if but bulk temperature remains on below the uncatalyzed autoignition temperature of said mixture, hardly oxidation reaction can take place then outside the boundary layer.Like this, the reaction of carrying out in the temperature range of asking of the autoignition temperature of catalysis and uncatalyzed autoignition temperature is mass transfer limited, and its speed is relative with temperature irrelevant.U.S. Patent No. 4,065 has proposed this point in 917 lists of references such as grade.Utilize this mass transfer limited reaction mechanism to be controlled at the distribution of the heat that produces in the said flameless burner in the present invention.The heat that can balance produces and the heat of discharge make the mean air flow temperature of the oxidant, fuel and the combustion product that mix remain between the autoignition temperature and uncatalyzed autoignition temperature of catalysis.
Can pass through Variable Control heaters of the present invention such as fuel-oxidant ratio, fuel-oxidizer flow rate.According to specific purposes, can control heat requirement.
A key character of flameless burner of the present invention is the axial discharge heat along the combustion chamber, makes temperature remain on and is starkly lower than below the adiabatic combustion temperature.This almost can eliminate various NO
xFormation, can obviously reduce simultaneously the requirement on the metallurgy, thereby obtain more cheap burner.
Referring to Fig. 1, represented to carry out the interior burner of thermojet well of the present invention.Rock stratum 1 to be heated is under covering layer 2, and well 3 arrives on a certain position of bottom, rock stratum preferably close to be heated by covering layer.Represented a vertical well, but said well can be tilt or level.The thermojet well of level can be provided in the rock stratum of horizontal breaking, reclaim hydrocarbon by the driven in parallel method.Shallow oil shale rock stratum is exactly the example of rock stratum that can the usage level heater.To heat thin rock stratum with control during, also usage level heater effectively to the heat waste of covering layer and basic rock.In the embodiment depicted in fig. 1, said well is surrounded with the borehole wall 4.Cement 7 gluings can be used in the bottom of well, are characterized in being suitable for bearing higher temperature and transmitting heat.Cement 8 is good heat-barrier materials, and the heat waste that it is used for the anti-locking system in top of well is preferred.An ignition mixture conduit extends to the bottom of well from the well lid (not shown).
Be suitable for that the high-temperature cement of the glued borehole wall and conduit is available in the high-temperature part of well.In U.S. Patent No. 3,507,332 and No.3,180,748 have proposed such example.Be that alundum cement more than the about 50wt% of benchmark is preferred with the cement mortar.
In shallow rock stratum, it may be favourable directly heater being squeezed into the rock stratum with the hammering brill.When said heater is directly squeezed into the rock stratum with the hammering brill, may not need the gluing of heater in the rock stratum, but the top of heater can be glued to prevent the fluid loss on surface.
The diameter selection of the borehole wall 4 in the embodiment of Fig. 1 is expense and the heat compromise selection between the transfer rate of rock stratum at the borehole wall.Because the requirement of required metallurgical aspect, the said borehole wall generally is parts the most expensive in the injector well.The heat that can transmit to the rock stratum enlarges markedly with the diameter increase of the borehole wall.Internal diameter is that the borehole wall between about 10～20cm generally can be provided at the optimal compromise between the thermal heat transfer capability of initial cost and well.
Represented that in the said borehole wall bottom cement stopper 23, this cement stopper are to force to make cement to discharge and form from the bottom of the borehole wall along the borehole wall downwards in the gluing operation.
In combustion chamber 14, provide catalyst surface 20 so that a finite region that reduces oxidizing reaction temperature is provided.The distribution of these catalyst surfaces 20 that exist with the coating form of the part of the inner surface of the bottom that covers conduit 10 at least and/or external surface provides the distribution form of the heat of discharging in the combustion chamber.Determine that the size of said catalyst surface is so that obtain distributing near even temperature along the borehole wall.In the said borehole wall, cause the more uniform heat in rock stratum to be heated to distribute near the even temperature distribution.Distributing near uniform heat in said rock stratum will cause more effective utilization of heat in conduction heat hydrocarbon absorption method.More uniform temperature distributes and also can cause lower maximum temperature for identical heat release.Because the building material of burner and well system has been stipulated said maximum temperature, even temperature distributes can increase the heat that may discharge for the identical construction material.
When rising in the well of combustion product more than heated rock stratum, between the combustion product of the combustion air that flows to along conduit and fuel gas and rising, carry out interchange of heat downwards.Energy has not only been saved in this interchange of heat, and has produced the desirable flameless combustion of the present invention.Fuel gas and combustion air they when separately conduit flows downward by fully preheating, make the mixture of two air-flows be higher than the autoignition temperature of the catalysis of said mixture, but be lower than uncatalyzed autoignition temperature in the temperature of final mixing point.Produced in the burning on the catalyst surface with near the flameless combustion in the boundary layer of effective catalyst surface, avoided flame as radiant heat source.So heat is spread out of in basic mode uniformly from well.
Importantly heat in service at burner of the present invention is discharged from the length direction along the combustion chamber.In the application of the present invention in the well thermal sprayer, heat is delivered in the rock stratum of wellbore.Heater of the present invention also can be used for other purposes, for example in the heater of steam generating system and chemical industry process.
The bottom that fuel gas and combustion air are transported to well by the fuel that mixes and oxidant feedway 22, said device is expressed as the annular space of a combustion product conduit.Fuel that mixes and air form combustion product at the well space internal reaction near catalyst surface 14.Combustion product rises along well, discharges from the exhaust apertures (not shown) of well lid by combustion product conduit 10.After the exhaust apertures discharge, combustion product can be discharged in the atmosphere by a waste stack (not shown).In addition, can handle said burning gases and remove pollutant,, therefore not need to remove though nitrogen oxide can not exist.Reclaiming extra energy by expansion turbine or heat interchanger from combustion product also wishes.
The preheating meeting of the fuel gas that carries out in order to obtain not have the flameless combustion of catalyzer causes producing a large amount of carbon, forms inhibitor unless contain carbon in fuel gas stream.So the carbon of having avoided providing such by the said heater of operation under the temperature that is lower than the carbon formation temperature forms the needs of inhibitor.This is an another advantage of the present invention, because carbon formation inhibitor has increased the volume by the gas of heater, thereby has increased the size of required conduit.
The cold start of well formula heater of the present invention can utilize flaming combustion.Initial igniting can be by spraying into pyrophoric material, electric igniter, and spark lighter is sent in well temporarily and is put next igniter, and perhaps a resistance heater is finished.Preferably make said burner reach the temperature that flameless combustion can be kept fast, make in well the life period of flame the shortest.The thermal gradient that the firing rate of said burner can be born by burner is generally controlled.
Can utilize the ignition mixture conduit burner to be heated to running temperature as resistance heater.In order to utilize this conduit as resistance heater, electric wire 15 can be connected to below electric insulation on the close ignition mixture pipeline 10 of well lid so that electric energy to be provided with a joint 16 or alternate manner.Can provide electrical ground with one or more conduction centralizers around ignition mixture conduit 10 in bottom near well.At the centralizer on centralizer electrical ground on the ignition mixture conduit is the centralizer of electric insulation.But preferably producing enough heats makes and reaches the autoignition temperature that is higher than catalysis at the locational ignition mixture of original catalyst surface be lower than the temperature of uncatalyzed autoignition temperature.
Can change the thickness of ignition mixture conduit, make that producing heat on the predetermined portions of the length direction of fuel conductor discharges.For example, in well formula thermojet applicator,, and make fuel burning before waste gas is upwards discharged by well for the highest mixed airflow of fire fuel concentration, hope be that foot to well carries out electrical heating.Represented that on the ignition mixture conduit thin part 21 provides the higher temperature that is used for said burner starting.
By providing precious metal surface or other effective catalyst surface to reduce the oxidizing reaction temperature of fuel gas-oxidant mixture.Catalytic surface preferably is provided at inner surface, external surface or the while of combustion product conduit 10 on surfaces externally and internally.In addition, a surface or a pipe or other surface of containing noble metal also can be placed on separately in the said combustion chamber.The surface of other noble metal coating for example, can be provided in the combustion product annulus of other conduit outside of burning.This additional catalyst surface can guarantee in the well of hope generation heat completing combustion to take place.
Can also be by providing cooxidant at start-up period, or the fuel that uses hydrogen etc. to have low autoignition temperature strengthens the starting of flameless burner of the present invention.Preferred cooxidant comprises excess of oxygen and nitrogen oxide.Can provide hydrogen with natural gas flow, also can hydrogen as an alternative gas provide with the carbon monoxide and the carbon dioxide of existence.
The oxidant of starting and/or fuel are preferably only used burner is heated to be enough to make fuel with methane (natural gas), during the temperature that just can move with air oxidant (, burner is heated to more than the aerial firing temperature of methane).
United States Patent (USP) 5,255,742 propose to produce flameless burner with the nichrome resistance heater works the heat of employing.In practice of the present invention, can use such electric heater.
Noble metal such as coating palladium or platinum or semi-precious metal, alkali metal or transition metal preferably apply with galvanoplastic to strengthen fuel oxidation reaction under the low temperature on can the surface in the combustion chamber.The surface of effective catalysis can be provided on demand then said burning.Have been found that such catalytic surface can promote the aerial oxidation reaction of methane very effectively when temperature is hanged down to 260 ℃.This reaction can said catalytic surface and near the boundary layer in take place fast.The advantage that a tangible catalytic surface is arranged in the combustion chamber is to increase the temperature range that flameless burner can move greatly.
Embodiment
Use the combination of various fuel, oxidant and catalyst surface, the temperature that oxidation reaction takes place is provided with a thermal reactor.Said reactor is a stainless steel tube that is heated by resistive the 2.54cm of coil winding and covering insulating material.Temperature-control heat couple is placed under the insulation materials near the external surface of said pipe.In said pipe, also provide thermocouple in import, centre and exit.The noble metal band of test or the stainless steel band that has a noble coatings are suspended in the pipe with the test catalytic activity.Be injected in the electrically heated pilot region in the pipe being preheating to air a little less than a certain temperature of the test temperature of hope.The electric energy of changes in resistance heater reaches stable state until the temperature that obtains to require and by the thermocouple measurement that is installed in the pipe in pilot region.Inject fuel and make it flow to the electrical heating zone in the air stream of preheating by the T shape pipe that mixes then.The long stainless steel band of 3/8 inch (0.95cm) wide, about 1/16 inch (0.16cm) thick, about 16 inches (40cm) that the long platinum band of 4 1/8 inch (0.32cm) wide, about 16 inches (40cm) or two sides are scribbled platinum or palladium is suspended in the pipe with the test catalytic activity.When pilot region contains the band of catalyst coated or noble metal band, and when being higher than the autoignition temperature of catalysis, the interpolation of fuel raises the electric thermo-couple temperature of bosom place and outlet.In the time of under the autoignition temperature of catalysis, do not observe such temperature and raise.When the band that does not have catalyst coated or noble metal band exist, observing the autoignition temperature that temperature must be heated to pilot region fuel before raising.Uncatalyzed and the autoignition temperature of measuring catalysis is summarised in the table, and the autoignition temperature of the uncatalyzed or catalysis of measurement is called the actual measurement autoignition temperature.
Table
| Fuel | Actual measurement auto-ignition temperature ℃ | Air mass flow CC/MIN | Airborne fuel concentration VOL% | The amount VOL % of accelerator in the air | Catalyzer |
| Natural gas | ????788 | ????380 | ????10.5 | ||
| Natural gas | ????732 | ????380 | ????2.6 | ????N 2O/21 | |
| Natural gas | ????677 | ????380 | ????2.6 | ????O 2/40 | |
| Dimethyl ether | ????510 | ????380 | ????2.6 | ||
| Dimethyl ether | ????316 | ????380 | ????2.6 | ????N 2O/21 | |
| ??????H 2 | ????659 | ????380 | ????13 | ||
| ??????H 2 | ????49 | ????380 | ????13 | ????Pt | |
| ???66.6％H 2???33.3％CO | ????676 | ????380 | ????13 | ||
| ???66.6％H 2???33.3％CO | ????213 | ????380 | ????13 | ????Pt | |
| ???66.6％H 2???33.3％CO | ????211 | ????380 | ????13 | ???N 2O/44.7 | ????Pt |
| ???66.6％H 2???33.3％CO | ????149 | ????0 | ????13 | ??380CC/MIN ??100％N 2O | ????Pt |
| Methane | ????310 | ????380 | ????13 | ????- | ????Pd |
| ?????H 2 | ????149 | ????380 | ????13 | ????- | ????Pd |
| ???66.6％H 2???33.3％CO | ????154 | ????380 | ????13 | ????- | ????Pd |
From this table, as can be seen, in fuel gas stream, add N
2O reaches the actual measurement autoignition temperature that has reduced mixture.And the existence that hydrogen acts as a fuel mixes with catalytic surface also greatly reduces the kinetics autoignition temperature.
In distributed burner application, test the result of 2.54cm reactor with the test burn device of a 3.048m.The fuelgas pipeline of an external diameter 2.54cm is provided in the burning pipeline of internal diameter for 5.08cm.Said fuel ascending pipe alignment provides a fuel conductor near the fuel injection hole of the entrance point of burning pipeline.The burning pipeline of said 5.08cm internal diameter is placed in the pipe of an insulation, and thermocouple is arranged along fuel supply lines.Use two different burning pipelines." HAYNES 120 " the alloy sheets manufacturing of a burning pipeline.Is a brush plating average thickness of this alloy sheets the palladium of 0.000254cm.Then the shaping, crooked and be welded in the long pipe of the 3.048m of an inner surface coating palladium that fractures of this alloy sheets.Another burning pipeline is 7.62cm " HAYNES120 " compo pipe of a standard.Provide combustion-supporting gas with " MAXON " burner to the long burning of said 3.048m pipeline.And use waste gas to mix in the mixed zone between said burner and burning pipeline with air and/or other additive of different amounts from " MAXON " burner.In order in said burning pipeline, to keep even temperature, three electric heaters (each heater has the controller of oneself) are placed on the outside on the length direction of said burning pipeline.
A series of tests have been carried out, the test burning pipeline of coating palladium, the test pipeline of uncoated palladium.Be about 15.5 ℃ in temperature, pressure is about when measuring under 1 atmospheric pressure, with about 0.635m
3/ hour flow inject fuel gas by the fuel gas injection hole, under identical condition, measure, with about 374m
3/ hour flow inject air, comprise the air and the auxiliary air of burner.Provide enough fuel gas to reach target temperature to burner with import at the burning pipeline.For the structure (curve A) of catalysis and the structure (curve B) of not catalysis, the burning percentage that injects methane is expressed as the function of burning pipeline inlet temperature at Fig. 2.As can be seen from Figure 2, be about 260 ℃ under the minimum temperature that equipment can move, with the burning pipeline of palladium coating, 55% methane is oxidized.Minimum running temperature can be a little less than 260 ℃, and still, available equipment can not move under lower temperature.When use did not have the burning pipeline of palladium coating, some oxidations of methane were about 704 ℃ of generations, and the oxidation of methane takes place down fast at about 816 ℃.In the temperature more than 871 ℃ and 871 ℃, the existence on palladium surface is influence not, because no matter use and disuse the palladium surface, the oxidation of methane can both be carried out and finish fast.
The temperature independence that is lower than the methane of 704 ℃ of oxidations is tending towards confirming the quick oxidation of methane in the boundary layer of palladium surface, the degree that methane is being controlled methane oxidation to the transmission rather than the kinetics in this boundary layer.Under about 704 ℃ and higher temperature, exothermic oxidation reaction becomes and preponderates, and temperature dependency is because this exothermic oxidation reaction.
Claims (19)
1, a kind of flameless burner that is used for the mixture burns of fuel and oxidant, said burner comprises:
A combustion chamber that links to each other and link to each other with import with the combustion product outlet;
The fuel of a mixing that links to each other with said import and oxidant feeding mechanism;
A catalyst surface that is positioned at said combustion chamber, wherein, said catalyst surface can make a certain amount of oxidized effectively, and wherein, the fuel oxidation of said amount can not cause temperature to surpass the uncatalyzed autoignition temperature of said fuel and oxidant mixture.
2, according to the burner of claim 1, wherein, said catalyst surface comprises a kind of composition that is selected from the group of being made up of duty metal, semi-precious metal, transition metal oxide and composition thereof.
3, according to the burner of claim 1, wherein, said catalyst surface is made of palladium.
4, according to the burner of claim 1, wherein, said catalyst surface is made of platinum.
5, according to the burner of claim 1, also comprise a preheating zone, wherein, in said preheating zone, between said fuel and oxidant mixture and combustion product, carry out interchange of heat.
6, according to any burner of the claim of front, wherein, design said burner and be used for heating subterranean strata, and determine said combustion chamber by at least one combustion tube that is arranged in the drilling well of rock stratum to be heated by the burning of a kind of fuel and oxidant mixture.
7, according to the burner of claim 6, wherein, said catalyst surface area distribution in said combustion chamber, thereby in said combustion chamber, produce substantially invariable temperature.
8, according to the burner of claim 6, wherein, determine said combustion chamber by one or more pipes that are placed in the said drilling well.
9, according to the burner of claim 6, also comprise a burning gases outlet, wherein, said burning gases outlet is an annular space around said combustion tube.
10, according to the burner of claim 6, also comprise a burning gases outlet, wherein, said burning gases outlet is a pipe within said combustion chamber.
11, according to the burner of claim 6, wherein, said combustion chamber is made of an annular space between the pipe and the borehole wall.
12, according to the burner of claim 11, wherein, said pipe is one makes combustion product turn back to conduit on the well lid.
13, according to the burner of claim 6, wherein, said pipe is a conduit that comprises another part of said combustion chamber.
14,, wherein, cover the inner surface of the pipe in the said combustion chamber and/or the catalyst coat of external surface provides said catalyst surface to small part by one according to any burner of the claim of front.
15, according to any burner of the claim of front, wherein, said import is positioned at an end of said combustion chamber, and said outlet is positioned at the other end of said combustion chamber.
16, a kind of method by flameless combustion heating subterranean strata, said method comprises:
A combustion tube is installed, has been determined combustion chamber, a underground opening in the drilling well of said combustion tube within rock stratum to be heated;
In said combustion chamber, send into fuel and oxidant by an import;
Said fuel and oxidant mixture are flowed along the catalyst surface in the said combustion chamber, wherein, said catalyst surface can make a certain amount of fuel with certain speed generation oxidation reaction effectively, and said oxidation reaction speed makes the average temperature in the said combustion chamber remain below the uncatalyzed autoignition temperature of said fuel and oxidant mixture;
Combustion product is flow on the ground by the combustion product delivery channel within said drilling well.
17, according to the method for claim 16, wherein, said combustion chamber is determined by the bottom of the borehole wall with near a stopper of borehole wall bottom, said catalyst surface is by being suspended on the inner surface of a pipe in the borehole wall and/or the catalyst coat on the external surface provides coaxial, and makes keep an axial space between the pipe of said suspension and said stopper.
18, according to the method for claim 17, wherein, the pipe of said suspension is as the fuel that mixes and the inlet ducts of air, and the annular space between the said pipe and the borehole wall is perhaps used conversely as the combustion product delivery channel.
19, according to claim 16,17 or 18 method, wherein, said method is used to heat the subterranean oil shale rock stratum of hypotonicity.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US934495P | 1995-12-27 | 1995-12-27 | |
| US60/009,344 | 1995-12-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1206446A true CN1206446A (en) | 1999-01-27 |
| CN1079884C CN1079884C (en) | 2002-02-27 |
Family
ID=21737072
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN96199385A Expired - Lifetime CN1079884C (en) | 1995-12-27 | 1996-12-17 | Flameless combustor |
Country Status (19)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0870101B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3825807B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100440993B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1079884C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE183810T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU713893B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9612695A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2240646C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69603979T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0870101T3 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA000250B1 (en) |
| EG (1) | EG20999A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2138842T3 (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3031660T3 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL124805A (en) |
| JO (1) | JO1947B1 (en) |
| MA (1) | MA24041A1 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR199801221T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997024510A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102209835A (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2011-10-05 | 美国页岩油公司 | Heater and method for recovering hydrocarbons from underground deposits |
| CN1946917B (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2012-05-30 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | Method for processing underground rock stratum |
| CN103180667A (en) * | 2010-11-04 | 2013-06-26 | 株式会社Ihi | Combustion heating system |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1614189B (en) * | 2004-10-18 | 2011-03-16 | 魏明 | Combustion heating apparatus for underground thermal production of petroleum |
| US10273790B2 (en) * | 2014-01-14 | 2019-04-30 | Precision Combustion, Inc. | System and method of producing oil |
| RU2750638C1 (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2021-06-30 | Федеральное государственное казенное военное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-Морского Флота "Военно-морская академия имени Адмирала флота Советского Союза Н.Г. Кузнецова" | Device for flameless obtaining of thermal energy from hydrocarbon fuels |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3817332A (en) * | 1969-12-30 | 1974-06-18 | Sun Oil Co | Method and apparatus for catalytically heating wellbores |
| MX3874E (en) * | 1975-12-29 | 1981-08-26 | Engelhard Min & Chem | IMPROVEMENTS IN METHOD TO INITIATE A COMBUSTION SYSTEM USING A CATALYST |
| US4237973A (en) * | 1978-10-04 | 1980-12-09 | Todd John C | Method and apparatus for steam generation at the bottom of a well bore |
| US4377205A (en) * | 1981-03-06 | 1983-03-22 | Retallick William B | Low pressure combustor for generating steam downhole |
| US4930454A (en) * | 1981-08-14 | 1990-06-05 | Dresser Industries, Inc. | Steam generating system |
| US4706751A (en) * | 1986-01-31 | 1987-11-17 | S-Cal Research Corp. | Heavy oil recovery process |
-
1996
- 1996-12-17 TR TR1998/01221T patent/TR199801221T2/en unknown
- 1996-12-17 AU AU13034/97A patent/AU713893B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-12-17 BR BR9612695A patent/BR9612695A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 ES ES96944608T patent/ES2138842T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 JP JP52401197A patent/JP3825807B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 AT AT96944608T patent/ATE183810T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 CN CN96199385A patent/CN1079884C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 EP EP96944608A patent/EP0870101B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 DE DE69603979T patent/DE69603979T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 CA CA002240646A patent/CA2240646C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 KR KR10-1998-0704982A patent/KR100440993B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 EA EA199800601A patent/EA000250B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 WO PCT/EP1996/005754 patent/WO1997024510A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-12-17 IL IL12480596A patent/IL124805A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 DK DK96944608T patent/DK0870101T3/en active
- 1996-12-25 MA MA24442A patent/MA24041A1/en unknown
- 1996-12-26 JO JO19961947A patent/JO1947B1/en active
- 1996-12-26 EG EG119196A patent/EG20999A/en active
-
1999
- 1999-10-27 GR GR990402749T patent/GR3031660T3/en unknown
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1946917B (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2012-05-30 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | Method for processing underground rock stratum |
| CN102209835A (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2011-10-05 | 美国页岩油公司 | Heater and method for recovering hydrocarbons from underground deposits |
| CN102209835B (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2014-04-16 | 美国页岩油公司 | Heater and method for recovering hydrocarbons from underground deposits |
| CN103180667A (en) * | 2010-11-04 | 2013-06-26 | 株式会社Ihi | Combustion heating system |
| CN103180667B (en) * | 2010-11-04 | 2015-07-08 | 株式会社Ihi | Combustion heating system |
| US9447968B2 (en) | 2010-11-04 | 2016-09-20 | Ihi Corporation | Combustion-heating system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0870101A1 (en) | 1998-10-14 |
| DE69603979D1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
| EG20999A (en) | 2000-09-30 |
| IL124805A (en) | 2001-01-28 |
| AU1303497A (en) | 1997-07-28 |
| EP0870101B1 (en) | 1999-08-25 |
| KR100440993B1 (en) | 2004-11-06 |
| JO1947B1 (en) | 1997-12-15 |
| DE69603979T2 (en) | 2000-04-06 |
| ES2138842T3 (en) | 2000-01-16 |
| CA2240646C (en) | 2005-03-08 |
| DK0870101T3 (en) | 2000-03-27 |
| JP2000503085A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
| TR199801221T2 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
| CA2240646A1 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
| WO1997024510A1 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
| ATE183810T1 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
| GR3031660T3 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| JP3825807B2 (en) | 2006-09-27 |
| CN1079884C (en) | 2002-02-27 |
| EA000250B1 (en) | 1999-02-25 |
| KR19990076855A (en) | 1999-10-25 |
| EA199800601A1 (en) | 1998-12-24 |
| AU713893B2 (en) | 1999-12-16 |
| BR9612695A (en) | 1999-08-24 |
| MA24041A1 (en) | 1997-07-01 |
| IL124805A0 (en) | 1999-01-26 |
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