CN117845268A - Preparation method of iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst and application of iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst in electrolysis of seawater hydrogen - Google Patents
Preparation method of iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst and application of iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst in electrolysis of seawater hydrogen Download PDFInfo
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- CN117845268A CN117845268A CN202410039844.0A CN202410039844A CN117845268A CN 117845268 A CN117845268 A CN 117845268A CN 202410039844 A CN202410039844 A CN 202410039844A CN 117845268 A CN117845268 A CN 117845268A
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N (2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid;(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 102000020897 Formins Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 108091022623 Formins Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine monohydrate Substances O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]propan-1-one Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)CCC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002173 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 mono-hydrogen proton Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of an iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst and application thereof in electrolysis of seawater hydrogen. The FeTeO heterojunction carrier is synthesized through hydrothermal reaction, ru is further loaded on the FeTeO carrier through high-temperature annealing and ion exchange, and finally a material (Ru/FeTeO) for exciting Ru catalytic activity through a heterojunction substrate is constructed. The catalyst and the S-NiFeOOH catalyst are respectively used as a cathode and an anode of an electrolytic tank, and under the condition of seawater electrolysis (electrolyte: 1M KOH seawater), the working voltage of only 1.98V can reach 3A cm ‑2 Is used for the current density of the battery. The invention solves the problem of insufficient catalytic activity of noble metal Ru in the process of electrolyzing alkaline seawater to produce hydrogen by using a heterojunction carrier strategy. The bonding interaction between different groups of interfaces in the heterojunction substrate is used for enhancing the hydrogen adsorption of Ru, so that the activity and durability of the catalyst are improvedRealizes the sea water splitting of ampere-level heavy current and has important value in the future practical application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electrochemistry, in particular to a composite material containing FeTe 0.9 With Fe 2 O 3 A preparation method of a two-phase heterojunction (FeTeO) carrier-loaded Ru HER electrocatalyst and application thereof in electrolysis of seawater hydrogen.
Background
Hydrogen as a catalyst with a high energy density (-142 MJ kg) -1 ) Is attracting great attention. Renewable electrically driven water electrolysis is considered to be the most promising hydrogen production technology, hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) being one of the basic reactions in water electrolysis processes. Unlike mono-hydrogen proton coupling in an acidic environment, HER is also involved in the water dissociation process under alkaline conditions, with lower hydrogen proton concentrations requiring strong hydrogen adsorption strength of the catalyst to enhance HER kinetics. Platinum-based catalysts have so far become the most advanced HER electrocatalysts due to their excellent H adsorption free energy and intrinsic catalytic activity, but have hampered large-scale application of platinum-based catalysts due to their scarcity and high price. In addition, almost all the water electrolysis processes are carried out in pure water, ignoring abundant seawater resources. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore catalysts with lower prices and excellent HER performance in alkaline seawater.
Ru-based catalysts have received considerable attention for their relatively low cost (about 4% of the price of Pt), pt-like hydrogen bond strength and excellent corrosion resistance. In addition, coupling Ru with other transition metal compounds or adjusting the composition of the catalyst carrier not only reduces the content of noble metals, but also significantly improves the HER performance of Ru-based electrocatalysts. Strong metal-support interactions (SMSI) are one of the key mechanisms for designing high performance ruthenium-based supported catalysts. The introduction of heterojunction carriers can be used to enhance the interaction between Ru and the carrier by utilizing the bonding interaction between different sets of interfaces, thereby enhancing the hydrogen adsorption capacity and enhancing the catalytic activity.
Disclosure of Invention
1. The invention aims to provide an iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunctionA method for synthesizing a supported ruthenium catalyst. FeTeO heterojunction carrier is grown on a substrate by a hydrothermal method and high-temperature annealing and RuCl are utilized 3 Ion exchange to obtain the final Ru/FeTeO electrocatalyst. Compared with the traditional strong metal carrier method, the method solves the problem of bonding interaction between interfaces of different components by utilizing a heterojunction strategy to enhance the interaction between Ru and a carrier. Thus, the problem of low Ru catalytic activity in the alkaline seawater hydrogen production process is solved, meanwhile, the catalytic stability can be maintained under the condition of high current density, and the method has important value in the future practical application.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a preparation method of an iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction Ru/FeTeO electrocatalyst, which can be realized by the following technical route:
(1) Treatment of foam iron substrate: the foamed iron base is cut into proper size, then immersed in dilute hydrochloric acid (0.1M), acetone and ethanol in sequence, and dried in a vacuum drying oven after ultrasonic treatment.
(2) Preparation of FeTeO precursor: and dissolving Te powder and hydrazine hydrate in deionized water, and stirring to form a uniform solution. Immersing the washed foam iron into the solution for hydrothermal reaction; the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 120-200 ℃, and the natural cooling is performed after the hydrothermal reaction is completed; the reacted sample was repeatedly rinsed with deionized water and ethanol and dried in a vacuum oven.
(3) Ru/FeTeO preparation: the FeTeO after reaction is added in H 2 Annealing in Ar mixed gas at 300-600 deg.C and 1-3 deg.C for min -1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Immersing the annealed sample in RuCl 3 And (3) performing ion exchange in the solution for 4 to 8 hours, taking out the prepared sample, cleaning with deionized water, and drying to obtain Ru/FeTeO.
The preparation method according to the technical route is characterized in that: in the step (1), the foam iron is cut into the size of 2cm or 3cm, and is respectively immersed in hydrochloric acid, acetone and ethanol for ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min and then dried, and the temperature of a vacuum drying oven is set to be 40-80 ℃ so as to remove organic matters and oxides on the surface of the foam iron.
The preparation method according to the technical route is characterized in that: and (3) the hydrothermal time in the step (2) is 2h, so as to synthesize the FeTeO nanoparticle precursor with uniform morphology and dimension.
The preparation method according to the technical route is characterized in that: h in the step (3) 2 H in Ar gas mixture 2 10% RuCl 3 The dosage of (2) is 30-100 mg.
The invention also provides application of the iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction Ru/FeTeO material in an alkaline high-current seawater electrolytic cell.
As a further feature of the present invention: the iron-based strong metal heterojunction carrier interaction Ru/FeTeO material constructed by the invention can solve the key challenges of preparing the electro-catalyst for producing hydrogen by sea water electrolysis under high current density. We demonstrate that the heterojunction carrier excites the intrinsic activity of Ru, improves catalytic performance, and at the same time ensures long-term stability in the process of electrolyzing seawater to produce hydrogen. The material obtained by the invention reduces the cost of noble metal, has excellent catalytic performance, and has wide application prospect in the field of electrolysis of seawater hydrogen.
Detailed Description
The technical features of the present invention will be described with reference to the following specific experimental schemes and drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The test methods described in the examples below, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional; the apparatus and materials are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
The synthesis method for the Fe-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction Ru/FeTeO electrocatalyst comprises the following steps:
(1) In the embodiment, 2cm x 3cm of foam iron is cut, the foam iron is placed in hydrochloric acid, acetone and ethanol for respectively carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, and vacuum drying is carried out for later use.
(2) 0.128g Te powder and 5mL hydrazine hydrate are weighed and dissolved in 30mL deionized water and transferred into the liner of the reaction kettle. Immersing the pretreated foam iron into the solution, then placing the reaction kettle into a 180 ℃ oven for heat preservation for 2 hours, and naturally coolingHowever, rinsing with deionized water and ethanol multiple times followed by drying to obtain a precursor product, the material was shown in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results (FIG. 1) to demonstrate the presence of FeTe in the material 0.9 And Fe (Fe) 2 O 3 A phase.
(3) Putting the precursor product in the step 2 into a tube furnace, and heating in H 2 At 500 ℃ in Ar mixed gas, the temperature is 2 ℃ for min -1 Heat preservation is carried out for 2 hours at the temperature rising rate; immersing the obtained material in a 50mg ruthenium trichloride solution; and taking out the prepared sample, cleaning the sample by deionized water, and putting the sample into a vacuum drying oven for drying to obtain Ru/FeTeO. For the synthesized material, the scanning electron microscope is shown in FIG. 2, and the material is proved to be particles with the diameter of about 50 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) result of the material is shown in figure 3, which proves that the material is Ru, feTe 0.9 And Fe (Fe) 2 O 3 And (3) phase (C). FIG. 4 is a high resolution transmission electron microscope image of a Ru/FeTeO sample, which is seen to be made of Ru, feTe 0.9 And Fe (Fe) 2 O 3 Three-phase composition, at the same time FeTe can be seen 0.9 And Fe (Fe) 2 O 3 The intersection of the lattice fringes demonstrated the formation of a heterojunction. The electrocatalyst prepared above has excellent hydrogen evolution reactivity (fig. 5). The catalyst of this example was capable of being used in a catalyst bed of 0.5Acm -2 The stable operation at current density of (3) was over 150h (FIG. 6), demonstrating excellent stability of Ru/FeTeO. In the embodiment, the condition of 1M KOH seawater electrolysis is adopted, and Ru/FeTeO and S-NiFeOOH are used as the cathode and the anode of a two-electrode system electrolytic tank. The electrocatalyst prepared by the method can reach 3Acm only by 1.98V working voltage -2 Is shown (fig. 7).
Example 2
The synthesis method for the Fe-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction Ru/FeTeO electrocatalyst comprises the following steps:
(1) In the embodiment, 2cm x 3cm of foam iron is cut, the foam iron is placed in hydrochloric acid, acetone and ethanol for respectively carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, and vacuum drying is carried out for later use.
(2) 0.064g Te powder and 5mL hydrazine hydrate are weighed and dissolved in 30mL deionized water and transferred into a liner of a reaction kettle. Immersing the pretreated foam iron into the solution, then placing the reaction kettle into a baking oven at 180 ℃ for heat preservation for 2 hours, naturally cooling, washing with deionized water and ethanol for multiple times, and drying to obtain a precursor product.
(3) Putting the precursor product in the step 2 into a tube furnace, and heating in H 2 At 500 ℃ in Ar mixed gas, the temperature is 2 ℃ for min -1 Heat preservation is carried out for 2 hours at the temperature rising rate; immersing the obtained material in a 50mg ruthenium trichloride solution; taking out the prepared sample, cleaning with deionized water, and drying in a vacuum drying oven to obtain Ru/FeTe 0.5 O (0.5 is the mole number of tellurium powder). The electrocatalyst prepared above has excellent hydrogen evolution reactivity (fig. 8).
Example 3
The synthesis method for the Fe-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction Ru/FeTeO electrocatalyst comprises the following steps:
(1) In the embodiment, 2cm x 3cm of foam iron is cut, the foam iron is placed in hydrochloric acid, acetone and ethanol for respectively carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, and vacuum drying is carried out for later use.
(2) 0.256g Te powder and 5mL hydrazine hydrate are weighed and dissolved in 30mL deionized water and transferred into the liner of the reaction kettle. Immersing the pretreated foam iron into the solution, then placing the reaction kettle into a baking oven at 180 ℃ for heat preservation for 2 hours, naturally cooling, washing with deionized water and ethanol for multiple times, and drying to obtain a precursor product.
(3) Putting the precursor product in the step 2 into a tube furnace, and heating in H 2 At 500 ℃ in Ar mixed gas, the temperature is 2 ℃ for min -1 Heat preservation is carried out for 2 hours at the temperature rising rate; immersing the obtained material in a 50mg ruthenium trichloride solution; taking out the prepared sample, cleaning with deionized water, and drying in a vacuum drying oven to obtain Ru/FeTe 2 O (2 is the mole number of tellurium powder). The electrocatalyst prepared above has excellent hydrogen evolution reactivity (fig. 9).
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1: x-ray diffraction pattern of FeTeO obtained in example 1.
Fig. 2: scanning electron microscope images of Ru/FeTeO obtained in example 1.
Fig. 3: x-ray diffraction pattern of Ru/FeTeO obtained in example 1.
Fig. 4: high resolution transmission electron microscopy of Ru/FeTeO obtained in example 1.
Fig. 5: ru/FeTeO hydrogen evolution reaction Properties obtained in example 1; the abscissa E (V) vs. RHE is the voltage (V) and the ordinate Current density is the Current density (Acm) -2 )。
Fig. 6: stability test of sample Ru/FeTeO electrolyzed marine hydrogen in example 1; the abscissa Time is Time (h), and the ordinate E (V) vs. rhe is voltage (V).
Fig. 7: the two electrode properties of the sample Ru/FeTeO and S-NiFeOOH electrocatalyst in example 1 for electrolysis of seawater; the Voltage on the abscissa is the Voltage (V) and the Current density on the ordinate is the Current density (Acm -2 )。
Fig. 8: sample Ru/FeTe in example 2 0.5 O hydrogen evolution reaction properties; the abscissa E (V) vs. RHE is the voltage (V) and the ordinate Current density is the Current density (Acm) -2 )。
Fig. 9: sample Ru/FeTe in example 2 2 O hydrogen evolution reaction properties; the abscissa E (V) vs. RHE is the voltage (V) and the ordinate Current density is the Current density (Acm) -2 )。
Claims (6)
1. A preparation method of an iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the foam iron substrate is subjected to simple cleaning treatment, feTeO heterojunction carrier is further grown on the foam iron substrate by a hydrothermal method, and finally high-temperature annealing and RuCl are utilized 3 And carrying out further modification treatment on the catalyst by ion exchange to obtain the Ru/FeTeO electrocatalyst. The FeTeO heterojunction carrier in the catalyst can effectively excite the catalytic activity of Ru, maintain the stability of Ru, realize high-efficiency hydrogen production under the condition of high-current seawater, and simultaneously maintain the long-time water decomposition stability.
2. A self-supporting material cleaning process according to claim 1, characterized in that the substrate (foam iron) is cut to size and then immersed in hydrochloric acid, acetone, ethanol, respectively, and sonicated.
3. The hydrothermal process of claim 1, wherein the Te powder and hydrazine hydrate are dissolved in deionized water and stirred to form a homogeneous solution. Immersing the washed foam iron into the solution for hydrothermal reaction; the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 120-200 ℃, the hydrothermal time is 1-12 hours, and the mixture is naturally cooled; and repeatedly washing the reacted sample with deionized water and ethanol, and drying in a vacuum oven to obtain FeTeO.
4. The high temperature annealing and ion exchange method according to claim 1, wherein the reacted FeTeO is treated with H 2 Annealing in Ar mixed gas at 300-600 deg.C and 1-3 deg.C for min -1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Immersing the annealed sample in RuCl 3 And (3) performing ion exchange in the solution for 4 to 8 hours, taking out the prepared sample, cleaning with deionized water, and drying to obtain Ru/FeTeO.
5. An iron-based tellurium/oxide heterojunction supported ruthenium catalyst as in claim 1, wherein: the electrocatalyst can be used as a cathode for an alkaline high-current seawater electrolytic cell.
6. The high current seawater condition of claim 1, wherein the 1M KOH seawater electrolyte is prepared from natural seawater and the electrolyte temperature is maintained at room temperature while the seawater is electrolyzed.
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