CN117751800A - Cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits - Google Patents
Cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits Download PDFInfo
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- CN117751800A CN117751800A CN202311673852.2A CN202311673852A CN117751800A CN 117751800 A CN117751800 A CN 117751800A CN 202311673852 A CN202311673852 A CN 202311673852A CN 117751800 A CN117751800 A CN 117751800A
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Abstract
A cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits comprises the steps of preparing filter residues and fermentation liquor by fermenting sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and scutellaria baicalensis, preparing the fermentation liquor and auxin IAA into a composite medicament, burying the filter residues at the roots of kiwi fruit seedlings after planting the kiwi fruit seedlings for 2-3 months, spraying a composite medicament solution to the kiwi fruit seedlings, and then spraying the composite medicament solution once every 2-3 months until kiwi fruits are ripely picked, wherein the composite medicament solution is obtained by diluting the kiwi fruits by adding water for 200-300 times, and spraying according to 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant. The method has high prevention efficiency by spraying the specific compound medicament, the infection rate of the cultivation method for the kiwi fruit with gray mold is 0, the survival rate of the kiwi fruit is up to 100%, the fruit drop rate is lower than 2% after three years of cultivation, the yield can be up to about 1500 kg/mu, and the gray mold infection rate of the mature kiwi fruit is as low as 1% after the kiwi fruit is stored for 7 days at normal temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of kiwi fruit disease control, in particular to a cultivation method for controlling kiwi fruit gray mold.
Background
Gray mold is a common fungal disease which is difficult to control in open field and protected field crops, belongs to low-temperature Gao Shixing diseases, has a pathogenic bacteria growth temperature of 20-30 ℃, is a disease high-development period when the humidity is more than 85% at 20-25 ℃, continuously releases conidia in gray mold layers, and is spread and diffused along with airflow to be dip-dyed to cause serious harm. Gray mold is caused by botrytis cinerea infection, and flowers, fruits, leaves and stems can all attack.
The kiwi fruits contain rich nutrients, contain organic matters such as kiwi alkaloids, proteolytic enzymes, saccharides and the like, trace elements such as calcium, potassium zinc, selenium and the like and 17 amino acids required by human bodies, also contain rich vitamin C, grape acid, citric acid and the like, and have sour and sweet mouthfeel, thus being popular among the masses. However, kiwi fruits are happy to warm and learn and happy to wet, gray mold is easy to infect, gray mold mainly occurs in a flowering phase, a young fruit phase and a storage phase, flowers become brown and decay and fall off after being infected, petals with bacteria fall on the leaves and the fruits to further infect the young fruits and the leaves, leaf spots are caused by leaf infection, initial fuzz browning of the fruits is damaged, the fruits are then partially decayed, fruit dropping is caused, gray mold layers are generated on the surfaces of the fruits when humidity is high, and if the gray mold layers are not prevented in place in the growing process, the incidence rate of gray mold in the storage phase of the subsequent fruits is also increased.
In the prior art, chemical bactericides such as pyrimethanil, procymidone, iprodione and the like are often adopted for spraying medicines for preventing and treating gray mold in kiwi fruit orchards, but chemical agents cannot be frequently used, and the preventing and treating effect is limited. Because, it is necessary to seek an efficient and environment-friendly agent for controlling gray mold and a cultivation method of kiwi fruits based on the agent, the gray mold is controlled efficiently, and thus the yield and quality of kiwi fruits are improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a compound medicament for preventing and treating gray mold. Can effectively improve the control effect on the gray mold of the kiwi fruits, obviously improve the cultivation survival rate of the kiwi fruits, reduce the fruit drop rate of the kiwi fruits, and simultaneously reduce the infection rate of the gray mold of the kiwi fruits in the storage period of the kiwi fruits.
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the compound medicament for preventing and treating gray mold.
The third aim of the invention is to provide a cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits.
The invention aims at realizing the following technical scheme:
a compound medicament for preventing and treating gray mold is characterized in that: is prepared from sugarcane, coptis root, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and baikal skullcap root by preparing mixed powder, fermenting, collecting filtrate, adding mannitol, auxin IAA and tween 20 into the filtrate, and finally freeze-drying.
When sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and scutellaria baicalensis are adopted as raw materials for fermentation to prepare a fermentation microbial inoculum, the bacteria can generate drug resistance in the long-term use process when the fermentation microbial inoculum is used for preventing and treating gray mold, the prevention and treatment effect of the microbial inoculum is gradually weakened, and the drug effect is reduced. In continuous exploration, it is found that the addition of auxin IAA in the fermentation broth plays an inductive antagonism role, meanwhile, the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria to the fermentation broth is inhibited, and meanwhile, the inductive antagonism of the IAA to the pathogenic bacteria is further enhanced by freeze-drying the mixture of the fermentation broth and the IAA.
In addition, IAA is used as growth hormone, which is helpful for the growth and propagation of kiwi fruits to a certain extent and improves the fruit quality while preventing and treating gray mold.
Further, the fermentation adopts streptomyces albidoflavus (Streptomyces albidoflavus), streptomyces monomycin (Streptomyces monomycini), bacillus subtilis (Bacillus spizizenii), bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillus thuringiensis) and trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride) as fermentation inoculants.
Further, the mass ratio of the mixed powder, the micro Bai Huanglian mould, the streptomyces monomycin, the bacillus subtilis, the bacillus thuringiensis and the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25.
further, the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the scutellaria in the mixed powder is 10:2-3:3-5:1-2:1-2:4-6.
Further, the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%.
The preparation method of the compound medicament for preventing and treating gray mold is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Mixing and pulverizing caulis Sacchari sinensis, coptidis rhizoma, herba Portulacae, herba Taraxaci, radix Isatidis, and Scutellariae radix to obtain mixed powder;
(2) Steaming and cooling the mixed powder, adding a fermentation microbial inoculum for fermentation treatment, filtering, and collecting filter residues and filtrate, wherein the filtrate is fermentation liquor;
(3) Mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 are added into the fermentation broth, and the composite medicament is prepared by freeze drying.
Further, in the step (1), the mass ratio of sugarcane to coptis to purslane to dandelion to isatis root to scutellaria is 10:2-3:3-5:1-2:1-2:4-6.
Further, the cooking in the step (2) is water-proof cooking, the cooking time is 2-3 h, and the sterilization is performed, and meanwhile, enzyme and glycoside are killed, and the decomposition of active ingredients by enzyme is inhibited.
Further, the fermentation inoculant used in the step (2) includes Streptomyces alboldii (Streptomyces albidoflavus), streptomyces monomycin (Streptomyces monomycini), bacillus stonecrop (Bacillus spizizenii), bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillus thuringiensis) and Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride).
Further, the fermentation in the step (2) is specifically that streptomyces albidoflavus and streptomyces monomycin are sequentially added into the cooled mixed powder, the fermentation is carried out for 3 days at 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the fermentation is continued for 10-15 days at the temperature of 30-32 ℃, and after the fermentation is finished, filter residues and filtrate are collected, and the filtrate is fermentation liquor.
Further, the mass ratio of the mixed powder, the micro Bai Huanglian mould, the streptomyces monomycin, the bacillus subtilis, the bacillus thuringiensis and the trichoderma viride in the step (2) is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25.
further, in the step (3), the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of the auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%.
Further, in the step (3), the freeze drying is carried out by firstly reducing the temperature to minus 30 ℃ to minus 35 ℃ and keeping for 150 to 180 minutes, then vacuumizing and drying, heating to minus 10 ℃ to minus 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 to 8 ℃/h and keeping at a constant temperature for 150 to 180 minutes; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200-250 min; then heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, keeping the constant temperature for 300-350 min, heating to 30-32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8-10 ℃/h, keeping the constant temperature for 120-150 min, and finishing drying.
Most specifically, the preparation method of the compound medicament for preventing and treating gray mold is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Preparation of mixed powder
Mixing sugarcane, coptis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and radix scutellariae, putting into a universal pulverizer, pulverizing and sieving with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder, wherein the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the radix scutellariae is 10:2-3:3-5:1-2:1-2:4-6;
(2) Preparation of fermentation broth
The mixed powder is placed in a steamer, steamed for 2-3 hours in water, the mixed powder is taken out, cooled, and added with zymophyte for fermentation, specifically, the streptomyces albidoflavus and the streptomyces monomycin are firstly added for fermentation for 3 days at 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 10-15 days, after fermentation, filtration residues and filtrate are collected, the filtrate is taken as fermentation liquor, and the mass ratio of the mixed powder to the micro Bai Huanglian mould to the streptomyces monomycin to the bacillus thuringiensis to the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25;
(3) Preparation of composite medicament
Sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into the fermentation broth prepared in the step (2), stirring and dissolving, freeze-drying, specifically at-30 to-35 ℃, maintaining for 150-180 min, vacuumizing and drying, heating to-10 to-15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and maintaining at a constant temperature for 150-180 min; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200-250 min; and then heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, keeping at a constant temperature for 300-350 min, finally heating to 30-32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8-10 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 120-150 min to prepare the composite medicament, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to the mannitol to the Tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of the auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%.
A cultivation method for preventing and controlling kiwi fruit gray mold is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of preparing filter residues and fermentation liquor by fermenting sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and scutellaria baicalensis, preparing a composite medicament by the fermentation liquor and auxin IAA, burying the filter residues at the root of seedlings after planting kiwi fruit seedlings for 2-3 months, spraying a composite medicament solution to the seedlings, and then spraying the composite medicament solution once every 2-3 months until kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the composite medicament solution is obtained by diluting the composite medicament with water by 200-300 times, and is sprayed according to 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
Further, the fermentation is specifically that sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and scutellaria baicalensis are adopted to prepare mixed powder, after being steamed and cooled in a water-proof way, streptomyces albidoflavus and streptomyces monomycin are sequentially added, fermentation is carried out for 3 days at the temperature of 28-30 ℃, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are then added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 10-15 days, after the fermentation is finished, filter residues and filtrate are collected, and the filtrate is fermentation liquor.
Further, the mass ratio of the mixed powder, the micro Bai Huanglian mould, the streptomyces monomycin, the bacillus subtilis, the bacillus thuringiensis and the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25.
further, the compound medicament is prepared by sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into fermentation liquor, stirring and dissolving, and then freeze-drying.
Further, the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%.
Further, the freeze drying is to firstly reduce the temperature to minus 30 to minus 35 ℃ and keep 150 to 180min, then vacuumize and dry, raise the temperature to minus 10 to minus 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 to 8 ℃/h and keep the constant temperature for 150 to 180min; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200-250 min; then heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, keeping the constant temperature for 300-350 min, heating to 30-32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8-10 ℃/h, keeping the constant temperature for 120-150 min, and finishing drying.
Most specifically, a cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting seedling and setting up frame
Selecting kiwi fruit seedlings with the height of 30-40 cm and the rhizome diameter of 1.0-1.3 cm for planting, wherein the male-female ratio of the kiwi fruit seedlings is 8-10:1, the planting time is 3-4 months per year, the row spacing of two kiwi fruit seedlings is 4-6 m, and after planting, watering each seedling, wherein the watering amount is 500-600 ml/plant;
the vertical support columns are arranged at a distance of 40-60 cm from the kiwi fruit seedlings, the heights of the support columns are 2.5-3.0 m, the tops of the support columns are connected by using transverse support columns, the vertical support columns are fixed by using small iron wires, and the ridge-up parts are used as units for carrying out frame erection;
second, fertilizer application
Applying the compound fertilizer once every month within half a year after planting, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 60-80 g/plant every month, and applying the compound fertilizer once every two months after planting for half a year, and the fertilizer application amount is 280-300 g/plant every month;
preparation of composite medicine
(1) Preparation of mixed powder
Mixing sugarcane, coptis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and radix scutellariae, putting into a universal pulverizer, pulverizing and sieving with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder, wherein the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the radix scutellariae is 10:2-3:3-5:1-2:1-2:4-6;
(2) Preparation of fermentation broth
The mixed powder is placed in a steamer, steamed for 2-3 hours in water, the mixed powder is taken out, cooled, and added with zymophyte for fermentation, specifically, the streptomyces albidoflavus and the streptomyces monomycin are firstly added for fermentation for 3 days at 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 10-15 days, after fermentation, filtration residues and filtrate are collected, the filtrate is taken as fermentation liquor, and the mass ratio of the mixed powder to the micro Bai Huanglian mould to the streptomyces monomycin to the bacillus thuringiensis to the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25;
(3) Preparation of composite medicament
Sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into the fermentation broth prepared in the step (2), stirring and dissolving, freeze-drying, specifically at-30 to-35 ℃, maintaining for 150-180 min, vacuumizing and drying, heating to-10 to-15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and maintaining at a constant temperature for 150-180 min; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200-250 min; heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, keeping at a constant temperature for 300-350 min, heating to 30-32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8-10 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 120-150 min to obtain a composite medicament, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%;
fourth, prevent and cure gray mold
Burying the fermented filter residues at the root of the seedling after 2-3 months of seedling planting, spraying a compound reagent solution to the seedling, and then spraying the compound reagent solution once every 2-3 months until the kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the compound reagent solution is prepared by adding 200-300 times of water into the compound reagent solution, and spraying according to the amount of 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
The invention has the following technical effects:
according to the cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits, the specific composite medicament is sprayed, the prevention efficiency is high, the kiwi fruits are cultivated for 3 years, the infection rate of the cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits is 0, the survival rate of kiwi fruits is up to 100%, the fruit dropping rate is lower than 2% after three years of cultivation, the yield is high, the yield can be up to about 1500 kg/mu, the gray mold infection rate of mature kiwi fruits after being stored for 7 days at normal temperature is lower than 1%, the composite medicament has extremely strong effect of killing gray mold, and can effectively kill gray mold after being bacteriostatic for 3 days, and the induced antagonism of gray mold can be enhanced by matching with the auxin IAA, so that the cultivation method has a synergistic effect, and is environment-friendly, and the problem of environmental pollution caused by chemical medicaments is solved.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail below by way of examples, which are necessary to be pointed out herein for further illustration of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, since numerous insubstantial modifications and adaptations of the invention will be to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing disclosure.
The fermenting microorganisms in the fermenting agent used in the invention are as follows:
streptomyces albidoflavus is purchased from China general microbiological culture collection center (CGMCC) with the preservation number of CGMCC 4.252.
Streptomyces monomycin, bacillus stoniae, bacillus thuringiensis and Trichoderma viride were purchased from the Guangdong province microorganism culture Collection (GDMCC), wherein the Streptomyces monomycin has a accession number of GDMCC 4.201; the deposit number of bacillus stonveer is GDMCC 1.136; bacillus thuringiensis deposit No. GDMCC 1.147; trichoderma viride has a deposit number of GDMCC3.602.
Example 1
A preparation method of a compound medicament for preventing and treating gray mold comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of mixed powder
Mixing sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and radix scutellariae, putting the mixture into a universal pulverizer, pulverizing and sieving the mixture with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder, wherein the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis chinensis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the radix scutellariae is 10:2.5:4:1.5:1.5:5;
(2) Preparation of fermentation broth
The mixed powder is put into a steamer, steamed for 2.5 hours in a water-proof way, the mixed powder is taken out, cooled, and added with zymophyte for fermentation, specifically, the streptomyces albidoflavus and streptomyces monomycin are firstly added, and fermented for 3 days at the temperature of 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 12 days, after fermentation, filtration is carried out, filter residues and filtrate are collected, the filtrate is fermentation liquor, and the mass ratio of the mixed powder, the micro Bai Huanglian mould, the streptomyces monomycin, bacillus stonensis, the bacillus thuringiensis and the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25;
(3) Preparation of composite medicament
Sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into the fermentation broth prepared in the step (2), stirring and dissolving, freeze-drying, specifically at-30 ℃ for 180min, vacuumizing and drying, heating to-10 ℃ at a heating rate of 6 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 180min; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 6 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 240min; and then heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 6 ℃/h, keeping at a constant temperature for 320min, heating to 30 ℃ at a heating rate of 10 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 150min to obtain the composite medicament, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:55:1.5, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.4%.
Example 2
A cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits comprises the following steps:
selecting seedling and setting up frame
Before planting kiwi fruits, selecting sandy soil, digging and ridging with a row spacing of 2.5 m, digging furrows between ridges and a furrow depth of 20-30 cm to facilitate drainage, selecting kiwi fruit seedlings with a height of 30-40 cm and a root diameter of 1.0-1.3 cm for planting, wherein the male-female ratio of the kiwi fruit seedlings is 10:1, the planting time is 3-4 months per year, the row spacing of two kiwi fruit seedlings is 4-6 m, and watering each seedling after planting is finished, wherein the watering amount is 500-600 ml/plant;
the vertical support columns are arranged at a distance of 40-60 cm from the kiwi fruit seedlings, the heights of the support columns are 2.5-3.0 m, the tops of the support columns are connected by using transverse support columns, the vertical support columns are fixed by using small iron wires, and the ridge-up parts are used as units for carrying out frame erection;
second, fertilizer application
Applying the compound fertilizer once every month within half a year after planting, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 60-80 g/plant every month, and applying the compound fertilizer once every two months after planting for half a year, and the fertilizer application amount is 280-300 g/plant every month;
third, prevent and cure gray mold
Burying the fermented filter residues at the root of the seedling after 2 months of seedling planting, spraying the chemical solution prepared by the compound chemical prepared in the example 1 to the seedling, and then spraying the compound chemical solution once every 2 months until the kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the chemical solution prepared by the compound chemical is prepared by adding water with the mass being 250 times of that of the compound chemical, and spraying according to the amount of 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
Comparative example 1
The kiwi fruit is cultivated according to the method of example 2, the agent used in the gray mold prevention and control process is prepared by directly concentrating and evaporating the fermentation broth prepared in example 1, adding mannitol and tween 20, and freeze-drying to obtain powder, i.e. the agent is not added with auxin IAA, and the rest is the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
Kiwi fruit is cultivated according to the method of example 2, and the agent used in the gray mold control process is auxin IAA, without fermentation broth compounding. And experiments show that when the IAA is singly used, the IAA concentration in the sprayed composite medicament solution is only 16 mug/mL when the IAA aqueous solution with the same concentration as that in the embodiment 2 is sprayed, the control effect on gray mold is not obvious, and when the IAA aqueous solution is sprayed with the concentration of 60-80 mug/mL, the resistance of kiwi fruits to gray mold is improved most obviously, so that the aqueous solution with the IAA concentration of 60 mug/mL is adopted to replace the composite medicament solution used in the embodiment 2 in the cultivation process for gray mold control, and the rest steps are the same as those in the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 3
Kiwi fruit is cultivated according to the method of example 2, and the agents used in the gray mold control process are as follows:
when the composite medicament is prepared, the fermentation liquid is directly concentrated and evaporated, then is frozen and dried into powder, and is directly mixed with IAA to prepare the composite medicament.
50mL of the pharmaceutical solutions used in example 1, comparative example 2 and comparative example 3, and 50mL of low-concentration IAA (same concentration as IAA in the composite pharmaceutical solution of example 2) were separately prepared as one set, and added to 50g of beef extract peptone liquid medium, stirred uniformly, 1mL of Botrytis cinerea (Botrytis cinerea) (viable count: about 2000) was added to the medium, and the culture was left at 25℃for 5 days in a sterile environment, and the growth was observed daily, and the number of Botrytis cinerea was counted, and the results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: resistance of different agents to Botrytis cinerea
Remarks: in the table "-indicates undetected.
As can be seen, the compound preparation prepared by the invention is used for carrying out the gray mold bacteriostasis test, the number of the gray mold viable bacteria is sharply reduced, and the number of the gray mold viable bacteria can not be detected in the culture medium at the 4 th day of the test. The single traditional Chinese medicine (the medicine in the embodiment 1) is adopted, so that the viable count of the gray mold is continuously reduced, but the reduction speed is slower, when the single auxin IAA is adopted, the single auxin IAA can have obvious inhibition effect on the gray mold only under a certain concentration, when the concentration is lower, the IAA has extremely poor antibacterial effect on the gray mold, and when the traditional Chinese medicine and the IAA are directly mixed for use, the effect of inhibiting the gray mold is obviously improved compared with the single traditional Chinese medicine and the single auxin IAA, but the effect is still slightly poorer than that of the composite medicine prepared in the invention.
Example 3
A cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits comprises the following steps:
selecting seedling and setting up frame
Selecting kiwi fruit seedlings with the height of 30-40 cm and the rhizome diameter of 1.0-1.3 cm for planting, wherein the male-female ratio of the kiwi fruit seedlings is 8:1, the planting time is 3-4 months per year, the row spacing of two kiwi fruit seedlings is 4-6 m, and watering each seedling after the planting is finished, wherein the watering amount is 500-600 ml/plant;
the vertical support columns are arranged at a distance of 40-60 cm from the kiwi fruit seedlings, the heights of the support columns are 2.5-3.0 m, the tops of the support columns are connected by using transverse support columns, the vertical support columns are fixed by using small iron wires, and the ridge-up parts are used as units for carrying out frame erection;
second, fertilizer application
Applying the compound fertilizer once every month within half a year after planting, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 60-80 g/plant every month, and applying the compound fertilizer once every two months after planting for half a year, and the fertilizer application amount is 280-300 g/plant every month;
preparation of composite medicine
(1) Preparation of mixed powder
Mixing sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and radix scutellariae, putting the mixture into a universal pulverizer, pulverizing and sieving the mixture with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder, wherein the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis chinensis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the radix scutellariae is 10:2:3:1:1:4;
(2) Preparation of fermentation broth
The mixed powder is put into a steamer, steamed for 3 hours in a water-proof way, the mixed powder is taken out and cooled, a zymophyte agent is added for fermentation, specifically, streptomyces albidoflavus and streptomyces monomycin are firstly added for fermentation for 3 days at the temperature of 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 15 days, filtration is carried out after the fermentation is finished, filter residues and filtrate are collected, the filtrate is fermentation liquid, and the mass ratio of the mixed powder to the micro Bai Huanglian mould to the streptomyces monomycin to the bacillus stonensis to the bacillus thuringiensis to the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25;
(3) Preparation of composite medicament
Sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into the fermentation broth prepared in the step (2), stirring and dissolving, freeze-drying, specifically at-35 ℃ for 150min, vacuumizing and drying, heating to-15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 150min; heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200min; heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/h, keeping at a constant temperature for 300min, heating to 32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 120min to obtain a composite medicament, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50:1, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3%;
fourth, prevent and cure gray mold
Burying the fermented filter residues at the root of the seedling after 2 months of seedling planting, spraying a compound reagent solution to the seedling, and then spraying the compound reagent solution once every 3 months until the kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the compound reagent solution is prepared by adding 200 times of water into the compound reagent solution, and spraying according to the amount of 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
Example 4
A cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits comprises the following steps:
selecting seedling and setting up frame
Selecting kiwi fruit seedlings with the height of 30-40 cm and the rhizome diameter of 1.0-1.3 cm for planting, wherein the male-female ratio of the kiwi fruit seedlings is 9:1, the planting time is 3-4 months per year, the row spacing of two kiwi fruit seedlings is 4-6 m, and watering each seedling after the planting is finished, wherein the watering amount is 500-600 ml/plant;
the vertical support columns are arranged at a distance of 40-60 cm from the kiwi fruit seedlings, the heights of the support columns are 2.5-3.0 m, the tops of the support columns are connected by using transverse support columns, the vertical support columns are fixed by using small iron wires, and the ridge-up parts are used as units for carrying out frame erection;
second, fertilizer application
Applying the compound fertilizer once every month within half a year after planting, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 60-80 g/plant every month, and applying the compound fertilizer once every two months after planting for half a year, and the fertilizer application amount is 280-300 g/plant every month;
preparation of composite medicine
(1) Preparation of mixed powder
Mixing sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and radix scutellariae, putting the mixture into a universal pulverizer, pulverizing and sieving the mixture with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder, wherein the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis chinensis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the radix scutellariae is 10:3:5:2:2:6;
(2) Preparation of fermentation broth
The mixed powder is put into a steamer, steamed and boiled for 2 hours in a water-proof way, the mixed powder is taken out and cooled, a zymophyte agent is added for fermentation, specifically, streptomyces albidoflavus and streptomyces monomycin are firstly added for fermentation for 3 days at the temperature of 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 10 days, filtration is carried out after the fermentation is finished, filter residues and filtrate are collected, the filtrate is fermentation liquid, and the mass ratio of the mixed powder, the micro Bai Huanglian mould, the streptomyces monomycin, bacillus stevensis, the bacillus thuringiensis and the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25;
(3) Preparation of composite medicament
Sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into the fermentation broth prepared in the step (2), stirring and dissolving, freeze-drying, specifically at-30 ℃ for 160min, vacuumizing and drying, heating to-12 ℃ at a heating rate of 8 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 160min; heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 250min; heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 8 ℃/h, keeping at a constant temperature for 350min, heating to 30 ℃ at a heating rate of 10 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 140min to obtain a composite medicament, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:60:2, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.5%;
fourth, prevent and cure gray mold
Burying the fermented filter residues at the root of the seedling after 2 months of seedling planting, spraying a compound reagent solution to the seedling, and then spraying the compound reagent solution once every 2.5 months until the kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the compound reagent solution is prepared by adding water 300 times of the compound reagent solution in mass, and spraying according to the amount of 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
7 mu of land is selected as an experimental planting land in the same planting area, 7 mu of land is divided into 7 groups, each group is 1 mu, the method is respectively used for planting as a blank group according to the method of example 1, but gray mold control treatment is not carried out, kiwi fruits of the same seedling are planted according to the methods of examples 2, 3 and 4, comparative example 1, comparative example 2 and comparative example 3, the planting is carried out for 3 years, the survival rate after 6 months of planting, the average fruit dropping rate of young fruits after 3 years of planting, the yield (kg/mu) after 3 years of planting are recorded respectively, and gray mold disease rate after 1 week of storing the kiwi fruits harvested in 3 years of planting is carried out under a normal temperature environment (the temperature is 25-30 ℃ and the humidity is 60-70%), and the results are shown in table 2.
Table 2:
in the process of planting kiwi fruits, no gray mold control measures are adopted for plants, the survival rate of kiwi seedlings is only 86% after the kiwi seedlings are planted for 6 months, the average fruit drop rate of kiwi fruits is 13.4% in the period of 3 years, the final yield is 1061 kg/mu, after the harvested mature kiwi fruits are stored for 7 days in a normal temperature environment, the infection rate of the gray mold of the kiwi fruits reaches 31.3%, the chemical prepared by singly adopting traditional Chinese medicine components and single auxin IAA are used for gray mold control, the gray mold control effects of different degrees are achieved, but the growth of kiwi fruits can be promoted under a certain concentration besides the resistance of the auxin IAA to the gray mold, but the low-concentration IAA can not achieve better control effect, the use concentration of the kiwi fruits can only be increased, the high-frequency auxin IAA with higher concentration is used, the growth inhibition effect on the kiwi fruits is achieved, the blank rate is reduced, and the yield of the final kiwi fruits is lower. Compared with the single traditional Chinese medicine preparation and single auxin IAA, the preparation prepared by fermenting the traditional Chinese medicine and the auxin IAA are directly mixed for use, the control effect on kiwi gray mold is improved to a certain extent, but the effect is not obvious. The traditional Chinese medicine fermented medicament and IAA are prepared into a composite medicament through a freeze drying mode, after the composite medicament is used for preventing and treating gray mold disease, the survival rate of planted kiwi fruit plants reaches 100%, the gray mold infection rate is 0, the fruit dropping rate of young kiwi fruits after three years is lower than 2%, the yield reaches about 1500 kg/mu, and the gray mold infection rate of the harvested kiwi fruits is only within 1% after the harvested kiwi fruits are stored for 7 days in a room temperature environment.
Claims (7)
1. A cultivation method for preventing and controlling kiwi fruit gray mold is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of preparing filter residues and fermentation liquor by fermenting sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and scutellaria baicalensis, preparing a composite medicament by the fermentation liquor and auxin IAA, burying the filter residues at the root of seedlings after planting kiwi fruit seedlings for 2-3 months, spraying a composite medicament solution to the seedlings, and then spraying the composite medicament solution once every 2-3 months until kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the composite medicament solution is obtained by diluting the composite medicament with water by 200-300 times, and is sprayed according to 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
2. The cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the fermentation is specifically that sugarcane, coptis chinensis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and scutellaria baicalensis are made into mixed powder, after being steamed and cooled in a water-proof way, streptomyces albidoflavus and streptomyces monomycin are sequentially added, the fermentation is carried out for 3 days at the temperature of 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the fermentation is continued for 10-15 days at the temperature of 30-32 ℃, after the fermentation is finished, filtration is carried out, filter residues and filtrate are collected, and the filtrate is fermentation liquor.
3. A cultivation method for controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the mass ratio of the mixed powder to the micro Bai Huanglian mould to the streptomyces monomycin to the bacillus, the bacillus thuringiensis to the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25.
4. a cultivation method for controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the composite medicament is prepared by sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into fermentation liquor, stirring and dissolving, and then freeze-drying.
5. The cultivation method for preventing and controlling kiwi fruit gray mold according to claim 4, wherein: the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%.
6. A cultivation method for controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits as claimed in claim 4 or 5, wherein: the freeze drying is to firstly reduce the temperature to minus 30 to minus 35 ℃ and keep 150 to 180min, then vacuumize and dry, raise the temperature to minus 10 to minus 15 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 to 8 ℃/h and keep the constant temperature for 150 to 180min; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200-250 min; then heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, keeping the constant temperature for 300-350 min, heating to 30-32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8-10 ℃/h, keeping the constant temperature for 120-150 min, and finishing drying.
7. A cultivation method for preventing and controlling gray mold of kiwi fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting seedling and setting up frame
Selecting kiwi fruit seedlings with the height of 30-40 cm and the rhizome diameter of 1.0-1.3 cm for planting, wherein the male-female ratio of the kiwi fruit seedlings is 8-10:1, the planting time is 3-4 months per year, the row spacing of two kiwi fruit seedlings is 4-6 m, and after planting, watering each seedling, wherein the watering amount is 500-600 ml/plant;
the vertical support columns are arranged at a distance of 40-60 cm from the kiwi fruit seedlings, the heights of the support columns are 2.5-3.0 m, the tops of the support columns are connected by using transverse support columns, the vertical support columns are fixed by using small iron wires, and the ridge-up parts are used as units for carrying out frame erection;
second, fertilizer application
Applying the compound fertilizer once every month within half a year after planting, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 60-80 g/plant every month, and applying the compound fertilizer once every two months after planting for half a year, and the fertilizer application amount is 280-300 g/plant every month;
preparation of composite medicine
(1) Preparation of mixed powder
Mixing sugarcane, coptis, purslane, dandelion, radix isatidis and radix scutellariae, putting into a universal pulverizer, pulverizing and sieving with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder, wherein the mass ratio of the sugarcane to the coptis to the purslane to the dandelion to the radix isatidis to the radix scutellariae is 10:2-3:3-5:1-2:1-2:4-6;
(2) Preparation of fermentation broth
The mixed powder is placed in a steamer, steamed for 2-3 hours in water, the mixed powder is taken out, cooled, and added with zymophyte for fermentation, specifically, the streptomyces albidoflavus and the streptomyces monomycin are firstly added for fermentation for 3 days at 28-30 ℃, then bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis and trichoderma viride are added, the temperature is kept at 30-32 ℃ for continuous fermentation for 10-15 days, after fermentation, filtration residues and filtrate are collected, the filtrate is taken as fermentation liquor, and the mass ratio of the mixed powder to the micro Bai Huanglian mould to the streptomyces monomycin to the bacillus thuringiensis to the trichoderma viride is 100:0.15:0.15:0.20:0.20:0.25;
(3) Preparation of composite medicament
Sequentially adding mannitol, auxin IAA and Tween 20 into the fermentation broth prepared in the step (2), stirring and dissolving, freeze-drying, specifically at-30 to-35 ℃, maintaining for 150-180 min, vacuumizing and drying, heating to-10 to-15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and maintaining at a constant temperature for 150-180 min; then heating to 0 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, and keeping the temperature at 0 ℃ for 200-250 min; heating to 15 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-8 ℃/h, keeping at a constant temperature for 300-350 min, heating to 30-32 ℃ at a heating rate of 8-10 ℃/h, and keeping at a constant temperature for 120-150 min to obtain a composite medicament, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation liquor to mannitol to tween 20 is 100:50-60:1-2, and the mass ratio of auxin IAA in the prepared composite medicament is 0.3-0.5%;
fourth, prevent and cure gray mold
Burying the fermented filter residues at the root of the seedling after 2 months of seedling planting, spraying a compound reagent solution to the seedling, and then spraying the compound reagent solution once every 2-3 months until the kiwi fruits are ripe and picked, wherein the compound reagent solution is prepared by adding 200-300 times of water into the compound reagent solution, and spraying according to the amount of 150-200 mL of each kiwi fruit plant.
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