CN117203004A - Method for producing a pressure vessel - Google Patents
Method for producing a pressure vessel Download PDFInfo
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- CN117203004A CN117203004A CN202280029566.XA CN202280029566A CN117203004A CN 117203004 A CN117203004 A CN 117203004A CN 202280029566 A CN202280029566 A CN 202280029566A CN 117203004 A CN117203004 A CN 117203004A
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- Prior art keywords
- pressure vessel
- preform
- wafer blank
- blank
- percent
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001175 rotational moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 7
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PALQHNLJJQMCIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron;manganese Chemical compound [Mn]#B PALQHNLJJQMCIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000617 Mangalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011151 fibre-reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/14—Spinning
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D35/00—Combined processes according to or processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
- B21D35/002—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
- B21D35/005—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00 characterized by the material of the blank or the workpiece
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D35/00—Combined processes according to or processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
- B21D35/002—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
- B21D35/005—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00 characterized by the material of the blank or the workpiece
- B21D35/007—Layered blanks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
- B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
- B21D51/24—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects high-pressure containers, e.g. boilers, bottles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/10—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
- C21D8/105—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
- C21D9/085—Cooling or quenching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for producing a pressure vessel (10).
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for producing a pressure vessel.
Background
Due to cost and weight limitations, the pressure within the pressure vessel is increasing in vehicle manufacturing. Fiber reinforced plastic (FVK) hybrid containers are considered to withstand such pressures, which are composed of a multi-layer material with an airtight inner layer made of stainless steel and an outer layer made of carbon steel, wherein the multi-layer material made of steel is spun from a disc blank or tube into a corresponding shape and then clad with a carbon fiber reinforced Composite (CFK) laminate, see DE 10 2014
101 972B4. The cost of such pressure vessels is very high. Furthermore, from DE 10 2015 113
869A1 is known to spin from at least two wafer blanks made of different materials into rotationally symmetrical mouldings, wherein an intermetallic bond between the different materials is made before or during the spinning.
It is also known to spin a monolithic container from tubular stainless steel into a corresponding shape, see WO 2021/040133 A1. The cost of such containers is also high due to the materials used.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method for producing a pressure vessel which meets the requirements set forth and which can be produced from economical materials and at a lower production cost.
The object of the invention is achieved by a method for producing a pressure vessel having the features of claim 1.
The pressure vessel has a bottom arranged at one end of the pressure vessel, a wall section and a neck section arranged at the other end of the pressure vessel opposite the bottom and having an opening, the method for producing the pressure vessel comprising the steps of: -providing at least a first wafer blank, wherein the first wafer blank is composed of carbon steel; -manufacturing a wall section from the at least one wafer blank by spinning into a pressure vessel preform; -manufacturing the neck section from the pressure vessel preform by rotational moulding (schwenkforme) for the pressure vessel. According to the invention, the pressure vessel after rotational moulding is at least partially heated to an Ac1 temperature at which the microstructure of the carbon steel is at least partially transformed into austenite, and then at least partially cooled by active cooling to transform the microstructure at least partially into martensite and/or bainite, whereby at least the section of the carbon steel of the pressure vessel is adjusted to a tensile strength Rm of at least 1000 MPa.
In order to be able to provide a corresponding strength in carbon steel or on the finished pressure vessel and thus to meet the requirements set forth, carbon steels, particularly preferably hardenable and/or tempered carbon steels, can be obtained relatively economically and processed correspondingly economically in comparison to the materials disclosed in the prior art.
The tensile strength Rm can be adjusted individually, i.e. by a suitable choice of carbon steel, so that a tensile strength Rm of at least 1100MPa, preferably at least 1200MPa, preferably at least 1300MPa, particularly preferably at least 1400MPa, further preferably at least 1900MPa, can be achieved at least sectionally, depending on the carbon steel composition. The hardenable and/or hardenable economical non-alloyed carbon steels are for example grade C, such as C15, C22, C45 etc., or low alloy steels, especially manganese boron steels, such as 22MnB5, 37MnB4, 39MnCrB6-2, 40MnB4 etc.
Spinning refers to a method for non-cutting forming a rotationally symmetrical hollow body. The wafer blank is tensioned and/or held in place on a pressure chuck and rotated. At least one platen/roller or other suitable device is moved toward the rotating wafer blank so that shaping is achieved by the compressive stress portions introduced into the wafer blank material by the radially directed press rollers. The material flows and is contoured by an internally located pressure chuck from one end of the wafer blank to the other during the axial machining process. The pressure chucks are substantially circular, and thus a "spun" pressure vessel preform yields a cylindrical internal geometry. In spinning, at least one platen/roller plastically deforms the material due to direct pressure, wherein defined axial movement of at least one platen/roller can have the effect that the starting wall thickness of the wafer blank is reduced to an adjustable (final) or minimum thickness. Spinning is prior art.
In rotational molding, the pressure vessel preform is in a rotated state and a platen/roller is applied to the open end of the pressure vessel preform opposite the bottom to shape the neck section into a corresponding shape, especially without a pressure chuck. The openings in the neck section required for the pressure vessel can be introduced during the rotational molding process or after the rotational molding process. Rotational molding is also known in the art.
Transformation to austenitic tissue structure begins at Ac1 and when Ac3 or above is reached, the tissue structure is substantially fully austenitized. After heating, the hot (partially) austenitized carbon steel of the pressure vessel is actively cooled by a suitable method to transform the structure into a structure consisting of martensite and/or bainite. This can be done, for example, in a corresponding tool or in an oil bath. The heating and cooling curves for adjusting the desired microstructure depend on the chemical composition of the hardenable and/or tempering carbon steel used and can be derived or derived from so-called ZTA or ZTU figures. Thus, the substantially martensitic structure may reach the highest (tensile) strength of the carbon steel used.
For example, the thickness of the first wafer blank may be between 6 and 16 mm. The thickness is in particular at least 6.5mm, preferably at least 7mm, in particular limited to a maximum of 15mm, preferably a maximum of 14mm. The diameter of the disc blank may vary depending on the size of the pressure vessel to be manufactured, in particular between 150 and 800 mm.
According to a different embodiment, the tensile strength Rm of the carbon steel at least in the bottom and wall sections of the pressure vessel is at least 1000MPa, in particular at least 1100MPa, preferably at least 1200MPa, more preferably at least 1300MPa, particularly preferably at least 1400MPa, further preferably at least 1900MPa. According to a preferred embodiment, the tensile strength Rm of the carbon steel of the pressure vessel is entirely at least 1000MPa, in particular at least 1100MPa, preferably at least 1200MPa, more preferably at least 1300MPa, particularly preferably at least 1400MPa, further preferably at least 1900MPa, in order to provide uniform properties of the whole vessel.
The carbon steel of the pressure vessel has a martensitic and/or bainitic microstructure, in particular in the region of a tensile strength Rm of at least 1000MPa, in particular at least 1100MPa, preferably at least 1200MPa, more preferably at least 1300MPa, particularly preferably at least 1400MPa, even more preferably at least 1900MPa. In order to set the desired properties in the pressure vessel, it is therefore required that the carbon steel has a hard structure comprising at least 70% martensite and/or bainite, in particular at least 80% martensite and/or bainite, preferably at least 90% martensite and/or bainite, the remaining structural components possibly being present in the form of ferrite, pearlite, cementite, austenite and/or retained austenite. Preferably, a hard structure is provided having at least 70% martensite, in particular at least 80% martensite, preferably at least 90% martensite, wherein the remaining structural components may be present in the form of ferrite, pearlite, bainite, cementite, austenite and/or retained austenite.
Further advantageous embodiments and developments emerge from the following description. One or more features from the claims, specification, or drawings may be combined with one or more other features to yield further embodiments of the invention. One or more features of the independent claims may also be combined with one or more other features.
If the bottom of the finished pressure vessel is not planar, in one embodiment, the bottom is formed in a deep drawing step at least in the first wafer blank prior to the production of the pressure vessel preform. The bottom of the finished pressure vessel can be formed outwards, whereby the bottom is convexly formed in a deep drawing step, in particular in the middle of the wafer blank; or alternatively, if the space for subsequent construction does not allow, the bottom of the finished pressure vessel can be shaped inwards, whereby the bottom is concavely shaped in the deep drawing step, in particular in the middle of the wafer blank. In both cases, the shaping of the bottom can in particular act as a fixation to the pressure chuck, in comparison with a planar embodiment. The deep drawing step may be performed in a cold state or in a hot state.
In order to reduce the flow resistance of the carbon steel and thus the forces during spin forming and/or rotational forming, according to one embodiment, active heating is carried out before and/or during the production of the pressure vessel preform. Alternatively or additionally, active heating may also take place before and/or during the production of the neck section. Active heating is carried out at least regionally, meaning that at least the region that is to be shaped is heated (also). Alternatively, it is also possible to heat the entire wafer blank prior to the production of the pressure vessel preform, or, for example, only the wall section regions that are to be produced. Thus, it is also possible to assist in the heating during the manufacture of the pressure vessel preform. Furthermore, it is also possible to heat only the neck region to be produced prior to the rotational molding and optionally to assist in the rotational molding process.
The active heating is in particular carried out at a temperature of at least 300 ℃, i.e. carbon steel is heated to this temperature. The temperature of the active heating is in particular 400 to 1100 ℃, preferably 700 to 1100 ℃. The heating device used may be a furnace through which the respective profile (wafer blank, pressure vessel preform) is guided and then fed into the respective step (optional deep drawing, spin forming and/or spin forming). Alternatively and preferably, an inductor or burner using an open flame or the like may be used, which may for example be specifically designed for the purpose of heating only a specific area. The inductor and burner may be integrated in the respective apparatus for spin forming and/or spin forming so as to be heated in situ before and/or during the execution of the respective steps.
According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the carbon steel contains, in addition to iron and unavoidable impurities in the production process, the following chemical elements in weight percent:
c:0.01 to 0.7 percent,
Si:0.01 to 3.0 percent,
Mn:0.01 to 3.0 percent,
N: up to 0.1%,
P: up to 0.1%,
S: up to 0.1%,
Selectively at least one or more elements selected from the following group (Al, cr, cu, mo, ni, nb, ti, V, B, sn, ca, rare earth element REM):
al: up to 1.0%,
Cr: up to 1.0%,
Cu: up to 1.0%,
Mo: up to 1.0%,
Ni: up to 1.0%,
Nb: up to 0.2%,
Ti: up to 0.2%,
V: up to 0.2%,
B: up to 0.01%,
Sn: up to 0.1%,
Ca: up to 0.1%,
Rare earth element: up to 0.2%.
According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention, a second wafer blank is provided, wherein the second wafer blank is composed of austenitic steel. Austenitic steels, in particular chromium-nickel steels, have the advantage of being impermeable to gases, in particular to atomic hydrogen, and therefore can effectively act as a barrier and are preferably particularly suitable for use as an inner layer of a pressure vessel. Furthermore, austenitic steels have thermal stability, which means that the austenitic steel does not undergo any changes and retains its properties during the heat treatment of the carbon steel of the pressure vessel to obtain the desired properties.
The thickness of the second wafer blank is less than the thickness of the first wafer blank and may be between 0.2 and 4mm. The thickness is in particular at least 0.3mm, preferably at least 0.5mm, and is in particular limited to a maximum of 3.5mm, preferably a maximum of 3mm. The diameter of the disc blank may vary depending on the size of the pressure vessel to be manufactured, in particular between 150 and 800 mm.
According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the austenitic steel contains, in addition to Fe and unavoidable impurities in the production process, the following chemical elements in weight percent:
cr:11.0 to 22.0 percent,
Ni:5.0 to 15.0 percent,
C: up to 0.2%,
Si: up to 1.5%,
Mn: up to 3.0%,
N: up to 0.2%,
P: up to 0.1%,
S: up to 0.1%.
Alternatively, the austenitic steel may contain, in weight percentages, the following chemical elements in addition to Fe and unavoidable impurities during production:
c: up to 0.6%, in particular from 0.1 to 0.6%,
Si: up to 1.5%,
Mn:4.0% to 25.0%, especially 10.0% to 25.0%,
N: up to 0.2%,
P: up to 0.1%,
S: up to 0.1%,
Optionally at least one or more elements selected from the group (Al, cr, cu, mo, ni, nb, ti, V, B, sn, ca):
al: up to 3.0%,
Cr: up to 4.0%,
Cu: up to 1.0%,
Mo: up to 1.0%,
Ni: up to 2.0 percent,
Nb: up to 0.5%,
Ti: at most 0.5,
V: up to 0.5%,
B: up to 0.01%,
Sn: up to 0.1%,
Ca: up to 0.1%.
Manganese-containing steels, as well as medium manganese steels having a manganese content of between 4 and 14% by weight or high manganese steels having a manganese content of more than 14 to 25% by weight, have an austenitic structure in the delivered state. During the production of the pressure vessel, after heat treatment, martensite, annealed martensite and/or ferrite components, as well as retained austenite and unavoidable impurities may be completely present in the structure.
According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention, a second wafer blank is provided simultaneously with the first wafer blank, the wall section is produced from both wafer blanks by spin forming into a pressure vessel preform, and the neck section is then produced from the pressure vessel preform by spin forming into a pressure vessel. The advantage of providing two disc blanks is that a pressure vessel having a two-layer structure can be manufactured in one process step, but it must be ensured that the two disc blanks are arranged in such a way that in the finished state austenitic steel forms the inner layer of the pressure vessel and carbon steel forms the outer layer of the pressure vessel.
Alternatively, a second wafer blank may also be provided separately, the wall section being produced from the second wafer blank by spin forming into a pressure vessel preform, wherein the outer diameter of the pressure vessel preform produced from the second wafer blank is equal to or smaller than the inner diameter of the pressure vessel preform produced from the first wafer blank by spin forming, and then the pressure vessel preform produced from the second wafer blank is introduced into the pressure vessel preform produced from the first wafer blank before the neck section is produced from the pressure vessel preform by spin forming into a pressure vessel. Other alternatives to producing the pressure vessel preform from the second wafer blank by spin forming may also be deep drawing or efficient media based forming.
In addition to hardening, the at least partially hardened, preferably fully hardened, carbon steel of the pressure vessel may be subsequently tempered during the annealing process. Tempering at temperatures between 200 and 500 ℃ for durations between 5 s and 30 min reduces tensile strength but increases ductility. The carbon steel of the quenched and tempered pressure vessel comprises at least one third, in particular at least one half, of annealed martensite in the martensitic structure.
According to a further teaching of the present invention, the pressure vessel produced according to the method of the present invention is used for storing pressurized fluid in mobile applications. Pressurized fluid is considered to be a gas or liquid at a pressure exceeding 200bar, which is used as an energy source for driving the vehicle, and must be safely contained and stored in the vehicle. For example, the gas is hydrogen gas for a hydrogen-driven vehicle or liquefied gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel to an internal combustion engine.
Drawings
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Like parts are denoted by like reference numerals. In the figure:
figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of a provision of a wafer blank,
figure 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a provision of a wafer blank with a bottom,
figure 3 shows a schematic perspective view of the heating of a wafer blank prior to the manufacture of a pressure vessel preform,
figure 4 shows a schematic perspective view of a pressure vessel preform at various points in time when it is manufactured,
figure 5 shows a schematic partial perspective view of a pressure vessel preform manufactured from two wafer blanks at different points in time,
figure 6 shows a schematic perspective view of the combination of two separately produced pressure vessel preforms,
fig. 7 shows a schematic side view of a finished pressure vessel.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 shows a schematic perspective view of a first wafer blank (1) provided. For example, the thickness of the wafer blank (1) may be between 6 and 16 mm. The diameter of the wafer blank may vary from 150mm to 800mm depending on the size of the pressure vessel (10) to be produced. The wafer blank (1) consists of a hardenable and/or hardenable carbon steel. Such as C22 or C45 steels, also include manganese boron steels, such as 22MnB5, 37MnB4.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a first wafer blank (1) with a bottom (2) provided. The steps in fig. 2 are optional if the finished pressure vessel (10) does not have a planar bottom (2). Thus, before the production of the pressure vessel preform (see fig. 4), a bottom (2) can be formed in the wafer blank (1) in a deep drawing step, which bottom points outwards in the finished pressure vessel (10), see fig. 7, or alternatively and not shown here, which bottom can also point inwards in the finished pressure vessel if construction space does not allow. The deep drawing step for the selective shaping of the bottom (2) can be carried out either in the cold state of the wafer blank (1) or in the hot state of the wafer blank (1), at least in the hot state of the area of the bottom (2) to be built.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic perspective view of the heating of the first wafer blank (1) before the manufacture of the pressure vessel preform, after the completion of the selective deep drawing step for manufacturing the bottom (2). In this case, the active heating can take place at least in regions, so that at least the regions that are to be molded are heated. Fig. 3 shows an example of an inductor which heats only the region of the wall section (3) to be produced. Alternatively and not shown, the wafer blank (1) is completely heated in the furnace by means of an inductor or burner.
Fig. 4 shows a schematic perspective view of the pressure vessel preform at various points in time when it is manufactured. The advantage of selective deep drawing is that a correspondingly produced bottom (2) which is formed in particular in the middle of the wafer blank (1) can serve as a fastening on the pressure chuck. The heating or the zone heating does not have to take place outside the apparatus used for spinning, but can also take place inside the apparatus before and/or during the production of the pressure vessel preform. The heating temperature is at least 300 ℃, wherein the wafer blank (1) is preferably heated at least regionally to a temperature between 400 and 800 ℃. As schematically shown in fig. 4, a pressure disk/roller acts on a wafer blank (1) fixed to a pressure chuck, and a pressure vessel preform opening to one side is produced by spin forming. After spin forming, the base (2) and at least a major part of the wall section (3) have been made.
If a second layer, in particular an inner layer, is required, for example in the case of a pressure vessel (10) for use with hydrogen gas, a second wafer blank (1.1) made of austenitic steel, in particular medium-or high-manganese steel, or preferably chromium-nickel steel, can be provided separately, in which case the wall section (3.1) is produced from the second wafer blank (1.1), preferably by spinning into a pressure vessel preform. These steps may be performed according to the steps shown in fig. 1 to 4, similar to the steps for producing a pressure vessel preform from the first wafer blank (1). Optionally, the bottom (2.1) may be formed in a second wafer blank (1.1), see fig. 2, or the second wafer blank (1.1) may be heated prior to manufacturing the pressure vessel preform, see fig. 3. In the spin forming of individual pressure vessel preforms, it should be ensured that the outer diameter (Da) of the pressure vessel preform made from the second wafer blank (1.1) is equal to or smaller than the inner diameter (di) of the pressure vessel preform made from the first wafer blank (1) by means of spin forming, so that the pressure vessel preform made from the second wafer blank (1.1) can be inserted into the pressure vessel preform made from the first wafer blank (1) before the neck (4) is manufactured from the pressure vessel preform by spin forming into the pressure vessel (10), see fig. 6.
Alternatively, the second wafer blank (1.1) may be provided simultaneously with the first wafer blank (1) and the wall section (3) is manufactured from the two wafer blanks (1, 1.1) by spin forming into a pressure vessel preform. Fig. 5 shows a schematic partial perspective view of a pressure vessel preform produced from two wafer blanks (1, 1.1) at different points in time. The two disc blanks (1, 1.1) are arranged in such a way that, in the finished state, austenitic steel forms the inner layer of the pressure vessel (10) and carbon steel forms the outer layer.
In a step not shown, the neck region (4) is formed from a pressure vessel preform by rotational molding into a pressure vessel (10). This step may be performed, for example, in a rotary forming apparatus. Before and/or during the rotational shaping, preferably at least the neck section (4) to be produced is heated, preferably to a temperature between 700 and 1100 ℃, and the opening (5) is introduced during or after the rotational shaping, see fig. 7.
After rotational shaping, the pressure vessel (10) is at least partially heated to an Ac1 temperature, at which temperature the microstructure of the carbon steel is at least partially transformed into austenite, and then at least partially cooled by active cooling to at least partially transform the microstructure into martensite and/or bainite, and thereby at least partially set the tensile strength Rm of at least 1000MPa in the carbon steel of the pressure vessel (10). The pressure vessel (10) is preferably fully heated to a temperature of at least Ac3 and is fully actively cooled, so that a homogeneous structure essentially consisting of martensite having a tensile strength of at least 100MPa, in particular at least 1100MPa, preferably at least 1200MPa, preferably at least 1300MPa, particularly preferably at least 1400MPa, further preferably at least 1900MPa, is formed in the entire carbon steel of the pressure vessel (10).
Final temper may be performed to increase the ductility of the pressure vessel (10) carbon steel.
Thus, the pressure vessel (10) may be composed of a single layer of carbon steel or, if hydrogen is used as the gas, two separate layers of carbon steel, the outer layer being of austenitic steel and the inner layer being of chrome nickel steel.
Claims (11)
1. A method for producing a pressure vessel (10) having a bottom (2) arranged at one end of the pressure vessel (10), a wall section (3) and a neck section (4) arranged at the other end of the pressure vessel (10) opposite the bottom (2) and having an opening (5), wherein the method comprises the steps of:
-providing at least one first disc blank (1), wherein the first disc blank (1) is made of carbon steel;
-manufacturing a wall section (3) from the at least first wafer blank (1) by spin forming into a pressure vessel preform;
-manufacturing a neck section (4) from a pressure vessel preform by rotational moulding into a pressure vessel (10);
characterized in that the pressure vessel (10) is heated at least partially after rotational shaping to an Ac1 temperature at which the microstructure of the carbon steel is at least partially transformed into austenite, and then at least partially cooled by active cooling to transform the microstructure at least partially into martensite and/or bainite, whereby the tensile strength Rm of at least 1000MPa is set at least partially in the carbon steel of the pressure vessel (10).
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the bottom (2) is formed by a deep drawing step in at least the first wafer blank (1) prior to the manufacture of the pressure vessel preform.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an active heating is carried out before and/or during the production of the pressure vessel preform and/or the neck section (4), said heating being carried out at least regionally.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the active heating is performed at a temperature of at least 300 ℃.
5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the carbon steel contains, in weight percent, the following chemical elements in addition to iron and unavoidable impurities in the production process:
c:0.01 to 0.7 percent,
Si:0.01 to 3.0 percent,
Mn:0.01 to 3.0 percent,
N: up to 0.1%,
P: up to 0.1%,
S: up to 0.1%,
Optionally at least one or more elements selected from the following group (Al, cr, cu, mo, ni, nb, ti, V, B, sn, ca, rare earth elements):
al: up to 1.0%,
Cr: up to 1.0%,
Cu: up to 1.0%,
Mo: up to 1.0%,
Ni: up to 1.0%,
Nb: up to 0.2%,
Ti: up to 0.2%,
V: up to 0.2%,
B: up to 0.01%,
Sn: up to 0.1%,
Ca: up to 0.1%,
Rare earth element: up to 0.2%.
6. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein a second wafer blank (1.1) of austenitic steel is provided.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the austenitic steel contains, in weight percentages, the following chemical elements in addition to Fe and unavoidable impurities during production:
cr:11.0 to 22.0 percent,
Ni:5.0 to 15.0 percent,
C: up to 0.2%,
Si: up to 1.5%,
Mn: up to 3.0%,
N: up to 0.2%,
P: up to 0.1%,
S: up to 0.1%.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the austenitic steel contains, in weight percentages, the following chemical elements in addition to Fe and unavoidable impurities during production:
c: up to 0.6%,
Si: up to 1.5%,
Mn:4.0 to 25.0 percent,
N: up to 0.2%,
P: up to 0.1%,
S: up to 0.1%,
Optionally at least one or more elements selected from the group (Al, cr, cu, mo, ni, nb, ti, V, B, sn, ca):
al: up to 3.0%,
Cr: up to 4.0%,
Cu: up to 1.0%,
Mo: up to 1.0%,
Ni: up to 2.0 percent,
Nb: up to 0.5%,
Ti: at most 0.5,
V: up to 0.5%,
B: up to 0.01%,
Sn: up to 0.1%,
Ca: up to 0.1%.
9. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the second wafer blank (1.1) is provided simultaneously with the first wafer blank (1) and the wall section (3) is manufactured from the two wafer blanks (1, 1.1) by spin forming into a pressure vessel preform and the neck section (4) is manufactured from the pressure vessel preform by spin forming into a pressure vessel (10).
10. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein a second wafer blank (1.1) is provided separately, wherein the wall section (3.1) is manufactured from the second wafer blank (1.1) by spin forming into a pressure vessel preform, wherein the outer diameter (Da) of the pressure vessel preform manufactured from the second wafer blank (1.1) is equal to or smaller than the inner diameter (di) of the pressure vessel preform manufactured from the first wafer blank (1) by spin forming, wherein subsequently the pressure vessel preform manufactured from the second wafer blank (1.1) is introduced into the pressure vessel preform manufactured from the first wafer blank (1) before the neck section (4) is manufactured from the pressure vessel preform by spin forming into the pressure vessel (10).
11. Use of a pressure vessel (10) produced according to any of the preceding claims for storing pressurized fluid in mobile applications.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021109866.1A DE102021109866B3 (en) | 2021-04-20 | 2021-04-20 | Process for manufacturing a pressure vessel |
| DE102021109866.1 | 2021-04-20 | ||
| PCT/EP2022/059682 WO2022223358A1 (en) | 2021-04-20 | 2022-04-12 | Method for producing a pressure vessel |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN117203004A true CN117203004A (en) | 2023-12-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202280029566.XA Pending CN117203004A (en) | 2021-04-20 | 2022-04-12 | Method for producing a pressure vessel |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240165688A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP4326457A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN117203004A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102021109866B3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2022223358A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BR9206853A (en) | 1991-12-05 | 1995-11-21 | Mannesmann Ag | High strength weldable structural steel with 13% chromium |
| DE4323167C1 (en) * | 1993-07-10 | 1994-05-19 | Leifeld Gmbh & Co | Producing steel hollow bodies by rolling - combined with austenitic heat treatment |
| DE19652335C1 (en) | 1996-12-03 | 1998-03-12 | Mannesmann Ag | Seamless corrosion resistant steel bottle production used for storing high purity or corrosive gas or liquid |
| DE102006039656B4 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2008-12-18 | Leifeld Metal Spinning Gmbh | Device and method for producing a hollow body from a ronde-shaped workpiece |
| DE102008047352A1 (en) * | 2008-09-15 | 2010-04-15 | Benteler Sgl Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method for producing a gas container, in particular for motor vehicles |
| GB201316829D0 (en) * | 2013-09-23 | 2013-11-06 | Rolls Royce Plc | Flow Forming method |
| DE102014101972B4 (en) * | 2014-02-17 | 2018-06-07 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag | Method for producing a seamless pressure vessel for storing hydrogen |
| CN104451419B (en) * | 2014-11-28 | 2017-01-11 | 成都格瑞特高压容器有限责任公司 | High-pressure seamless 10CrNi3MoV steel cylinder and manufacturing process thereof |
| DE102015113869A1 (en) | 2015-08-20 | 2017-02-23 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Method for producing a molded part and molded part |
| US20190388952A1 (en) | 2017-01-18 | 2019-12-26 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag | Method for producing a vehicle wheel consisting of sheet metal |
| WO2021040133A1 (en) | 2019-08-27 | 2021-03-04 | 김동규 | Hot spinning apparatus for shaping pipe into small-sized cylinder |
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2021
- 2021-04-20 DE DE102021109866.1A patent/DE102021109866B3/en active Active
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- 2022-04-12 EP EP22722442.5A patent/EP4326457A1/en active Pending
- 2022-04-12 CN CN202280029566.XA patent/CN117203004A/en active Pending
- 2022-04-12 WO PCT/EP2022/059682 patent/WO2022223358A1/en active Application Filing
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| US20240165688A1 (en) | 2024-05-23 |
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| DE102021109866B3 (en) | 2022-08-11 |
| WO2022223358A1 (en) | 2022-10-27 |
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