CN116917601A - 加热元件 - Google Patents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
- F01N3/2889—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices with heat exchangers in a single housing
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
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- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
- F01N3/0222—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous the structure being monolithic, e.g. honeycombs
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- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
- F01N3/2026—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means directly electrifying the catalyst substrate, i.e. heating the electrically conductive catalyst substrate by joule effect
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
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- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于排气后处理的装置,该装置具有可被排气流过的流动线路,该流动线路具有至少一个作用为催化器的蜂窝体(1)和至少一个加热元件(2),其中,加热元件(2)由陶瓷材料形成,该加热元件能沿多个流动通道从流入侧到流出侧被流过,其中,加热元件(2)沿界定流动通道的壁部能导电,并且可以通过电触点(3)与电压源连接,其中,加热元件(2)在流动线路的可流过的横截面上蜿蜒状地延伸。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于排气的后处理的装置,该装置具有可被排气流过的流动线路,该流动线路具有至少一个作用为催化器的蜂窝体和至少一个加热元件,其中,加热元件由陶瓷材料形成,该加热元件可沿多个流动通道从流入侧到流出侧被流过,其中,加热元件沿界定流动通道的壁部能导电。
背景技术
加热元件用于加热催化(转化)器、例如在内燃机的排气管路中的催化器,以便提前达到所谓的催化器起燃温度,从该起燃温度开始,排气的化学转化特别有效地起作用。为此,加热元件例如由导电的导体结构形成,该导体结构与电流源连接,并且因此在利用欧姆电阻的情况下生热。
在现有技术中,用于内燃机的排气***中的多种加热盘是已知的。主要使用金属蜂窝体,该金属蜂窝体由相互堆叠并缠绕的多个金属箔形成。由此,蜂窝体形成有多个可流通的流动通道,排气可以流过这些流动通道。加热盘通过电气接头与电压源连接。
替代地,已知了由陶瓷材料制成的加热盘,加热盘具有金属导体,该金属导体与电压源连接并且可以在利用欧姆电阻的情况下被加热。
在现有技术中的装置的缺点尤其是,必须采取复杂的绝缘措施来防止电流遵循不必要的路径并且导致电短路。如果流动的电流遵循尽可能短的路径,并且因此在加热元件上形成比其他的区域明显更强地被电流流过且因此被加热的区段,那么沿加热元件也可能会出现不必要的热点。热点尤其在耐久性方面可能是不利的,并且附加地,在可被流过的催化器横截面上的不均匀热分布在催化器的效率方面是不利的。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是,提供一种具有催化器和加热元件的装置,其中,加热元件是可简单制造的、耐用的并且能够简单地适配于不同的要求。
关于具有电加热元件的催化器的目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的催化器来实现。
本发明的一个实施例涉及一种用于排气的后处理的装置,该装置具有可由排气流过的流动线路,该流动线路具有至少一个作用为催化器的蜂窝体和至少一个加热元件,其中,加热元件由陶瓷材料形成,该加热元件可沿多个流动通道从流入侧到流出侧被流过,其中,加热元件沿界定流动通道的壁部能导电并且可以借助于电触点与电压源连接,其中,加热元件在流动线路的可通流的横截面上蜿蜒地延伸。
加热元件优选可以由盘形的蜂窝体制成,该蜂窝体例如可以通过挤出方法制成。例如,盘状的蜂窝体可以利用切削方法被加工,并且因此产生期望的形状。优选地,加热元件设计为蜿蜒状的,并且因此形成加热线路,该加热线路在用于排气后处理的装置的可通流的横截面上延伸。替代地,加热元件也可以通过适当的成形方法已经制成为蜿蜒状成形的加热线路。
加热元件优选具有以下结构,即该结构例如也具有催化活性催化器的陶瓷蜂窝体。多个细小的通道从流入侧到流出侧穿过蜂窝体,从而使得蜂窝体以及加热元件总体上沿限定的主方向是透气的。
加热元件的导电性通过界定流动通道的通道壁来实现。为此,例如,陶瓷可以设有导电涂层。替代地,可以将金属颗粒混合到陶瓷中,从而使得金属陶瓷混合物总体上能导电。
加热元件通过其蜿蜒状的结构尤其良好地适用于覆盖可通流的横截面的尽可能多的部分,以便实现对流动的排气的尽可能均匀且强的加热。原则上,加热元件可以通过交替地依次排列180°的偏转来构造,从而形成加热元件的相互平行延伸的区段。替代地,优选提出加热元件的各个区段的螺旋形布置方案,该螺旋形布置方案例如由现有技术中的用于加热盘的金属蜂窝体而是已知的。
目的是,实现对可通流的横截面的尽可能大面积的覆盖,而加热元件的各个区段不会彼此导电接触。
加热元件可以完全布置在一个单个平面中。替代地,加热元件例如也可以布置在彼此间隔开的两个或更多个平面中。为此,加热元件在偏转之后沿蜂窝体的主流动方向延伸,并且因此使两个平面相互连接。因此,加热元件也可以沿蜂窝体的主流动方向延伸。
特别有利的是,加热元件在一个平面内具有多个偏转。180°的偏转是特别有利的,以便实现蜂窝体的可用横截面面积的尽可能好的利用,并且因此产生尽可能高的加热功率。
此外优选的是,加热元件由陶瓷蜂窝体形成。由盘形的蜂窝体通过切削方法形成的加热元件是尤其有利的。
也有利的是,与加热元件的其余区域相比,加热元件在偏转处具有导电结构的横截面增厚。导电结构由通道壁形成。为了在偏转区域中实现横截面增厚,例如可以局部在每单位面积中布置更多的通道壁,或者可以局部增加通道壁的厚度。替代地或附加地,通道壁的孔隙率可以是不一样大的。由于高的孔隙率,在每单位体积中能在材料中结合更多的空气,由此总体上在那里存在较少的导电材料。因此,降低的孔隙率导致每单位体积中更多的材料,由此在那里存在相对多的材料。
在偏转区域中的材料增厚是有利的,以便避免形成所谓的热点或热区。由于材料增厚,局部存在可被电流沿加热元件流过的更多材料。因此,在加热元件上所生成的热分布在更多的质量上,由此减小最大的局部加热。
在优选的设计方案中,导电结构的横截面增厚也可以在加热元件的横截面上以不同的强度形成,从而使得例如在偏转区域中靠近内部较小曲率半径的区域获得较低的横截面增厚,或者甚至获得横截面减小,而在偏转区域中靠近外部较大曲率半径的区域获得较大的横截面增厚。这尤其可以是有利的,以便针对性地影响沿加热元件的电流流动,并且因此避免由于电流流动增大而形成热点。
优选的实施例的特征在于,与在偏转部之前和之后的区段上相比,加热元件在偏转区域中具有在加热元件的横截面上不同的热导率。
较低的热导率反作用于局部热点的形成。例如通过特殊的材料选择,可以例如以下方式产生较小的热导率,即,偏转区域由与加热元件的其余部分不同的材料制成。加热元件的基本材料也可以例如在偏转区域中掺有另外的材料或另外的元件。
优选地,邻近较小的曲率半径的偏转部内边缘处的热导率与邻近较大的曲率半径的偏转部外边缘处的热导率不同。由此,可以将热导率设计成减少尤其是在较小曲率半径的区域中的热点形成。热导率此外可以受到材料选择、孔隙率、加热元件的横截面面积或通道壁部的数量和厚度的影响。
此外优选的是,与在偏转部之前和之后的区段上相比,加热元件在偏转区域中具有在加热元件的横截面上不同的热容。局部地产生较高的热容也反作用于局部的热点形成,由此总体上实现更均匀的热分布。在此优选地,通过相应的参数选择在较小的曲率半径区域中产生的热容也不同于在较大的曲率半径区域中产生的热容。
也有利的是,加热元件在偏转区域中具有在加热元件的横截面上不同的电阻。电阻率也可能受到已经提到的材料特性的影响。有利地,电阻率也在加热元件的横截面上被调整,从而减少或完全避免热点的形成。优选地,加热元件在较小或较窄的曲率半径的区域中的电阻比在较大或较长的曲率半径的区域中的电阻大。这有利地导致电流的主传导路径从偏转部的内侧转移到偏转部的外侧。
也有利的是,每单位面积的导电材料的比例在不同区域是不同的。因此,可以在加热元件内产生导电性特别良好的区域和导电性不太良好的区域。以该方式,可以有利地影响沿加热元件的电流流动。
本发明的有利的改进方案在从属权利要求和随后的附图描述中进行描述。
附图说明
接下来,借助实施例,参考附图详细阐述本发明。在附图中:
图1示出了加热元件的俯视图,该加热元件布置在由蜂窝体形成的加热盘的其中一个端面上,
图2示出了加热元件的偏转区域的俯视图,其中,在偏转部区域中的单元密度(Zelldichte)高于在加热元件的其余部分中的单元密度,
图3示出了加热元件的偏转区域的俯视图,其中,界定流动通道在偏转区域中的壁部比在加热元件的其余部分中的壁部更厚地实施,并且
图4示出了加热元件的偏转区域的俯视图,其中,界定流动通道的壁部局部由具有不同的材料特性的材料形成。
具体实施方式
图1示意性示出了用于排气后处理的装置的流动横截面1。在该流动横截面1内布置有加热元件2,该加热元件具有多个可通流的流动通道,这些流动通道能够沿平行于附图平面上的表面法线的主流动方向被流过。各个流动通道在横向于主流动方向的方向上通过壁部界定。因为加热元件2由陶瓷材料制成,所以加热元件要么设有导电的表面涂层,要么具有一定比例的导电材料。例如,陶瓷可以掺有金属颗粒,以便产生足够的导电性。
通过给加热元件2供电而对加热元件2进行加热。为此,加热元件2可以在端部侧通过电触点3与电压源连接。在使用欧姆电阻的情况下,只要电流流过加热元件2,就因此发生加热元件2的加热。
在图1的实施例中蜿蜒状地延伸的加热元件2例如可以通过切削方法从设计为盘的蜂窝体产生。
在图1的实施例中,加热元件2蜿蜒状地布置在沿流动方向在上游或下游的催化器的横截面1上(在图1中未示出)。也可以设置与之不同的布置方案,以便最佳地利用催化器的横截面面积并确保尽可能好的热传递和尽可能均匀的生热。
与图1的实施例不同地,加热元件也可以沿遵循附图平面的表面法线的方向延伸。这尤其是对于相继地布置于多个平面中的加热元件是有利的。
加热元件2具有多个偏转区域4,在这些偏转区域中,加热元件改变其方向。优选地,这些偏转区域4设计为,使得避免或至少显著减少局部热点的产生。为此,偏转区域4例如可以增厚地实施、具有与加热元件2的其余部分相比更小的孔隙率、具有较低的热导率、或具有增大的热容。所使用的材料或壁厚也可以在偏转区域4的横截面上变化。
图2示出了偏转区域4的细节图,其中,在偏转部4的弯曲区域6中设置有与加热元件2的其余结构5相比更大的单元密度。区域6在每单位面积中具有比加热元件2的其余部分更多的流动通道。这导致了,与加热元件2的其余结构5相比,在偏转区域4中作为电导体的特性发生变化。
图3示出了偏转区域7的替代的设计方案,其中,在偏转部7的弯曲区域8中,界定流动通道的现有壁部具有比在加热元件2的其余结构5中更大的壁厚。通过增大的壁厚也会影响导电性。
图4示出了偏转区域9的另一替代的设计方案,其中,在偏转部9的弯曲区域10中,界定流动通道的壁部由不同的材料形成。布置在较小的内半径的区域11中的壁部由第一材料形成,而布置在较大的外半径的区域12中的壁部由第二材料形成。
材料尤其可以因电阻率、金属比例、孔隙率、表面涂层或上述特性的组合而彼此不同。
在图1至图4的实施例中示出的所有实施方案可以任意相互组合。尤其可以规定,各个变化仅局限于偏转部内的有限区域。例如,在较小的弯曲半径处的内部区域与在较大的弯曲半径处的外部区域以不同方式构造。
目的尤其是,产生对加热元件2内的电流流动的适当影响,以便避免局部热点的出现。为此,尤其可以局部调整电阻率,以便局部限制或促进电流流动。原则上有利的是,在偏转部的外部区域中发生增强的电流流动,以便避免在内半径上形成热点。因为电流遵循最小电阻的原理,所以通过有针对性地影响电阻来确保适当的电流控制。
壁的数量的增加、壁部的增厚以及孔隙率的降低总体上都导致可被电流流过的横截面面积的增大,由此,相应的区域的电阻改变,由此,电流传导、尤其是在加热元件的横截面上的电流分布发生变化。
除了影响电阻以影响电流传导之外,通过所描述的变化还可以直接影响加热导体的热导率,由此可以更好地输出和分布热量,由此还可以减少热点的形成。
图1至图4的实施例尤其不具有限制性,而是用于阐明发明构思。
Claims (7)
1.一种用于排气后处理的装置,该装置具有可被排气通流的流动线路,该流动线路具有至少一个作用为催化器的蜂窝体和至少一个加热元件(2),其中,加热元件(2)由陶瓷材料形成,所述加热元件能沿多个流动通道从流入侧到流出侧被流过,其中,加热元件(2)沿界定流动通道的壁部能导电,并且能够借助于电触点(3)与电压源连接,其中,加热元件(2)在流动线路的能通流的横截面(1)上蜿蜒状地延伸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,加热元件(2)在一平面内具有多个偏转部(4、7、9)。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,加热元件(2)由陶瓷蜂窝体形成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,与加热元件(2)的其余区域相比,加热元件(2)在偏转部(4、7、9)处具有导电结构的横截面增厚部。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,与在偏转部(4、7、9)之前和之后的区段上相比,加热元件(2)在偏转部(4、7、9)的区域中具有在加热元件(2)的横截面上不同的热导率。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,与在偏转部(4、7、9)之前和之后的区段上相比,加热元件(2)在偏转部(4、7、9)的区域中具有在加热元件(2)的横截面上不同的热容。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,加热元件(2)在偏转部(4、7、9)的区域中具有在加热元件(2)的横截面上不同的电阻。
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