CN116054575A - 用于电动车辆的能量*** - Google Patents

用于电动车辆的能量*** Download PDF

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CN116054575A
CN116054575A CN202210848201.1A CN202210848201A CN116054575A CN 116054575 A CN116054575 A CN 116054575A CN 202210848201 A CN202210848201 A CN 202210848201A CN 116054575 A CN116054575 A CN 116054575A
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voltage
converter
branch
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board network
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M·威尔德吉茹伯
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Audi AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33584—Bidirectional converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/08—Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires
    • H02J1/082—Plural DC voltage, e.g. DC supply voltage with at least two different DC voltage levels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • H02J7/1423—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle with multiple batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/325—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection with means for allowing continuous operation despite a fault, i.e. fault tolerant converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33571—Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于车辆的电能供应的***和一种用于车辆的电能供应的方法。在用于电动车辆的电能供应的***中，电动车辆具有至少一个高压车载网络和至少一个低压车载网络，其中，***包括高压电池，高压电池通过中断元件连接到至少一个高压车载网络，其中，高压电池包括串联连接的第一子支路和第二子支路，其中，多级的级联的DC/DC转换器的第一输入端连接到第一子支路，多级的级联的DC/DC转换器的第二输入端连接到第二子支路，多级的级联的DC/DC转换器的输出端与至少一个低压车载网络连接，其中，多级的级联的DC/DC转换器包括电极选择模块、非电流隔离的降压和/或升压转换级和电流隔离的主转换级。

Description

用于电动车辆的能量***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于车辆的电能供应的***和一种用于车辆的电能供应的方法。
背景技术
在当今的电驱动的车辆、例如插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV)、纯电动车辆(BEV)或配备有高压能量存储器(高压电池)的混合动力车辆(HEV)中，直流转换器(DC/DC转换器)用于为低压车载网络(LV车载网络)供电。DC/DC转换器在初级通过高压电池供电，并且在电池接触器之后连接全***电压。如今，这些高压网络不受任何ASIL安全等级的约束，并且因此仅有条件地适用于或根据类型完全不适用于利用高度自动化的驾驶员辅助***的用途。
从US 10 079 541 B1已知一种开关功率转换电路，其包括以降压、升压或旁路模式运行的预调节电路；接收直流输入电压并且输出第一直流电压的第一开关电路；具有接收第一直流电压并且输出直流输出电压的第二开关电路的谐振电路；谐振控制电路，其通过传输链路最小设置控制信号和链路最大设置控制信号并且通过控制第二开关电路的开关频率来调节直流输出电压；和预调节器控制电路，其接收链路最小设置控制信号和链路最大设置控制信号，并且基于链路最小设置控制信号和链路最大设置控制信号来控制第一开关电路，以便调节第一直流电压。
EP 2 169 817 A1公开了一种供电调节设备，该供电调节设备包括初级绝缘转换单元，其被适配以用于转换输入电流供电信号的电压或电流并且输出满足预期的电压或电流要求的供电信号；电压适配控制单元，其被适配以用于根据预期的输出电压和由被驱动的设备提供的被跟踪的信号来输出关于输出电压的适配控制信号；次级非绝缘调节和转换单元，其被适配以用于根据由电压调节控制单元输出的调节控制信号来将由初级绝缘转换单元输出的供电信号转换为预期的电压，并且输出适配的供电信号。
EP 3 291 446 A1涉及一种具有差动变压器的电流隔离电路，该差动变压器具有初级绕组和次级绕组，以用于通过承载件在变压器的初级绕组和次级绕组之间传输信号。初级绕组和次级绕组在其之间具有电流绝缘氧化物层，并且包括中间抽头，中间抽头通过差动变压器为共模电流的直流电流和低频分量提供低阻抗路径。与变压器的次级绕组耦合的带通级被配置为，使得其能够经由承载件、通过带通放大器级传播信号，并且同时提供对共模噪声的抑制。
发明内容
在该背景下，本发明的目的是，向电动车辆的低压车载网络可靠地供应电能，电能也满足利用高度自动化的驾驶员辅助***的用途的安全标准。
该目的通过具有独立权利要求的特征的***和方法来实现。***和方法的实施方式由从属专利权利要求和说明书得到。
本发明的主题是一种用于具有至少一个高压车载网络和至少一个低压车载网络的电动车辆的电能供应的***。
在本说明书中，高压车载网络应该表示具有超过200V、尤其是在300V到1200V的范围内、例如400V或800V的电压水平的高压车载网络。高压电池是一种高压能量存储器，其具有300V至1200V的范围内、例如400V或800V的额定输出电压。低压车载网络应该表示具有小于100V、尤其是在10到60V的范围内、例如12V或48V的电压水平的低压车载网络。
根据本发明的***构造用于电动车辆的电能供应，其中，车辆具有多个电器件/电气参与者(通常是耗电器或电源)。该***布置在车辆中，并且具有高压电池或蓄电池，其具有两个串联连接的分别具有至少一个能量存储单元的支路。每个支路具有至少一个能量存储单元、例如电池单元，其中，多个能量存储单元可以在相应的支路中彼此串联和/或并联连接。
高压电池的电极通过中断元件(例如电池接触器)连接到车辆的高压车载网络，其包括车辆的高压组合装置、例如用于驱动、加热和冷却组合装置的电机，以及用于高压电池的交流和/或直流充电的充电模块。级联的多级的DC/DC转换器的输入端分别连接到高压电池的两个子支路的电极。在一个实施方式中，级联的多级的DC/DC转换器包括用于电极选择的模块(HV+与HV-，HVMittel与HV-；HV+与HVMittel)，在其输出端上布置有非电流隔离的降压和/或升压级，其给电流隔离的主转换器的初级侧供电。非电流隔离的降压和/或升压级用于确保稳定的中间电路电压，主转换器可以由此在稳定的中间电路电压下运行。
电极选择模块设计用于，在其输出端上选择性地提供要在高压电池的电极、第一子支路的电极或第二子支路的电极处截取的电压。
在一个实施方式中，非电流隔离的降压和/或升压级实施为降压转换器(Buck-Converter)。在另一实施方式中，非电流隔离的降压和/或升压级实施为升压转换器(Boost-Converter)。在另一实施方式中，非电流隔离的降压和/或升压级实施为降压/升压转换器(Buck/Boost-Converter)。
在一个实施方式中，主转换器包括变压器和连接到变压器的次级绕组的AC/DC转换器单元。在一个实施方式中，在次级侧使用次级绕组的中间抽头(中间抽头技术)。在另一实施方式中，在次级侧使用有源全桥。在另一实施方式中，使用无源的或有源的整流器。在另一实施方式中，使用电流倍增器。
根据本发明的能量***的特征是，通过高压电池的中间抽头实现更高可用性的电压供应。附加地，将DC/DC转换器移位到主接触器之前，以便在QM耗电器的故障情况下不会与供应电压断开。在故障情况下仍然确保低压车载网络的供电。
通过高压电池的中间抽头形成两个子组，其分别具有一半的***电压。根据本发明的能量***包括DC/DC转换器拓扑结构，其可以选择性地使用两个电池组之一或整个高压电池。在正常运行中，每个相位都将相应一半的功率引导至变压器。在电池组的故障情况下，可以通过仍剩余的相位将全部的功率输出到低压车载网络。
可行的是，DC/DC转换器作为外部组件布置在能量存储器外部，或者作为内部组件布置在能量存储器内部，并且在此集成在其中。
根据本发明的能量***的优点是，尽管存在DC/DC转换器的多级的拓扑结构，但仍可以实现更好的***效率，因为可以分别更高效地设计子转换器(例如小的电压变化范围)。电流连接的DC/DC转换器由于没有变压器而相对于电流隔离具有效率优点。电流隔离的主转换器以比较稳定的中间电路电压运行，并且因此例如可以作为高效的谐振转换器运行。根据本发明的DC/DC转换器可以模块化地扩展，并且还可以在没有前置级(Vorstufe)的情况下安装在固定的高压网络中。
本发明的主题还涉及一种用于车辆的电能供应的方法，该车辆具有至少一个高压车载网络和至少一个低压车载网络，并且包括高压电池，该高压电池包括串联连接的第一子支路和第二子支路。在该方法中，至少一个高压车载网络连接到高压电池的电极并且被供应电能，并且至少一个低压车载网络与多级的级联的DC/DC转换器的输出端连接并且被供应电能，在DC/DC转换器中，第一输入端连接至第一子支路，并且第二输入端连接至第二子支路。
多级的级联的DC/DC转换器在全***电压(UHV)情况下以全功率运行。降压和/或升压转换器是无源的或根据定义的中间电路电压而升压或降压。主转换器以最佳的中间电路电压工作。
在一个子支路的故障情况下，剩余的子支路连接到降压和/或升压转换器的输入端。由此，在略高的构件成本的情况下实现稳定的电网供应。
在一个实施方式中，高压电池的输出电压具有在200V至1200V的范围内、例如在400V至800V的范围内的值。
在一个实施方式中，DC/DC转换器的输出电压具有在10V至60V的范围内、例如在12V至48V的范围内的值。
在该方法中，使用高压电池和具有两个独立的输入端的DC/DC或者说直流/直流转换器，其中，高压电池具有两个分别带有至少一个能量存储单元的支路，能量存储器的相应一个支路和DC/DC转换器的相应一个输入端通过线路在两侧相互连接，高压能量存储器的电极为至少一个高压电路提供高压电压，DC/DC转换器的输出端为车辆的至少一个低压电路提供低压电压。
可行的是，该方法的实施方式可以利用所提出的***的实施方式来执行。
在此，与至少一个高压电路相比，为至少一个低压电路设置更高的可用性。
在该方法中，电能可以在高压电池的支路或其能量存储单元与至少一个高压车载网络的电器件之间进行单向或双向交换。在此可行的是，来自高压电池、即来自高压电池的至少一个支路的至少一个电器件被供应电能。相应可行的是，利用来自至少一个电器件的电能对高压电池的至少一个支路进行充电，或者对电器件进行充电，并且在其中存储电能。电器件例如构造为用于驱动车辆的电机，其在作为电动机的运行模式中将来自高压电池的电能转换为机械能并且使车辆运动。在作为发电机的运行模式中，电机例如在再生的情况下基于运动将机械能转换为电能，电能存储在高压电池中。可行的是，电器件例如构造为燃料电池并且因此构造为电源，其电能同样可以存储在高压电池中。至少一个另外的电器件可以构造为车辆的致动器、传感器和/或装置，例如构造为车辆的至少一个控制装置。
在实现该方法和***时，通过DC/DC转换器的上述的结构及其与高压电池的支路的连接提供对车辆的低压车载网络的高可用性的供电。在此，低压车载网络从高压电池的两个支路通过DC/DC转换器被供应电能。高压电池的支路(其也可以被称为子支路)与DC/DC转换器的输入端形成用于低压车载网络的电器件、例如耗电器的并联的供电路径。在此，一个支路的可能的故障不会导致低压车载网络的供电故障、尤其是完全的故障，因为低压车载网络的可用性基于支路彼此间并行的布置而提高。高压电池可以通过可变的电池策略来实现，其中可想到的是，支路具有不同数量的能量单元和/或不同构造的能量单元、例如电池单体和/或电容器。由于通过DC/DC转换器实现的并联的供电，一个输入模块的故障不会导致对低压车载网络的供电的故障。
要理解的是，前述的和随后还将阐述的特征可以不仅在分别说明的组合中，而且也在其他的组合中使用或单独使用，而不会脱离本发明的保护范围。
附图说明
根据实施方式在附图中示意性示出本发明，并且参考附图示意性地并且详细地描述本发明。
图1以示意图示出了用于执行根据本发明的方法的实施方式的根据本发明的***的实施方式的片段图。
具体实施方式
图1示意性示出了根据本发明的能量***100的实施方式的片段图。没有示出高压电池10与高压车载网络的连接、车辆的高压车载网络和低压车载网络。
高压电池10具有第一子支路11和第二子支路12。级联的多级的DC/DC转换器20的电极选择模块21的第一输入端连接至第一子支路11，DC/DC转换器20的电极选择模块21的第二输入端连接到第二子支路12。因此，实现了高压电池10的中间抽头。电极选择模块21允许实现高压电池10上的三个不同的电压抽头之间的选择：HV+与HV-，HVMittel与HV-；HV+与HVMittel。非电流隔离的降压转换器(降压级)22布置在电极选择模块21的输出端上。该降压转换器用于确保稳定的中间电路电压。电流隔离的主转换器23连接至中间电路，该电流隔离的主转换器在稳定的中间电路电压的情况下运行。主转换器23包括具有中间抽头的变压器24。在变压器24的次级侧使用中间抽头(中间抽头技术)。DC/DC转换器20的输出端连接到车辆的低压车载网络。
在全***电压(例如800V)情况下的正常运行中，Q2是持续导通的，Q3-Q6是不导通的。Q1与L1和Q7一起形成降压转换器(降压拓扑结构)，以便将中间电路(C_ZK)处的电压调节到稳定水平(例如400V)。主转换器23在谐振运行中以稳定的输入电压工作。
在第一子支路11中存在故障的情况下，第一子支路通过保险装置与剩余***分离。于是，仅第二子支路12用作具有一半的***电压的供电装置。在该情况下，Q1断开，Q2、Q5和Q6保持闭合。Q3和Q4闭合，Q7保持断开。由此，一半的***电压被稳定地提供到中间电路。主转换器继续不变地工作。
在第二子支路12中存在故障的情况下，第二子支路通过断开Q2、Q3和Q4与DC/DC转换器20分离。Q1、Q5和Q6现在将第一子支路11的电压引到中间电路。
附图标记列表：
10 能量存储器
11 第一子支路
12 第二子支路
20 DC/DC转换器
21 电极选择模块
22 降压和/或升压级
23 主转换级
24 变压器

Claims (10)

1.一种用于电动车辆的电能供应的***(100)，所述电动车辆具有至少一个高压车载网络和至少一个低压车载网络，其中，所述***(100)包括高压电池(10)，所述高压电池通过中断元件连接到至少一个高压车载网络，其中，所述高压电池(10)包括串联连接的第一子支路(11)和第二子支路(12)，其中，多级的级联的DC/DC转换器(20)的第一输入端连接到第一子支路(11)，所述多级的级联的DC/DC转换器(20)的第二输入端连接到第二子支路(12)，所述多级的级联的DC/DC转换器(20)的输出端与至少一个低压车载网络连接，其中，所述多级的级联的DC/DC转换器(20)包括电极选择模块(21)、非电流隔离的降压和/或升压转换级(22)和电流隔离的主转换级(23)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中，所述非电流隔离的降压和/或升压转换级(22)是降压转换器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中，所述非电流隔离的降压和/或升压转换级(22)是升压转换器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的***，其中，所述非电流隔离的降压和/或升压转换级(22)是降压/升压转换器。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的***，其中，所述DC/DC转换器(20)在变压器(24)的次级侧具有有源的或无源的整流器。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的***，其中，所述DC/DC转换器(20)在变压器(24)的次级侧具有有源全桥。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的***，其中，所述DC/DC转换器(20)在变压器(24)的次级侧具有电流倍增器。
8.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的***，其中，所述主转换级(23)包括变压器(24)，所述变压器的次级绕组具有中间抽头，所述DC/DC转换器(20)在变压器(24)的次级侧使用所述中间抽头。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的***，其中，所述电极选择模块(21)设计用于，在其输出端上选择性地提供要在高压电池(10)的电极、第一子支路(11)的电极或第二子支路(12)的电极处截取的电压。
10.一种用于电动车辆的电能供应的方法，所述电动车辆具有至少一个高压车载网络和至少一个低压车载网络，并且包括高压电池(10)，所述高压电池包括串联连接的第一子支路(11)和第二子支路(12)，在所述方法中，至少一个高压车载网络连接到高压电池(10)的电极并且被供应电能，至少一个低压车载网络与多级的级联的DC/DC转换器(20)的输出端连接并且被供应电能，所述多级的级联的DC/DC转换器包括电极选择模块(21)、非电流隔离的降压和/或升压转换级(22)和电流隔离的主转换级(23)，在所述多级的级联的DC/DC转换器中，第一输入端连接至第一子支路(11)，而第二输入端连接至第二子支路(12)。
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