CN116041777B - Photovoltaic power generation material, power generation device, preparation method and application of power generation device - Google Patents
Photovoltaic power generation material, power generation device, preparation method and application of power generation device Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N3/00—Generators in which thermal or kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy by ionisation of a fluid and removal of the charge therefrom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/36—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/36—After-treatment
- C08J9/365—Coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
Abstract
The invention relates to a photovoltaic power generation material, a power generation device, a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of water power generation of nanocomposite materials. The invention provides a photovoltaic power generation material which is prepared by coating a metal layer on the surface of a negatively charged porous ultrathin film, wherein the thickness of the porous ultrathin film is less than or equal to 200nm. The invention provides a novel water-based power generation material, and when a power generation device further prepared from the obtained water-based power generation material is used for water power generation, an ionic solution can realize that the ionic solution does not move on the surface of a metal conductor, but passes through a negative electricity and ultrathin porous substrate film to interact with the conductor so as to realize water power generation. The photovoltaic power generation device can greatly improve the generated current, reduce the resistance of the photovoltaic power generation device and improve electrokinetic conversion; the generated current can be raised to 10-15 mu A, and the resistance of the device is reduced to 30-400 omega.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a photovoltaic power generation material, a power generation device, a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of water power generation of nanocomposite materials.
Background
In recent years, as natural resources are increasingly exhausted, various countries are beginning to pay attention to the use of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy or water energy. Water is one of the most abundant resources on earth, with approximately seventy percent of the earth's surface covered by water. With the rapid development of nano science, there is a great deal of research on converting kinetic energy of water into electric energy using nano materials. These nanomaterials have a very large specific surface area and their atoms or groups are exposed to air in large amounts, so that they are highly sensitive to the external environment and interact with water to produce a lot of electric energy.
The hydro-voltaic effect is an emerging technology for generating electricity through direct interactions between nanomaterials and various forms of water (rain drops, waves, flow, natural evaporation of water). The principle of the energy collection concept proposed in recent years is that potential energy in various forms of water in the environment is utilized to obtain electric power, and the principle is that based on the interface between water and materials, the electric double layer boundary movement induced ion current enables carriers in a conductor to directionally move, so that chemical energy in water is converted into electric energy, and the energy collection concept is a new means for breaking the traditional energy power generation mode.
There is a great deal of research currently being done to generate electrical energy using the movement of droplets on the surface of nanomaterials. Charge interactions of the droplet, the nano-functional material and the substrate play a critical role in power generation, and typically ions in the droplet are attracted by the negative charge of the substrate, so that more net adsorbed cations appear in the double layer at the interface, thereby inducing carrier directional movement in the functional material. The development barrier in the current field is that, firstly, the choice of functional materials is limited, and the functional materials are limited to ultrathin conductive nano materials such as graphene, and other functional materials cannot achieve the atomic-level thickness of graphene, so that negative charges of a substrate can be shielded, and further, charge interactions of liquid drop-substrate-functional materials cannot be completed, so that the functional materials cannot be used in the field. Secondly, the generated current is low, and because the resistance of the power generation device prepared by the functional material represented by the graphene is high, only a few hundred nanoamperes of current can be generated; in addition, power generation cannot be sustained, and because the action of the liquid drops and the functional material is often instantaneous, the power generation device can only generate peak signals; finally, the single-layer graphene is high in price, the transfer process is complex, and the device is easy to damage under the action of external force.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the technical defects that the selection difficulty of functional materials in the water power generation device is high, the power generation current is low, continuous power generation cannot be realized, the durability of the device is poor, and the like; the invention provides a new water-based material, which is prepared by taking an ultrathin (thickness is less than or equal to 200 nm) porous film with a negatively charged surface as a substrate, coating a metal conductor on the surface of the ultrathin (thickness is less than or equal to 200 nm), wherein when a power generation device further prepared from the obtained water-based power generation material is used for water power generation, an ion solution can realize the surface motion of a conductor (functional material) and can pass through the negatively charged porous ultrathin substrate film to interact with the conductor so as to realize the water power generation; it can be seen that the present invention provides a new water power generation mechanism different from the traditional electrokinetic effect based on the movement of the ionic solution on the surface of the conductor. The photovoltaic power generation device prepared from the photovoltaic power generation material can greatly improve the generated current, reduce the resistance of the device and improve the electrokinetic conversion; the generated current can be raised to 10-15 mu A, and the resistance of the device is reduced to 30-400 omega.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the first technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a photovoltaic power generation material, which is prepared by coating a metal layer on the surface of a negatively charged porous ultrathin film, wherein the thickness of the porous ultrathin film is less than or equal to 200nm.
Further, the negatively charged porous ultrathin film is an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene porous film.
Further, the metal in the metal layer is selected from platinum, silver, gold, copper, aluminum, or the like.
Preferably, the thickness of the porous ultrathin film is 50-200 nm; more preferably 90 to 120nm.
The second technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a preparation method of the above-mentioned photovoltaic power generation material, which comprises the following steps: and uniformly coating a metal layer on the surface of the negatively charged porous ultrathin film.
Further, the preparation method comprises the following steps: and coating a metal layer on the surface of the negatively charged porous ultrathin film by electroplating, spraying, sputtering or vacuum evaporation and other methods, and then annealing to prepare the photovoltaic power generation material.
Further, the thickness of the metal layer is 50-500 nm.
Preferably, the zeta potential of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene porous film (UHMWPE porous film) is-70 to-85 mV.
The third technical problem to be solved by the invention is to point out the application of the above-mentioned photovoltaic power generation material in a water power generation device, an environmental energy acquisition device or a flexible self-powered device.
The fourth technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a photovoltaic power generation device, which is prepared by arranging electrodes and wires at two ends of the photovoltaic power generation material.
Further, the electrode is made of conductive materials such as silver, graphite or carbon nano tubes.
Further, the lead is copper wire or copper tape, etc.
Further, the photovoltaic power generation device is manufactured by the following method: coating silver paste on two ends of a substrate film in the photovoltaic power generation material to prepare an electrode of a power generation device, and carrying out annealing to solidify the silver paste, wherein the annealing temperature is 70-90 ℃ and the annealing time is 45-60 min; then connecting the silver paste with a copper wire; and the surface of the solidified silver paste is coated with silica gel to seal the silver paste, so that electrochemical reaction between the electrode and water is avoided.
The fifth technical problem to be solved by the invention is to point out the application of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene porous film in the photovoltaic power generation material, and the surface of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene porous film is covered with a metal layer; wherein the thickness of the porous ultrathin film is less than or equal to 200nm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The invention provides a novel water-based power generation material, which is prepared by taking an ultrathin porous film with a negatively charged surface as a substrate and coating a metal conductor on the surface of the ultrathin porous film. It can be seen that the present invention is different from the conventional electrokinetic effect in which the ionic solution moves on the surface of the conductor (in the conventional electrokinetic effect, the ionic solution moves on the surface of the functional material, resulting in the negative electricity of the substrate being shielded by the functional material, so that the ionic (in-liquid) -charge (substrate surface) interaction becomes weak, and the functional material can only select an ultrathin material such as graphene, otherwise the negative electricity of the substrate would be completely shielded), and provides a new water power generation mechanism (out-of-plane electrokinetic effect) different from the conventional electrokinetic effect.
(2) Based on the out-of-plane electrokinetic effect, the invention can expand the water power generation material based on the electrokinetic effect to any conductive material, such as platinum, silver and the like.
(3) The photovoltaic power generation device can greatly improve the generated current, reduce the resistance of the photovoltaic power generation device and improve electrokinetic conversion; the generated current can be raised to 10-15 mu A, and the resistance of the device is reduced to 30-400 omega.
(4) The out-of-plane electrokinetic effect provided by the invention can generate peak voltage and can generate continuous power generation for up to 1h after the liquid drop interacts with the device.
(5) The invention can release the selection and preparation of the functional layer through innovation of the power generation mechanism; compared with graphene in the traditional device, the functional layer is simple to prepare, the preparation method is high in reliability, the device is not easy to damage under the action of external force, and the practicability is improved.
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the conventional electrokinetic effect generation mechanism (in-plane electrokinetic) and electrokinetic effect-based generation mechanism (out-of-plane electrokinetic) in the present invention: a is an in-plane electrokinetic mechanism diagram of a conventional ultrathin conductor, b is an in-plane electrokinetic mechanism diagram of a thick conductor, c is comparative example 1 of the present invention, i.e., an out-of-plane electrokinetic mechanism diagram of a conventional ultrathin conductor, and d is an out-of-plane electrokinetic mechanism diagram of examples 1 and 2, i.e., an out-of-plane electrokinetic mechanism diagram of a thick conductor.
FIG. 2 is a potential diagram of the UHMWPE ultra-thin film obtained in example 1; in the figure, point 1, point 2, point 3 and point 4 refer to zeta potentials sampled at four positions of the film at the time of testing, respectively, and the average value is the zeta potential average value at the four positions.
Fig. 3 is a graph of generated current versus time for the power generation device obtained in example 1.
Fig. 4 is a graph of generated current versus time for the power generation device obtained in example 2.
Fig. 5 is a graph of generated current versus time for the power generation device obtained in comparative example 1.
Fig. 6 is a graph of generated current versus time for the power generation device obtained in comparative example 2.
Detailed Description
The invention can be used for preparing a photovoltaic power generation device by adopting the following specific modes, and the specific preparation process is as follows:
(1) Adopting UHMWPE resin with molecular weight of 900-1100 w, using white oil as solvent, and preparing UHMWPE gel sheet by banburying-hot pressing method, wherein the banburying and hot pressing temperature is 180-190 ℃, and the banburying and hot pressing time is 25-30 min respectively; biaxially stretching the gel sheet by 600-700 times, and extracting with n-hexane at 100deg.C for 10-12 hr to obtain UHMWPE porous ultra-thin film; the thickness of the ultra-thin film is 100-120 nm, the porosity is 60-70%, the aperture is 25-40 nm, and the specific surface area is 40-50 m 2 /g; the porous ultrathin film substrate plays a role of bearing a functional material in the photovoltaic power generation device, the porous ultrathin film is negatively charged, the zeta potential of the porous ultrathin film is-70 to-85 mV, and positive ions can be selectively passed through a film pore canal, so that the directional movement of carriers of the functional material is induced to generate current;
(2) Plating platinum on the surface of the ultrathin film by adopting an electroplating method, so that the conductive functional material is combined on the surface of the film; the current of electroplating is 15-20 mA, the time is 100-120 s, the thickness of the platinized layer is 250-350 nm, and the resistance of the finally obtained power generation device or device is 350-400 omega;
besides platinized, the method can be combined with a functional material by a spraying method, nano silver wires can be sprayed on the surface of the film, the solvent of the silver wire solution is isopropanol, the concentration is 0.1-0.12 wt%, the length of the silver wires is 30-40 mu m, the diameter is 20-40 nm, the silver wire solution is dispersed for 30-50 min by ultrasonic, then the silver wire solution is sprayed on the surface of the film by a spray gun, after the spraying is finished, the conductive film is annealed in a baking box, the annealing temperature is 130-140 ℃, the annealing time is 10-15 min, the thickness of the silver wire layer is 70-90 nm, and the resistance of the obtained power generation device is 40-50 omega;
(3) Coating silver paste on two ends of the film to prepare an electrode of the power generation device, wherein the length of the electrode is 3.5-4 cm, and the width of the electrode is 0.3-0.5 cm; the silver paste is solidified by annealing on a hot table, the annealing temperature is 70-90 ℃, and the annealing time is 45-60 min; in addition, silver paste and copper wires are connected, the length of the copper wires is 15-20 cm, and the diameter of the copper wires is 0.2-0.25 mm; and (3) coating silica gel on the surface of the solidified silver paste to seal the silver paste, so as to avoid electrochemical reaction between the electrode and water.
The photovoltaic power generation device obtained by the invention is used as follows: the water-based power generation device floats in NaCl solution (ionic solution such as KCl and MgCl) with a certain concentration (0.01-0.6 mol/L) 2 And NaBr, etc., naCl solution is most commonly used as the main component of seawater), and a drop of ethanol (volume 50-200 mu L) is dropped on the surface of the device, so that the ion solution passes through a negatively charged ultrathin porous substrate film to form a cation flow, and the cation flow interacts with carriers of a conductor, thereby inducing water to generate electricity.
The difference and mechanism between the out-of-plane electrokinetic effect and the traditional in-plane electrokinetic effect in the invention are shown in fig. 1, and as can be seen from fig. 1, the traditional in-plane electrokinetic effect causes the liquid drop to move on the surface of the conductor (fig. 1 a), and when a thick conductor (such as graphene is changed into a traditional metal material) is used, the electricity cannot be generated due to the shielding effect of the graphene on the negative electricity of the substrate (fig. 1 b); for out-of-plane power generation in the present invention, the liquid is pumped from bottom to top in the substrate (fig. 1 c), and its motion is not affected by the thickness of the conductor, so it can be applied to the thick conductor of the embodiment of the present invention (fig. 1 d).
The following describes the invention in further detail with reference to examples, which are not intended to limit the invention thereto.
Example 1
(1) Weighing 31.04g of white oil in a beaker, heating the white oil to 100 ℃ while stirring, weighing 0.96g of UHMWPE resin powder (with the molecular weight of 1100 w), adding 0.32g of antioxidant 1010 and 0.32g of antioxidant 168, uniformly dispersing in the white oil, pouring into an internal mixer, banburying at 190 ℃ and the rotating speed of 15rpm, and taking out gel after banburying for 25 min; the gel was pressed in a hot press into a sheet of size 10X 10cm and thickness 2 mm. Stretching the sheet in a biaxial stretcher for 604 times at 140 ℃ to obtain an UHMWPE oil film, and extracting the UHMWPE oil film by normal hexane to obtain an UHMWPE ultra-thin film, wherein the extraction temperature is 100 ℃ and the extraction time is 10 hours, and the film is a substrate layer of a water power generation device, provides a negative electricity pore channel for power generation and bears a conductive functional material; the film has a thickness of 109nm, a porosity of 65%, a pore diameter of 39nm and a specific surface area of 49m 2 The zeta potential is-82 mV (FIG. 2);
(2) Spraying platinum on the film prepared in the step (1) by adopting an electroplating method, wherein the working current is 20mA, the electroplating time is 120s, the thickness of a platinum plating layer is 301nm, and the resistance of the device is 370 omega;
(3) Coating silver paste on two ends of the film to prepare an electrode of the power generation device, wherein the length of the electrode is 3.5cm, the width of the electrode is 0.4cm, and annealing the electrode on a hot table to solidify the silver paste, wherein the annealing temperature is 75 ℃, and the annealing time is 60min; in addition, silver paste and copper wires are connected, the length of the copper wires is 15cm, and the diameter of the copper wires is 0.2mm; and (3) coating silica gel on the surface of the solidified silver paste to seal the silver paste, so as to avoid electrochemical reaction between the electrode and water.
(4) The water power generation device is floated on 0.6mol/L NaCl solution, and 50 mu L ethanol is dropped on the surface of the device to induce external power generation, as shown in FIG. 3, the obtained power generation device can generate 11.2 mu A current for about 500 s.
Example 2
Other preparation processes are the same as in example 1, except that the functional layer type and preparation method in step 2 are different: silver nanowires with the diameter of 30nm and the length of 30 mu m are selected as a functional layer, the solvent of the silver wire solution is isopropanol, the concentration is 0.1wt%, the silver wire solution is dispersed for 30min by ultrasonic, then the silver wire solution is sprayed on the surface of a film by a spray gun, after the spraying is finished, the conductive film is annealed in a baking oven, the annealing temperature is 135 ℃, the annealing time is 10min, the thickness of the silver wire layer is 77nm, and the resistance of the device is about 50 omega. As shown in fig. 4, the power generation device can generate a current of 4.3 μa for a duration of about 10 s.
Comparative example 1
Other preparation processes are the same as in example 1, except that the functional layer type and preparation method in step 2 are different: in the embodiment, graphene is selected as a functional material for comparison, single-layer graphene grows on a copper foil through a CVD (vapor deposition) method, and the copper foil is flattened by two glass sheets; the flattened copper foil was attached to the surface of the UHMWPE ultra-thin film prepared in step 1 of example 1, and the reverse side of the ultra-thin film was wetted with ethanol. After the ethanol volatilizes, the ultra-thin film attached with the copper foil is placed in an oven at 140 ℃ and annealed for 10min.
194.4g FeCl was weighed into a 1L beaker 3 ·6H 2 O, adding deionized water to 0.8L, stirring and dissolving by using a glass rod, performing suction filtration, and adding 8mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the suction filtrate to obtain 0.9mol/L concentrated etching solution. And (3) taking 50mL of concentrated etching solution, diluting the concentrated etching solution in a crystallization dish for three times, floating the annealed copper foil-clad ultrathin film on the etching solution, enabling one side of the copper foil to contact the etching solution, taking out the film after 1h, and cleaning the surface of the copper foil with deionized water for a plurality of times. Taking 60mL of concentrated etching solution, diluting the concentrated etching solution in a crystallization dish for three times, placing a film on the surface of the etching solution, and completely etching away the copper foil after 1.5 hours to obtain a graphene/UHMWPE composite ultra-thin film (namely, the conductor in the embodiment 1 is replaced by graphene by platinum); and finally, floating the film on deionized water for 12 hours, and cleaning residual etching liquid.
After the electrodes were prepared in the same manner as in the above examples, the resulting power generation device had a resistance of 6kΩ, and as shown in fig. 5, the device could generate a current of 275nA with little persistence.
Comparative example 2
Other preparation processes were the same as in example 1, except that the film in step 1 was different: by adopting the same method, 1.6g of UHMWPE resin with the molecular weight of 900w and 30.4g of white oil are weighed, and after banburying and hot pressing, the UHMWPE film is prepared by biaxial stretching by 81 times. The thickness of the film is 2.1 μm, the porosity is 62%, the pore diameter is 28nm, and the specific surface area is 26m 2 The zeta potential was-74 mV. After platinum plating was performed on the surface of the thin film by the same method, the resistance of the obtained power generation device was 392 Ω, and as shown in fig. 6, the device could generate a current of 957nA for about 15 seconds.
Claims (7)
1. The photovoltaic power generation material is characterized in that the photovoltaic power generation material is prepared by coating a metal layer on the surface of a negatively charged porous ultrathin film, wherein the thickness of the porous ultrathin film is 50-200 nm, and the thickness of the metal layer is 50-500 nm; the metal in the metal layer is selected from platinum, silver, gold, copper or aluminum; the negatively charged porous ultrathin film is an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene porous film.
2. The method for preparing the photovoltaic power generation material according to claim 1, characterized in that the preparation method comprises the following steps: and uniformly coating a metal layer on the surface of the negatively charged porous ultrathin film.
3. The method for producing a photovoltaic power generation material according to claim 2, characterized in that the method for producing is: and uniformly coating a metal layer on the surface of the negatively charged porous ultrathin film by electroplating, spraying, sputtering or vacuum evaporation, and then annealing to obtain the photovoltaic power generation material.
4. Use of the photovoltaic power generation material of claim 1 in a photovoltaic power generation device, an environmental energy harvesting device, or a flexible self-powered device.
5. A photovoltaic power generation device, wherein the photovoltaic power generation device is manufactured by installing electrodes and wires at two ends of the photovoltaic power generation material according to claim 1.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein the electrode is silver, graphite or carbon nanotubes; and/or:
the lead is copper wire or copper tape.
7. The application of the negatively charged ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene porous film in the photovoltaic power generation material is that the surface of the negatively charged ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene porous film is uniformly coated with a metal layer to prepare the photovoltaic power generation material; wherein the thickness of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene porous film is 50-200 nm, and the thickness of the metal layer is 50-500 nm; the metal in the metal layer is selected from platinum, silver, gold, copper or aluminum.
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