CN115877032B - Method for detecting smoke flow velocity by optical interference scintillation method and smoke flow velocity measuring instrument - Google Patents
Method for detecting smoke flow velocity by optical interference scintillation method and smoke flow velocity measuring instrument Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for detecting flue gas flow velocity by using an optical interference scintillation method and a novel flue gas flow velocity measuring instrument, wherein the measuring instrument comprises a first light source and a second light source which are parallel to each other, a first reflecting mirror and a second reflecting mirror which are arranged on two sides of a sampling hole of a pollution source pipeline and are parallel to each other, light rays of the first light source are divided into reflected light and transmitted light after being irradiated on the first reflecting mirror, partial light rays of the two paths of light rays are irradiated on the second reflecting mirror to be converged and interfered, a first photoelectric detector receives the interfered light rays, and an interfered light beam formed after the light rays of the same second light source pass through the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror is received by the first photoelectric detector. The invention can detect the gas flow velocity with the flow velocity lower than 5m/s, and has wide application range and strong reliability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of pollutant monitoring equipment, and particularly relates to a method for detecting smoke flow rate by a light interference scintillation method and a smoke flow rate measuring instrument.
Background
In order to improve the quality of the atmosphere environment, the outstanding environmental problems affecting the scientific development and damaging the health of the masses are practically solved, the environmental risk is prevented, and a series of guidelines such as energy conservation and emission reduction, pollution discharge charge, total amount control and the like are gradually formulated and implemented by the country on pollutant emission. According to the environment protection and total amount control work requirements, the pollution discharge of enterprises is effectively managed to ensure the smooth realization of emission control indexes, on one hand, the emission of polluted gas is reduced in terms of technology and control means, and on the other hand, the accuracy and reliability of monitoring data are ensured, so that the continuous research and improvement of the existing monitoring technology are required. The flue gas flow rate is an important parameter for determining the total pollutant emission amount of a pollution discharge enterprise, the measurement of the flue gas flow rate provides a data base for the implementation of a total amount control plan, and meanwhile, the accurate measurement of the flue gas flow rate of a fixed pollution source is also an important premise for automatically monitoring the data on line to truly reflect the main pollutant emission condition of the enterprise.
At present, the standard methods for measuring the flow rate of the flue gas specified in the fixed pollution source flue gas monitoring standard in China all adopt a Pitot tube method, and the applicable condition is flue gas with the flow rate of more than 4.5 m/s. Among them, the standard pitot tube method is suitable for measuring cleaner exhaust gas. And the fixed pollution source enterprises, especially enterprises taking account of winter heating, have lower operation load in the non-heating period, and the exhaust emission flow rate is mostly less than 5m/s. In addition, after the flue gas passes through pollution control facilities such as denitration, wet desulphurization, wet dedusting and the like, the temperature of the discharged flue gas is low, the humidity is high, and the requirement on a convection velocity measurement method is higher. Inaccurate flow measurement at low flow rate is an important constraint factor causing low utilization rate of pollution source automatic monitoring data, and seriously affects the accuracy of pollution discharge capacity statistics of waste gas emission enterprises.
The invention patent with application number 201110054000.6 discloses a flue gas flow rate measuring instrument and a measuring method, wherein the flue gas flow rate measuring instrument comprises two components of a light emitting system and a light receiving system which are arranged on two sides of a flue, the light emitting system comprises an LED light source and a collimating lens positioned on an emergent light path of the LED light source, the light receiving system comprises a focusing lens and a photoelectric detector positioned on a transmission light path of the focusing lens, and light beams emitted by the LED light source are collimated into parallel light beams through the collimating lens and then pass through the flue, and then are received by the focusing lens and sent into the photoelectric detector; the photoelectric detector is externally connected with a digital display through a data processing system. The principle is that the influence of the gas non-uniformity on the light path is utilized to change the light signals, then the cross correlation of the two paths of light signals is calculated to measure the flow velocity, the measurement can be carried out only by the light intensity change with enough intensity caused by the gas non-uniformity, and the high requirement is provided for the gas non-uniformity. When the instrument runs into clean and uniform gas in actual work, the instrument often has abnormal indication value and cannot work normally, and the application range of the instrument is greatly limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a flue gas flow rate measuring method and a flue gas flow rate measuring instrument which are wide in application range and adopt the principles of optical interferometry and optical flicker, aiming at the technical problem that the existing flue gas flow rate measuring instrument can not measure low-speed, cleaner and uniform gas.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a flue gas velocity of flow measuring apparatu, including first light source and the second light source that are parallel to each other, install in pollution source pipeline sampling hole both sides and first speculum and the second speculum that are parallel to each other, first speculum and second speculum front surface are semi-reflection semi-transparent, the rear surface is the high reflection face, the light of first light source shines and divide into reflected light and transmitted light behind first speculum, two way light shines and partly merges the emergence light and interfere at the second speculum rear portion, receive this interference light beam by first photoelectric detector, the interference light beam that forms behind the light of same second light source through first speculum and the second speculum is received by second photoelectric detector.
Preferably, the first light source and the second light source are laser light.
Preferably, a collimator lens is disposed on the optical paths of the first light source and the second light source.
Preferably, a converging lens is arranged on the light path of the first photoelectric detector and the second photoelectric detector.
Preferably, the first light source and the second light source are parallel to the pollution source pipeline, and the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror form an included angle of 45 degrees with the pollution source pipeline.
The flue gas flow velocity measuring instrument comprises a half-reflecting half-lens and a first reflecting mirror which are respectively arranged at two sides of a pollution source pipeline, wherein a first light source and a second light source which are mutually parallel are arranged at one side of the half-reflecting half-lens, and a second reflecting mirror is arranged at the other side of the half-reflecting half-lens; the light emitted by the first light source is divided into reflected light and transmitted light after passing through the half-reflecting half-lens, the reflected light vertically irradiates the first reflecting mirror and returns to the half-reflecting half-lens and then is transmitted to the first photoelectric detector, the transmitted light vertically irradiates the second reflecting mirror and returns to the half-reflecting half-lens and then is reflected to the first photoelectric detector, interference is formed between the transmitted light and the reflected light, and the light emitted by the same second light source forms interference and is received by the second photoelectric detector.
Preferably, the first light source and the second light source employ a high coherence laser having a coherence length exceeding 10 meters.
Preferably, the first reflecting mirror is perpendicular to the second reflecting mirror, and the half-reflecting and half-reflecting lens forms an angle of 45 degrees with the first reflecting mirror.
Preferably, the distance between the first light source and the second light source is 40-60mm.
Preferably, the front ends of the first light source, the second light source, the first photoelectric detector and the second photoelectric detector are provided with a blowback protection device.
The invention also provides a method for detecting the flow rate of the smoke by using the optical interference scintillation method, which comprises the following steps: two or more groups of light sources are arranged to emit rays which are parallel to each other; each group of emergent rays are divided into two or more paths of coherent light by the optical device, at least one path of light passes through the flue, and each two paths of light are overlapped and emitted out to generate interference after passing through the optical device; setting a photoelectric detector to receive the interference signal and recording signal change; the two or more groups of rays respectively generate the above process, the transit time is calculated by calculating the correlation and the phase difference, and finally the flue gas flow rate is calculated.
Preferably, the cross-correlation function is obtained by performing cross-correlation operation on photoelectric signals x (t) and y (t) received by the two detectors respectivelyThe cross-correlation function is calculated from the following equation,
the peak position of the cross-correlation function is the phase difference of the two signals, and the corresponding time displacementI.e. the transit time, let L be the distance between the two detectors, thenMeasuring the mixing speed of the fluid->。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
the flue gas flow velocity measuring instrument adopting the method enables the emitted light rays of the first light source and the second light source to respectively interfere after passing through the flue gas through the reflecting mirror or the combination of the reflecting mirror and the half-reflecting half-lens, and the flue gas or the pipeline gas which is relatively uniform and is not applicable to the common optical scintillation method can still be measured due to the high sensitivity of the interferometry to the gas non-uniformity, and the application range is wide. The signal variation amplitude generated by interference is far larger than the original light flicker amplitude, and the signal variation frequency caused by interference is high, so that the interference can be well distinguished from the environmental interference, and the interference-free optical fiber has high reliability and interference resistance and high reliability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 3 of the present invention;
in the above figures: 1. a first light source; 2. a second light source; 3. a first mirror; 31. a partially reflective partially transmissive surface; 32. a total reflection surface; 4. a second mirror; 5. a first photodetector; 6. a second photodetector; 7. a collimating lens; 8. a converging lens; 9. a pollution source pipeline; 10. a sampling hole; 11. half-mirror half-lens.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made in detail to the drawings and examples.
Example 1
A method for detecting the flow rate of flue gas by using a light interference scintillation method, which comprises the following steps: two or more groups of light sources are arranged to emit rays which are parallel to each other; each group of emergent rays are divided into two or more paths of coherent light by the optical device, at least one path of light passes through the flue, and each two paths of light are overlapped and emitted out to generate interference after passing through the optical device; setting a photoelectric detector to receive the interference signal and recording signal change; the two or more groups of rays respectively generate the above process, the transit time is calculated by calculating the correlation, and finally the flue gas flow rate is calculated.
Setting the distance between two light sources or two detectors as L, and performing cross-correlation operation on photoelectric signals x (t) and y (t) received by the two detectors to obtain a cross-correlation functionThe cross-correlation function can be calculated by:
；
time shift corresponding to peak position of cross correlation functionCommonly referred to as the transit time. Under the assumption that the "coagulation" flow model is satisfied, the measured fluid mixing speed vcp can be expressed in terms of the relative speed vc, namely:
。
example 2
As shown in fig. 1, a flue gas flow velocity measuring instrument comprises a first light source 1 and a second light source 2 which emit parallel light, a first reflecting mirror 3 and a second reflecting mirror 4 which are arranged on two sides of a sampling hole 10 of a pollution source pipeline 9 and are parallel to each other, wherein the emitted light of the first light source 1 irradiates on the first reflecting mirror 3 and is divided into reflected light and transmitted light, partial light of the two paths of light irradiates on the second reflecting mirror 4 and is converged to interfere, a first photoelectric detector 5 receives the interfering light, the interfering light formed after the light of the same second light source 2 passes through the first reflecting mirror 3 and the second reflecting mirror 4 is received by the first photoelectric detector 5, and the first detector and the second detector are connected to a data processing and display control unit.
In order to make the signal received by the detector clearer, the first light source 1 and the second light source 2 are laser, a collimating lens 7 is arranged on the light path of the first light source 1 and the second light source 2, a converging lens 8 is arranged on the light path of the first photoelectric detector 5 and the second photoelectric detector 6, the first light source 1 and the second light source 2 are parallel to a pollution source pipeline 9, and a 45-degree included angle is formed between the first reflecting mirror 3 and the second reflecting mirror 4 and the pollution source pipeline 9.
The flue gas flows from bottom to top in the pollution source pipeline 9, and the flue gas has non-uniformity, so that the refractive index of the flue gas is also continuously changed. The light emitted from the first light source 1 passes through the first collimating lens 7 and then reaches the first reflecting mirror 3, and is reflected and refracted at the partially reflecting and partially transmitting surface of the first reflecting mirror 3, so that the light is split into two paths. The reflected light beam is emitted horizontally (set as a first path), the first path of light passes through the flue gas and reaches the partial reflecting and partial transmitting surface of the second reflecting mirror 4, then part of light enters the second reflecting mirror 4 and reaches the total reflecting surface 32 of the second reflecting mirror 4, after being reflected, reaches the partial reflecting and partial transmitting surface 31 of the second reflecting mirror 4, and part of light energy is emitted upwards. The light beam (set as a second path) transmitted by the first light source 1 entering the first reflecting mirror 3 through the partially reflecting partially transmitting surface 31 of the first reflecting mirror 3, is reflected by the fully reflecting surface 32 of the first reflecting mirror 3 to reach the partially reflecting partially transmitting surface 31 of the first reflecting mirror 3, and a part of the light is emitted horizontally, passes through the flue gas to reach the partially reflecting partially transmitting surface 31 of the second reflecting mirror 4 at the other end opposite to the sampling port, and is reflected and emitted upwards, and the part of the light coincides with the emergent light of the first path on the surface, so that interference occurs, and the first detector receives a certain light signal. Because the gas in the flue cannot be absolutely uniform, the refractive index is also nonuniform, and the nonuniform gas flows upwards along with the flow of the flue gas, so that the optical paths of the first path and the second path are changed, when the optical path difference of the two paths of light exceeds 1 wavelength, the optical signals generated by interference can change once, and the optical signals received by the first detector can change once in intensity. Because the wavelength of light is very short and less than 1 micron, and the optical path change caused by the refractive index is generally more than 1 meter, the optical path change caused by the refractive index is greatly more than the wavelength of light, so that the light and shade change frequency of interference fringes is relatively high and is very sensitive to the non-uniformity of smoke, and even if the smoke is relatively uniform, enough optical signals can be generated and obvious light and shade change occurs. The change of the photoelectric signal can be directly recorded, and the number of times A of light and shade change in unit time can be counted, so that the A is related to the non-uniformity of the smoke and changes with time. Likewise, the second detector also receives the light signal emitted by the second light source 2. According to the Taylor assumption, the uneven distribution in the airflow can flow integrally along the airflow direction at an average flow speed, signals received by the second detector and the first detector are related, and then the change of the photoelectric signal or the change of the number of times of light and shade change in unit time are also related, and the time difference between the photoelectric signal and the change of the number of times of light and shade change in unit time is the time taken for the flue gas to flow through the distance between the first light path and the third light path.
Since the diameter of the chimney sampling port is generally 80mm according to the national standard, L is 40-70mm.
In order to prevent the optical window from being polluted by smoke, a back-blowing protection device is further arranged in front of the optical window of the light source and the detector, the back-blowing protection device comprises an air pump and a filter which are connected through a pipeline, clean air filtered by the filter forms a protective air curtain in front of the optical window through the air pump, and smoke dust in front of the optical window is blown off in time.
Example 3
As shown in fig. 2, a flue gas flow velocity measuring instrument includes a half-reflecting half-lens 11 and a first reflecting mirror 3 which are respectively installed at two sides of a pollution source pipeline 9, the first reflecting mirror 3 is installed along a vertical direction, and the half-reflecting half-lens 11 forms an included angle of 45 degrees with the first reflecting mirror 3. The first light source 1 and the second light source 2 with the emergent rays all vertically upwards are arranged below the half-reflecting half-lens 11, and the first light source 1 and the second light source 2 adopt high-coherence lasers with the coherence length exceeding 10 meters. A second mirror 4 in the horizontal direction is mounted above the half mirror 11.
The laser light emitted from the first light source 1 is split into two beams on the half mirror 11, one beam being reflected to the right and one beam being directed upward. The upward light beam enters the second reflecting mirror 4 and then returns to the original path of the reflected light, reaches the half-reflecting half-lens 11 and then is reflected to the left, and becomes a first path of light. The rightward light beam passes through the smoke and then enters the first reflecting mirror 3 to return in the original path, and part of the light rays reaching the half-reflecting half-lens 11 pass through the half-reflecting half-lens 11 and then are emitted, so that the light rays are called second light rays, and the first light rays and the second light rays are received by the first photoelectric detector 5. Because the first path of light is overlapped with the second path of light, interference occurs, when the smoke is uneven and flows, the interference condition changes, the light signal received by the first detector can change brightness, and the number of times of brightness change is determined by the unevenness of the smoke and the flowing speed. Similarly, the interference light of the second light source 2 received by the second photodetector 6 also has the same brightness change, and the number of changes in unit time also has the same determination of the non-uniformity and flow rate of the smoke. The number of light and shade changes in unit time is used as a signal, the signals of the two photoelectric detectors are mutually related, and the time difference is determined by the distance between the two light beams and the smoke flow speed. To increase the measurement accuracy, the distance between the two light sources is 40-70mm. The distance between the two light beams is a known fixed value, so that the smoke flow speed can be obtained by detecting the number of times of light and shade change in unit time.
In order to prevent the optical window from being polluted by smoke, a back-blowing protection device is further arranged in front of the optical window of the light source and the detector, the back-blowing protection device comprises an air pump and a filter which are connected through a pipeline, clean air filtered by the filter forms a protective air curtain in front of the optical window through the air pump, and smoke dust in front of the optical window is blown off in time.
The flue gas flow velocity measuring instrument in the two embodiments above makes the emitted light rays of the first light source 1 and the second light source 2 interfere after passing through the flue gas through the reflecting mirror or the combination of the reflecting mirror and the half-reflecting half-lens 11, and because the interference method has high sensitivity to the gas non-uniformity, the flue gas or the pipeline gas which is relatively uniform to the flue gas and is not applicable to the common light scintillation method can still be measured, and the adaptability is strong. Because the coherent light ray signals detected by the photoelectric detector are the frequencies of light and shade changes, but not the changes of light intensity, the signal change amplitude generated by interference is far larger than the original light flicker amplitude, the signal change frequency caused by interference is high, the interference can be well distinguished from the environment interference, and the device has high reliability and anti-interference capability and high reliability.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and any equivalent embodiments which can be changed or modified by the technical content disclosed above can be applied to other fields, but any simple modification, equivalent changes and modification made to the above-mentioned embodiments according to the technical substance of the present invention without departing from the technical content of the present invention still belong to the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (11)
1. A flue gas flow rate measuring instrument, characterized in that: the device comprises a first light source and a second light source which are parallel to each other, a first reflecting mirror and a second reflecting mirror which are arranged on two sides of a sampling hole of a pollution source pipeline and are parallel to each other, wherein the front surfaces of the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are semi-reflective and semi-reflective surfaces, the rear surfaces of the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are high-reflective surfaces, light rays of the first light source are divided into reflected light and transmitted light after irradiated on the first reflecting mirror, two paths of light rays are irradiated on the rear part of the second reflecting mirror, light rays are converged and interfered, the first photoelectric detector receives the interfered light rays, and interference light rays formed after the light rays of the same second light source pass through the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are received by the second photoelectric detector.
2. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 1, wherein: the first light source and the second light source are laser.
3. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 2, wherein: the light paths of the first light source and the second light source are provided with collimating lenses.
4. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 1, wherein: and converging lenses are arranged on the light paths of the first photoelectric detector and the second photoelectric detector.
5. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 1, wherein: the first light source and the second light source are parallel to the pollution source pipeline, and the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror form an included angle of 45 degrees with the pollution source pipeline.
6. A flue gas flow rate measuring instrument, characterized in that: the device comprises a half-reflecting half-lens and a first reflecting mirror which are respectively arranged at two sides of a pollution source pipeline, wherein a first light source and a second light source which are mutually parallel are arranged at one side of the half-reflecting half-lens, and a second reflecting mirror is arranged at the other side of the half-reflecting half-lens; the light emitted by the first light source is divided into reflected light and transmitted light after passing through the half-reflecting half-lens, the reflected light vertically irradiates the first reflecting mirror and returns to the half-reflecting mirror to be transmitted to the first photoelectric detector, the transmitted light vertically irradiates the second reflecting mirror and reflects back to the half-reflecting half-lens to be reflected to the first photoelectric detector, interference is formed between the transmitted light and the reflected light, and the light emitted by the same second light source forms interference and is received by the second photoelectric detector.
7. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 6, wherein: the first light source and the second light source employ high coherence lasers having coherence lengths exceeding 10 meters.
8. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 6, wherein: the first reflecting mirror is perpendicular to the second reflecting mirror, and the half-reflecting half-lens and the first reflecting mirror form an angle of 45 degrees.
9. The flue gas flow rate measurement instrument according to claim 1 or 6, wherein: the distance between the first light source and the second light source is 40-70mm.
10. A method for detecting the flow rate of flue gas by using an optical interference scintillation method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: setting two or more groups of light sources to emit rays which are parallel to each other, arranging a first reflecting mirror and a second reflecting mirror which are parallel to each other on two sides of a sampling hole of a pollution source pipeline, wherein the front surfaces of the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are semi-reflective and semi-reflective surfaces, and the rear surfaces of the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are high-reflective surfaces; the light rays of the first group of light sources are divided into reflected light and transmitted light after being irradiated on the first reflecting mirror, the two light rays are irradiated on the rear part of the second reflecting mirror, the emitted light rays are converged to generate interference, and a photoelectric detector is arranged to receive interference signals and record signal changes; two or more groups of rays respectively generate the above process, the transit time is calculated by calculating the correlation and the phase difference, and finally the flue gas flow rate is calculated;
performing cross-correlation operation on photoelectric signals x (t) and y (t) received by the two detectors respectively to obtain a cross-correlation functionThe cross-correlation function is calculated from the following equation,
the peak position of the cross-correlation function is the phase difference of the two signals, and the corresponding time displacementI.e. the transit time, let L be the distance between the two detectors, then the measured fluid mixing speed +.>。
11. A method for detecting the flow rate of flue gas by using an optical interference scintillation method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: two sides of the pollution source pipeline are respectively provided with a half-reflecting half-lens and a first reflecting mirror, one side of the half-reflecting half-lens is provided with two or more groups of light sources for emitting parallel rays, the other side of the half-reflecting half-lens is provided with a second reflecting mirror, and a photoelectric detector is arranged to receive interference signals and record signal changes;
the light rays emitted by the first group of light sources are divided into reflected light and transmitted light after passing through the half-reflecting half-lens, the reflected light vertically irradiates the first reflecting mirror and returns to the half-reflecting mirror to be transmitted to the first photoelectric detector, the transmitted light vertically irradiates the second reflecting mirror and reflects to the first photoelectric detector after reflecting back to the half-reflecting half-lens, interference is formed between the transmitted light rays and the reflected light, the light rays emitted by other light sources are interfered and received by other photoelectric detectors, the transit time is calculated through calculating the correlation and the phase difference, and finally the flue gas flow rate is calculated;
performing cross-correlation operation on photoelectric signals x (t) and y (t) received by the two detectors respectively to obtain a cross-correlation functionThe cross-correlation function is calculated from the following equation,
the peak position of the cross-correlation function is the phase difference of the two signals, and the corresponding time displacementI.e. the transit time, let L be the distance between the two detectors, then the measured fluid mixing speed +.>。
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