CN115491331A - 一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌剂 - Google Patents
一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌剂，属于环境保护领域。本发明针对水稻秸秆还田技术周期长、腐熟慢的缺陷，以及现有微生物菌剂固碳不稳定、碳减排效果差等问题。本发明的微生物菌剂是由2%‑20%枯草芽孢杆菌、2%‑20%蜡状芽孢杆菌、2%‑20%地衣芽孢杆菌、1%‑10%乳酸菌、1%‑10%酵母菌、2%‑20%巴氏醋杆菌和5%‑30%光合细菌组成。本发明微生物菌剂选用具有强纤维素降解效果的多种芽孢杆菌作为复合菌剂主体，搭配乳酸菌、酵母菌、巴氏醋杆菌、光合细菌等有益菌，充分发挥微生物菌群在水稻秸秆还田的作用效果，返还土壤养分，节省肥料用量，不断改善土壤物理与生物性状，抑制产甲烷菌的活性并减少甲烷生成，实现水稻秸秆还田稳定固碳与资源化利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于环境保护领域中生物技术的使用，具体涉及一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌剂。
背景技术
秸秆还田是当今国内外上普遍重视的一种培肥、固碳、增产措施，不仅可减少秸秆露天焚烧所造成的大气污染问题，还能通过综合利用增加土壤有机质，改良土壤结构，使土壤孔隙度增加，实现耕地质量改善，土壤碳库提高，同时促进微生物活力和作物根系的发育，对稳粮增收、固碳增汇和污染防治具有重要意义。
但目前研究来看，单纯的秸秆还田技术不仅存在着周期长、腐熟慢、费时费力等缺陷，还可能腐熟发酵产甲烷导致碳逸散，使最终固碳效果不稳定。而微生物菌剂，能充分利用微生物活性和分解能力，快速分解水稻秸秆中的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素，在物质转换和碳固定上具有良好的效益。因此，探索一种能高效降解作物秸秆，促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌株，对当下水稻秸秆还田技术的提高具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明针对水稻秸秆还田技术周期长、腐熟慢的缺陷，以及现有微生物菌剂固碳不稳定、碳减排效果差等问题，优选优势微生物菌株研发一种制备简便、功效稳定的复合微生物菌剂。多种活性微生物菌种良好的协同关系，可应对单一微生物菌剂效果不显著、活性不稳定、适应力差等问题，同时可在控制秸秆腐熟速度的基础上稳定固碳，解决当季秸秆中虫卵、带菌体等一些病虫害问题，保肥促进来年水稻生长发育，实现科学的水稻秸秆还田。
本发明申请的关键点是一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排微生物菌剂的选配，选用具有强纤维素降解效果的多种芽孢杆菌作为复合菌剂主体，搭配乳酸菌、酵母菌、巴氏醋杆菌、光合细菌等有益菌，充分发挥微生物菌群在水稻秸秆还田的作用效果，返还土壤养分，节省肥料用量，不断改善土壤物理与生物性状，抑制产甲烷菌的活性并减少甲烷生成，实现水稻秸秆还田稳定固碳与资源化利用。此外，本发明的微生物菌剂还具备一定的抑制病原菌效果，并可使土壤及后续的农作物具备一定的抗病能力与抗逆性，提升土壤及农作物品质，发展“绿色农业”。
按照本发明，通过对水稻秸秆还田技术及固碳原理的研究，结合微生物技术及各类菌群的生理特性与习性，研发制备了一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的复合微生物菌剂，其由多种芽孢杆菌及乳酸菌、酵母菌、巴氏醋杆菌、光合细菌等在土壤中常见的真菌与细菌复合而成，为固态菌剂，有效活菌数在70亿/克以上，可在常温（15℃以上）下快速升温、脱臭、脱水，降解秸秆中木质素、纤维素、半纤维，约一周时间左右完成腐熟。同时，减少甲烷、氨氮及有害有机酸的产生，提高土壤中的营养物质成分及碳含量，利于后续作物生长与长期供肥。本发明微生物菌剂主要活性成分及配比范围如下所示。
表1 复合微生物菌剂原料主要活性成分
| 原料 | 百分比 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | 2%-20% |
| 蜡状芽孢杆菌 | 2%-20% |
| 地衣芽孢杆菌 | 2%-20% |
| 乳酸菌 | 1%-10% |
| 酵母菌 | 1%-10% |
| 巴氏醋杆菌 | 2%-20% |
| 光合细菌 | 5%-30% |
本发明所述的微生物菌剂中，优选枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌多类菌群，有效活菌数达30亿/克，可显著提高复合微生物菌剂腐解秸秆的效率，降解纤维素、糖类和淀粉等，缩短处理周期，使秸秆快速转变为营养丰富的有机物料，增加土壤全氮、有效磷、有机质和速效钾的含量，改善土壤肥力，促进作物生长并起有一定的抗病作用。
本发明选配的乳酸菌可利用秸秆中的碳源，通过厌氧发酵产生乳酸，在发酵初期抑制其他有害菌的繁殖，同时促进复合微生物菌剂中的其他菌种发酵。此外，选配生命活力强、蛋白质含量高的酵母菌，协同分泌多种酶进行有机质发酵，加速水稻秸秆腐熟形成高品质肥；在后续水稻的自然生长过程中，酵母菌也可密集在作物根际周围产生酵母源生物刺激素与有机酸，增强作物的生理机能、非生物胁迫的抵抗力和品质的改善。
而巴氏醋杆菌作为好氧菌，可利用秸秆发酵前期菌种产生的代谢产物，进一步氧化分解，产生的小分子糖醇，氧化成乙酸等。在酸性环境下也能很好地生长，适合发酵后期pH下降后继续发酵，是秸秆发酵中后期主要的功能菌之一。
本发明中的光合细菌，可在原位秸秆铺田插秧前，改善土壤因发酵腐熟、水面积水而造成的酸中毒及硫化氢中毒现象，为土壤及秸秆还田提供足量的氧气，促进有益菌及后续秧苗的生长发育。
本发明微生物菌剂，通过真菌和细菌的协同作用，可有效在整个发酵时期加速秸秆腐解，且所述菌种之间协同增效，无生长抑制等现象，利于秸秆还田。其次，多种芽孢杆菌代谢产物具有一定抑菌作用，可以加强对有害菌繁殖的抑制，保证复合微生物菌剂整个发酵周期中的代谢与生长。
本发明所述微生物菌剂，制备过程简单，易于生产使用，以上所示菌种，均可于中国林业微生物菌种保藏管理中心或其他市场途径购买。经过研究与微生物菌剂配比效果探索，给出一种用于促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌剂优选配比为：
表2 复合微生物菌剂主要活性成分优选配比
| 原料 | 百分比 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | 15% |
| 蜡状芽孢杆菌 | 15% |
| 地衣芽孢杆菌 | 15% |
| 乳酸菌 | 10% |
| 酵母菌 | 10% |
| 巴氏醋杆菌 | 15% |
| 光合细菌 | 20% |
具体实施方式
实施例1
单一菌种的扩大扩繁培养，此处以多种芽孢杆菌、巴氏醋杆菌及酵母菌的培养为例进行说明。
（1）多种芽孢杆菌的固体培养基组成：葡萄糖10.0g 、蛋白胨15.0g 、NaCl5.0g 、牛肉膏10.0g 、酵母膏5.0g、琼脂20.0g、蒸馏水1000mL。（PH=7.0-7.2）
具体操作：15℃-40℃恒温箱内，将枯草芽孢杆菌/蜡状芽孢杆菌/地衣芽孢杆菌菌种在无菌条件下接种于营养琼脂培养基斜面上培养24小时，后无菌接种到营养肉汤培养基中，转速r=120-200r/min振荡培养24-48小时，最后接种到固体培养基上培养48小时。
（2）巴氏醋杆菌的固体培养基组成：葡萄糖20.0g 、酵母膏10.0g、碳酸钙15.0g、琼脂20.0g。（PH=6.5-6.8）。
具体操作：将此培养基配方加入到1L蒸馏水或去离子水中（含氯量较高的自来水应敞口放置一天），搅拌加热煮沸至完全溶解，分装三角瓶121℃高压灭菌15分钟，冷却至30℃左右时按接种量5%接种斜面巴氏醋杆菌，转速r=120-200r/min振荡培养24-48小时，最后无菌接种到固体培养基上30℃恒温发酵培养48小时。
（3）酵母菌的固体培养基组成：葡萄糖50.0g、酸水解酪蛋白5.0g、KH2PO40.5g、KCl0.5g、CaCl20.2g、MgSO40.2g、琼脂20g。（PH=5.5）
具体操作：12℃-36℃恒温箱内，将酵母菌菌种在无菌条件下接种于酵母膏胨葡萄糖营养琼脂培养基斜面上培养24小时，后无菌接种到豆浆中，转速r=120-200r/min振荡培养24-48小时，最后无菌接种到固体培养基上培养48小时。
上述营养琼脂培养基的成分为蛋白胨10g，牛肉膏3g，氯化钠5g，琼脂15g，加水至1000ml，调PH为7.2，121℃高压灭菌15min。
上述营养肉汤培养基的成分为蛋白胨10g ,牛肉粉3g，氯化钠5g，加水至1000ml，调PH为7.2，121℃高压灭菌15 min。
实施例2
（1）复合芽孢杆菌培养
将实施例1（1）中三类杆菌按照质量比1:1:1的比例混合菌种，并于复合芽孢杆菌培养基中扩大培养后计数。其中培养基组成为：可溶性淀粉10.0g、蛋白胨10.0g、酵母膏5.0g、KH2PO4 3.0g、NaCl 0.5g 、MgSO40.1g。（PH=7.0-7.4）
（2）复合微生物制剂
将各大菌种分别在对应的培养基中活化并进行增菌扩培后，按照表2重量百分比混合（枯草芽孢杆菌15%、蜡状芽孢杆菌15%、地衣芽孢杆菌15%、乳酸菌10%、酵母菌10%、巴氏醋杆菌15%、光合细菌 20%），搅拌均匀并接种复合菌种10g于发酵罐中培养48-72小时，制成复合强化微生物菌剂。其中，发酵罐中培养基配方：葡萄糖20.0g、红糖15.0g、可溶性淀粉10.0g、蛋白胨10.0g、牛肉膏5.0g、酵母膏3.0g、KH2PO42.0g、K2HPO41.0g、琼脂15.0g、蒸馏水1000mL，121℃灭菌20min。
将培养后的微生物菌剂混合物进行常温干燥、粉碎后，加入适量石灰进行包装，即为复合微生物制剂，其有效活菌数可达70亿/克以上，在阴凉通风处密封避光保存可存6～12个月，一个月内使用效果最佳。
实施例3
与实施例3不同的是，复合菌种比例为：枯草芽孢杆菌15%、蜡状芽孢杆菌15%、地衣芽孢杆菌15%、乳酸菌10%、酵母菌10%、巴氏醋杆菌20%、光合细菌15%
实施例4
与实施例3不同的是，复合菌种比例为：枯草芽孢杆菌15%、蜡状芽孢杆菌15%、地衣芽孢杆菌15%、乳酸菌10%、酵母菌10%、巴氏醋杆菌10%、光合细菌25%
实施例5
将本发明实施例2、3、4中复合微生物制剂用于水稻秸秆还田，可掺混秸秆平铺或堆腐还田，也可以采用留茬旋耕的方式，本实施例5以直接原地平铺覆盖水稻秸秆还田为例进行微生物菌剂使用方式说明。
（1）平铺秸秆
在收割水稻之后，将水稻秸秆粉碎成5-8的碎段均匀平铺在田面上，避免碎草成堆。
（2）施菌施肥
秸秆铺好后，按每亩2公斤微生物菌剂的用量与适量泥土或底肥拌和均匀后撒施到铺好秸秆的田内，并按高产标准施肥要求基肥，同时，每亩加施农家肥100-200公斤或尿素3-5公斤或碳铵10-20公斤来调节碳氮比，以避免微生物在分解过程中与后茬作物幼苗争夺速效氮素的现象，影响后茬作物正常生长。
（3）灭茬灌水
采用机械或人工拍打压秆进行灭茬，使水稻秸秆沉降到地表土壤内，及时耙实，防止秸秆泡水后浮起，以利保墒。第一次灌水7-10cm深，使秸秆充分吸足水分，快速升温发酵、腐烂分解，实现稳定固碳。
（4）播种与管理
秸秆完全腐熟后翻耕平整，灌水深1-3cm将浸种后的水稻种子均匀撒播于地表（或进行插秧），播种量比常规栽培法增加10%左右。秧苗培育期间，科学合理的控制稻田水量，建立的浅、干、湿灵活调节的稻田CH4低排放的水分管理模式，以减少秸秆还田的碳排放；其他施肥及病虫草害防治按常规方法正常进行。
实施例5中不同配比的微生物菌剂作用效果存在略微差异，但都可以在7天左右实现水稻秸秆完全腐熟，期间的甲烷、硫化氢等物质的产生大幅减少，有效促进了水稻秸秆还田的碳减排，实现土壤固碳与改良；后续秧苗的生长也更加壮实，受虫害影响率有所降低，水稻品质更高。
Claims (3)
1.一种促进水稻秸秆还田碳减排的微生物菌剂，其特征在于按质量百分比计，所述微生物菌剂是由2%-20%枯草芽孢杆菌、2%-20%蜡状芽孢杆菌、2%-20%地衣芽孢杆菌、1%-10%乳酸菌、1%-10%酵母菌、2%-20%巴氏醋杆菌和5%-30%光合细菌组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的微生物菌剂，其特征在于按质量百分比计，所述微生物菌剂是由10%-20%枯草芽孢杆菌、10%-20%蜡状芽孢杆菌、10%-20%地衣芽孢杆菌、5%-10%乳酸菌、5%-10%酵母菌、10%-20%巴氏醋杆菌和15%-30%光合细菌组成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的微生物菌剂，其特征在于按质量百分比计，所所述微生物菌剂是由15%枯草芽孢杆菌、15%蜡状芽孢杆菌、15%地衣芽孢杆菌、10%乳酸菌、10%酵母菌、15%巴氏醋杆菌和20%光合细菌组成。
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