CN115479991A - Ultrasonic TOFD detection method for structural defects of spherical seal head - Google Patents
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 title description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 description 3
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- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
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- G01N29/0654—Imaging
- G01N29/069—Defect imaging, localisation and sizing using, e.g. time of flight diffraction [TOFD], synthetic aperture focusing technique [SAFT], Amplituden-Laufzeit-Ortskurven [ALOK] technique
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of nondestructive testing, and provides an ultrasonic TOFD (time of flight diffraction) detection method for a spherical sealing head structure defect. The method adopts a TOFD detection system consisting of an ultrasonic flaw detector, a TOFD probe and a matching wedge block to carry out axial scanning and image acquisition along the outer wall of the spherical seal head. And reading the propagation time of straight-through waves and the diffraction longitudinal wave arc top of the defect endpoint in the scanned image, and detecting and quantifying the defect by combining the acoustic propagation relation among the curvature radius of the spherical seal head, the position of the probe and the depth of the defect endpoint. On the basis, for defects in a TOFD detection blind area, the depth of the defects is inverted by combining the propagation time of the diffraction transverse wave arc top of a defect endpoint in a scanned image. The method can be used for quantitatively detecting the defects of the spherical end socket structure with different curvature radii and thicknesses, and can be also applied to identification and quantification of the defects in the blind area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of nondestructive testing, in particular to an ultrasonic TOFD (time of flight diffraction) detection method for a spherical head structure defect.
Background
The spherical end socket is a commonly used end socket form of a pressure container (Wangsheng. Thermal forming of an integral spherical end socket [ J ]. Pressure container.1993, 10 (3): 88-89), is usually welded with a cylinder and other structures, and is widely applied to industries of nuclear power, aerospace, war industry and the like. The welding and installation process is influenced by human factors or affected by media, pressure and the like in the operation process, defects can be generated inside the joint welding line, and the defects need to be evaluated through nondestructive testing.
The Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) is a type of ultrasonic nondestructive testing technique that is widely used at present. A transmitting-receiving probe is symmetrically arranged above a region to be detected, and defect positioning and quantification are carried out by reading the arrival time of diffraction waves of a defect endpoint. TOFD has the advantages of high quantitative precision, high defect detection rate, low cost and convenient operation, and is very suitable for the detection of the welding line of the pressure vessel. (Xieya. Study of method to improve TOFD resolution of weld of pressure vessel [ D ]. University of Large Cluster, 2015). At present, TOFD is mostly used for quantitatively detecting defects of a flat plate structure and has good detectable rate. However, when the TOFD detection is carried out on the spherical sealing head structure, the two probes are not on the same horizontal line due to butt joint of the hemispheroid and the cylinder, sound beam propagation paths on two sides of a welding line are asymmetric, and the defect quantitative error is increased. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic waves have a certain pulse width, direct waves and diffraction waves of the defect end points are mixed to generate blind areas, the range of the blind areas is larger than that of the detection blind areas of a flat plate structure, and the defect detection is further difficult. At present, related researches generally assume that the defects of a spherical end socket and a barrel joint are positioned under the condition that a transmitting probe and a receiving probe are symmetrical, and the application is limited in practical engineering (Yangyiwei, liangnan, zhu Steady. TOFD detection depth positioning calculation of a spherical end socket and barrel butt joint [ J ]. Nondestructive inspection 2021,45 (4): 18-21). Therefore, there is a need to develop an ultrasonic TOFD inspection method for spherical seal structure defects.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an ultrasonic TOFD detection method for spherical sealing head structure defects. The method aims to solve the problems that when TOFD detection is carried out on a spherical seal head structure formed by butt joint of a hemisphere and a barrel, acoustic beam propagation paths on two sides of a welding line are asymmetric due to asymmetric arrangement of probes, defect quantitative errors are increased, and a detection blind area exists.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: an ultrasonic TOFD detection method for a spherical head structure defect is based on a TOFD detection system, axial scanning and image acquisition are carried out along the outer wall of a spherical head, arrival time of a direct wave and a defect end diffraction wave in a scanned image is read, and meanwhile, the depth and the length of the defect are calculated by combining the outer diameter of the spherical head and the sound propagation relation between the positions of a receiving probe 4; the TOFD detection system comprises an ultrasonic flaw detector 1, a pair of TOFD probes and a wedge block 2; the TOFD probe comprises a transmitting probe 3 and a receiving probe 4;
the method can realize quantitative detection of the defects at the butt weld joint of the spherical end enclosure structure, and specifically comprises the following steps;
Selecting TOFD detection parameters including TOFD probe frequency, wedge angle, probe horizontal position, detection gain and sampling frequency according to the material, size and detection range of the object to be detected;
step 2, collecting TOFD scanning image
The curvature radius of the outer wall of the spherical end socket is R, and the longitudinal wave sound velocity and the transverse wave sound velocity of the material of the object to be detected are c respectively L And c S Depth of defect upper end point at weld joint is d A (ii) a Adopting the TOFD detection parameters determined in the step 1, controlling a TOFD probe to axially scan along the outer wall of the spherical seal head to obtain a scanned image and perform direct wave calibration; the included angle between the transmitting probe 3 positioned on the surface of the spherical seal head and the direction of the central line of the welding seam is theta, and the horizontal distance from the receiving probe 4 positioned on the surface of the cylinder to the center of the welding seam is S; the arrival time of the through wave from the transmitting probe 3 to the receiving probe 4 is t 0 The arrival time of the diffracted longitudinal waves at the defect end points from the transmitting probe 3 to the receiving probe 4 is t 1 ；
Step 3, quantifying the depth of the defect
When TOFD detection is carried out, direct waves and diffraction waves of the defect end point are mixed to generate a blind area; the defects are positioned in the blind area and outside the blind area, and the quantitative mode of the depth of the defects is different;
when the defect is located inWhen the blind area is out, reading corresponding signals at the arc top of the diffracted longitudinal wave, the straight-through wave and the arrival time t of the diffracted longitudinal wave from the TOFD scanning image 0 And t 1 Obtaining from the received signal, the expressions are:
in the formula, S, t 0 、t 1 、c S And c L All are known quantities, and the included angle theta and the depth d of the upper endpoint of the defect are obtained by the simultaneous inversion of the formula 1) and the formula 2) A ；
When the defect was located the blind area, spherical capping structure's blind area degree of depth D was:
in the formula, t p The pulse width of the ultrasonic wave transmitted by the TOFD probe;
depth positioning is carried out by combining the diffracted transverse waves after the wave mode conversion; reading the time of arrival t at the diffraction shear wave arc apex in a TOFD scan A Obtaining t from the quantitative relationship between the TOFD probe position and the depth of the point at the upper end of the defect A ：
In the formula, S, t A 、c S And c L The parameters are known quantities; obtaining the included angle theta and the depth d of the upper end point of the defect by simultaneous inversion of the formula 1) and the formula 4) A ；
Step 4. Defect height quantification
Step 3, aiming at the upper end point of the defect and aiming at the internal defect of the welding line of the spherical seal head structure, repeating the step 3 and carrying out depth positioning on the lower end point of the defect; on this basis, a defect height quantification result is given.
The wedge block 2 is an inclined organic glass wedge block.
The beneficial effects of the invention are: the ultrasonic TOFD detection method for the spherical head structure defects can quantitatively detect the spherical head structure defects with different curvature radiuses and thicknesses, and can be widely applied to identification and quantification of the defects in the blind areas. The method is simple to operate, can be effectively applied to detection of the spherical end socket structure in industry, and assists in improving efficiency of detection personnel.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of TOFD detection of a spherical seal head structure test block with an open bottom groove.
Figure 2 is a TOFD axial scan image of a floor opening slot with an end point depth of 12.0 mm.
Figure 3 is a TOFD axial scan image of an end point depth of 5.0mm of the open floor slot.
FIG. 4 is a TOFD axial scan image of a bottom-opening slot with an end point depth of 12.0mm, wherein the diffraction longitudinal wave crest corresponds to an A scan signal.
FIG. 5 is a TOFD axial scanning image of a bottom-opening slot with an end point depth of 5.0mm, wherein the diffraction transverse wave arc top corresponds to an A scanning signal.
In the figure: 1-ultrasonic flaw detector; 2-wedge block; 3-transmitting the probe; 4-a receiving probe; 5-bottom surface open slot.
Detailed Description
The following further describes the specific embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings and technical solutions.
An ultrasonic TOFD detection method for spherical head structure defects adopts an ultrasonic detection system as shown in figure 1, and comprises an ultrasonic detector 1, a pair of TOFD probes and a wedge 2. The specific detection and processing steps are as follows:
selecting two aluminum alloy test blocks, namely a test block I and a test block II, wherein the radius R of the outer wall of the test block I and the radius R of the outer wall of the test block II are =220.0mm, the wall thickness of the test block II is 20.0mm, and the longitudinal wave sound velocity c of the material is L =5890m/s, shear wave speed c S =3230m/s. The inner surface of the first test block is provided with a bottom open slot 5 with the end point depth of 12.0mm, and the inner surface of the second test block is provided with an end point depth of 5.0mm bottom surface open slot 5.
And (b) as shown in fig. 1, detecting by using a TOFD probe with a center frequency of 5 MHz. The main detection parameters include: the wedge angle is 70 degrees, the wedge front edge length is 6.0mm, the sampling frequency is 100MHz, the detection gain is 30dB, and the scanning step is 0.50mm. The start position of the a-scan time window is set before the through wave reaches the receiving probe 4.
And (c) respectively carrying out axial scanning on the two test blocks by using a TOFD (time of flight diffraction) probe to obtain scanning images shown in the figures 2 and 3. While the through wave and the defect endpoint diffracted longitudinal wave can be observed in fig. 2, the defect endpoint diffracted longitudinal wave and the through wave in fig. 3 are mixed, the arrival time of the former is difficult to judge, and the corresponding propagation time at the top of the diffracted transverse wave arc needs to be read.
Step (d) and FIG. 4 are A scanning signals at the top of the diffraction longitudinal wave arc in FIG. 2, the arrival time of the through wave and the diffraction wave of the defect endpoint is read, and the known data S =22.6mm, t 0 ＝14.37μs，t 1 Substitution of 15.19 μ s for equations 1) and 2), the inversion yields θ =6.99 °, d A =11.93mm. The quantitative result of the defect endpoint depth obtained by the conventional TOFD detection method is 16.28mm, and the relative error reaches 35.7%. FIG. 5 is a A-scan signal of the diffraction transverse wave at the top of the arc in FIG. 3, wherein the arrival time of the through wave and the arrival time of the diffraction transverse wave at the defect end point are read, and the known data S =8.0mm, t 0 ＝14.37μs，t A =15.68 μ s for equations 1) and 4), the inversion yields θ =10.51 °, d A ＝4.76mm。
In conclusion, the relative quantitative error of the depth of the defect end point outside the dead zone is not more than 0.58 percent, and the relative quantitative error of the depth of the defect end point inside the dead zone is not more than 4.98 percent. Therefore, the method can realize quantitative detection of the structural defects of the spherical end socket, and the detection precision meets the engineering requirements.
The above description of exemplary embodiments has been presented only to illustrate the technical solution of the invention and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching to those skilled in the art. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to understand, implement and utilize the invention in various exemplary embodiments and with various alternatives and modifications. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims (2)
1. The ultrasonic TOFD detection method for the spherical head structure defects is characterized in that axial scanning and image acquisition are carried out along the outer wall of a spherical head based on a TOFD detection system, arrival time of direct waves and diffraction waves at a defect end in a scanned image is read, and meanwhile, the depth and the length of the defects are calculated by combining the outer diameter of the spherical head and the sound propagation relation between the positions of a receiving probe (4); the TOFD detection system comprises an ultrasonic flaw detector (1), a pair of TOFD probes and a wedge block (2); the TOFD probe comprises a transmitting probe (3) and a receiving probe (4);
the method specifically comprises the following steps;
step 1, determining TOFD detection parameters
Selecting TOFD detection parameters including TOFD probe frequency, wedge angle, probe horizontal position, detection gain and sampling frequency according to the material, size and detection range of the object to be detected;
step 2, collecting TOFD scanning image
The curvature radius of the outer wall of the spherical end socket is R, and the longitudinal wave sound velocity and the transverse wave sound velocity of the material of the object to be detected are c respectively L And c S The depth of the upper end point of the defect at the welding seam is d A (ii) a Adopting the TOFD detection parameters determined in the step 1, controlling a TOFD probe to axially scan along the outer wall of the spherical seal head to obtain a scanned image and perform direct wave calibration; wherein, the included angle between the transmitting probe (3) positioned on the surface of the spherical seal head and the direction of the central line of the welding seam is theta, and the horizontal distance from the receiving probe (4) positioned on the surface of the cylinder body to the center of the welding seam is S; the arrival time of the through wave from the transmitting probe (3) to the receiving probe (4) is t 0 The arrival time of the diffracted longitudinal waves at the defect end point from the transmitting probe (3) to the receiving probe (4) is t 1 ；
Step 3, quantifying the depth of the defect
When TOFD detection is carried out, direct waves and diffraction waves of the defect end point are mixed to generate a blind area; the defects are positioned in the blind area and outside the blind area, and the quantitative mode of the depth of the defects is different;
when the defect is positioned outside the blind area, reading corresponding signals at the arc top of the diffraction longitudinal wave, the arrival time t of the direct wave and the diffraction longitudinal wave from the TOFD scanning image 0 And t 1 Obtaining from the received signal, the expressions are:
in the formula, S, t 0 、t 1 、c S And c L All are known quantities, and the included angle theta and the depth d of the upper endpoint of the defect are obtained by the simultaneous inversion of the formula 1) and the formula 2) A ；
When the defect was located the blind area, spherical capping structure's blind area degree of depth D was:
in the formula, t p The pulse width of the ultrasonic wave transmitted by the TOFD probe;
depth positioning is carried out by combining the diffracted transverse waves subjected to the wave mode conversion; reading the time of arrival t at the top of the diffracted transverse wave arc in a TOFD scan A Obtaining t from the quantitative relationship between the TOFD probe position and the depth of the point at the upper end of the defect A ：
In the formula, S, t A 、c S And c L The parameters are known quantities; obtaining an included angle theta and a defect upper endpoint depth d by simultaneous inversion of the formula 1) and the formula 4) A ；
Step 4, defect height quantification
Step (3) aiming at the upper end point of the defect and aiming at the internal defect of the welding line of the spherical seal head structure, repeating the step (3) and implementing depth positioning on the lower end point of the defect; on this basis, a defect height quantification result is given.
2. The ultrasonic TOFD detection method for spherical head structure defects according to claim 1, wherein the wedge (2) is an inclined organic glass wedge.
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