CN115424870B - Biomass-derived carbon material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Biomass-derived carbon material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 241000255789 Bombyx mori Species 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009656 pre-carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001804 chlorine Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 25
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 15
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004966 Carbon aerogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012983 electrochemical energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molecular nitrogen;molecular oxygen Chemical compound N#N.O=O DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002064 nanoplatelet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000643 oven drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a biomass-derived carbon material, a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of biomass-derived carbon materials, wherein the biomass-derived carbon material comprises a biomass precursor and an active agent solution, the biomass precursor is a freeze-dried silkworm cocoon, and the active agent solution is a mixed solution of potassium carbonate (K 2CO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) with a mass ratio of 0.5-2:1. Compared with the existing activated carbonized biomass technology, the carbon material prepared by the method has a unique 2D carbon nano-sheet structure, a large specific surface area, a high specific capacitance and high rate stability. The catalyst provides great application potential for the catalyst as a capacitance electrode, a catalyst, an adsorbent and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of biomass-derived carbon materials, in particular to a biomass-derived carbon material, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Carbon materials are commonly known as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon fibers, carbon aerogels, activated carbon, and the like. Activated carbon is the most widely used and mature electrode material of the super capacitor at present, and is also the electrode material of the main commercial double-layer capacitor at present.
The biomass-derived carbon material is one of activated carbon, and has the unique advantages of high specific surface area, excellent graphite conductivity, easiness in compounding with other materials, rich heteroatom self-doping (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and the like) and the like, so far, the biomass-derived carbon material is still a research hot spot in the field of electrode material research and development.
At present, various methods for activating biomass exist, the process for preparing the porous carbon material by using KOH to activate biomass is basically mature, the prepared carbon material mostly has higher specific surface area, but the pore structure of the material mostly is disordered micropores, which is not beneficial to the rapid transmission of electrolyte ions, and the use of strong corrosive chemical reagents in the activation process can increase the production cost and cause new environmental problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to at least solve one of the technical problems in the prior art and provides a biomass-derived carbon material, and a preparation method and application thereof.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a biomass-derived carbon material comprising the following raw materials: biomass precursors and active agent solutions containing chloride and carbonate.
Further, the chloride salt is KCl and/or NaCl, and the carbonate is at least one of K 2CO3、KHCO3、Na2CO3 and NaHCO 3.
Further, the mass ratio of the carbonate to the chloride is 0.5-2:1.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the biomass-derived carbon material, which comprises the following steps:
Step one: pre-carbonizing a biomass precursor;
Step two: preparing an active agent solution containing mixed salt of chlorine salt and carbonate, placing the product obtained in the step one into the active agent solution, standing by ultrasonic waves and drying;
step three: carbonizing the product obtained in the second step, cooling, repeatedly washing the product with pure water, and drying to obtain the biomass-derived carbon material.
Further, the biomass precursor is a freeze-dried silkworm cocoon, and the freezing temperature is-18 ℃ to-16 ℃.
Further, in the first step, the pre-carbonization temperature is 400-500 ℃, the heating rate is 4-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 20-40min.
Further, in the second step, the ultrasonic treatment is carried out for 5-20min, and the mixture is kept stand for 10-14h.
Further, in the third step, the carbonization temperature is 800-1000 ℃, the heating rate is 3-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 80-100min.
Further, in the third step, the washing method specifically includes: and (5) filtering and washing for 3-5 times by using a filtering device.
The invention also discloses an application of the biomass-derived carbon material or the biomass-derived carbon material prepared by any one of the preparation methods to an electrode.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) According to the biomass-derived carbon material, the silkworm cocoons are used as the precursors, and the hetero atoms such as nitrogen and oxygen are self-doped uniformly, so that extra pseudo-capacitance can be provided, and the wettability of the electrode in the water-based capacitor is improved.
(2) According to the biomass-derived carbon material, the mixture of the chloride salt and the carbonate is used as the activating agent, so that the research variety range of molten salt is widened, the etching degree of potassium ions on carbon and the service life of equipment are improved, the cost of the activating agent is reduced, and the specific surface area and the pore ratio of the activating agent can be regulated and controlled according to the mass ratio of mixed salt.
(3) The application of the biomass-derived carbon material in the preparation of the electrode can ensure that the capacity retention rate is about 87% after the biomass-derived carbon material is cycled for 3000 circles under the current density of 5A g -1 in a water-based capacitor, and has excellent rate capability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern for a pre-carbonized sample and example 1;
FIG. 2 is an SEM image and a Mapping image of a pre-carbonized sample and example 1;
FIG. 3 is a CV curve of examples 1-4 at the same scan speed (5 mV s -1);
FIG. 4 is a graph of the GCD of the electrodes obtained in examples 1-4 at the same current density (0.5A g -1);
FIG. 5 is a graph of the capacity retention of the electrode prepared in example 2 at a current density of 5A g -1 cycles in a three electrode system;
Description:
450 ℃ in fig. 1 refers to pre-carbonized sample XRD in example 2, 900 ℃ refers to product XRD in example 2.
Fig. 2a shows SEM images of pre-carbonized samples of example 1, b shows SEM images of the products of example 1, c, d, e, f show Mapping images of the products of example 1.
In fig. 3 mV s -1 is Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) unit, mV is voltage unit, 1 mv=1× -3 V, s is time unit, 1,2, 3, 4 are sample numbers of the electrodes prepared in the following examples 1 to 4;
In fig. 4A g -1 is a constant current charge-discharge (GCD) unit, a is a current unit, and g is a mass unit. 1.2, 3, 4 are sample numbers of the electrodes obtained in the following examples 1 to 4;
In fig. 5, "87%" is a capacity retention rate, and the capacity retention rate= (last discharge capacity/first discharge capacity) ×100%.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated below with reference to examples. These examples are only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental procedures, which are not specific to the particular conditions noted in the examples below, are generally performed under conditions conventional in the art or according to manufacturer's recommendations; the raw materials, reagents and the like used, unless otherwise specified, are those commercially available from conventional markets and the like. Any insubstantial changes and substitutions made by those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
A biomass-derived carbon material, a precursor of the derived carbon material and an active agent, wherein the active agent is a mixed solution of chloride and carbonate. Such as potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, and the like, are not limited thereto.
The chloride salt is KCl, and the carbonate is K 2CO3. The mass ratio is preferably as follows: 0.5:1;1:1;1.5:1;2:1.
The biomass precursor is a silkworm cocoon which is cleaned and subjected to freeze drying treatment. It may also be leaf, bark, pericarp, etc.
A method for preparing a biomass-derived carbon material, comprising the steps of:
step one: cleaning cocoon with pure water, and freeze drying in freezing chamber of refrigerator.
Step two: and (3) placing the precursor treated in the step (A) into a fluorination furnace for carbonization, and grinding the pre-carbonized product into powder by using a mortar.
Step three: preparing active agents of chloride and carbonate, putting the product of the second step into the active agents, performing ultrasonic treatment, standing and drying.
Step four: and (3) placing the product obtained in the step (III) into a porcelain boat, and performing high-temperature activation carbonization in an inert atmosphere of a tube furnace. And (3) after cooling, putting the product into a certain amount of deionized water for ultrasonic treatment, and carrying out suction filtration, washing and drying.
In the first step, the freezing temperature is-18 ℃ to-16 ℃ and the freezing time is 12 hours.
In the second step, the temperature rising rate is 4-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature is 20-40min.
In the third step, the chloride salt is KCl, the carbonate is K 2CO3, the ultrasonic time is 5-20min, and the drying temperature is 80-105 ℃.
In the fourth step, the inert atmosphere is N 2(95％)+H2 (5%), the heating rate is 3-6 ℃/min to 800-1000 ℃, the constant temperature is 80-100min, and the gas flow is 40-60ml/min. The ultrasonic time is 10min, the times of suction filtration and washing are 3-4 times, the drying temperature is 50-70 ℃ and the time is 3-6h.
The invention also provides an application of the biomass-derived carbon material in preparing the electrode, which can be as follows: the method comprises the following steps:
S1: 8mg of biomass-derived carbon material sample, 1mg of conductive agent, 1mg of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) were weighed into a mortar, and an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol was added and ground to a slurry without obvious particles.
S2, weighing the foam nickel (as a current collector, other current collectors can be used, and the method is not limited to the current collector) with the size of 1X 2cm after cleaning and drying. And (3) coating the slurry obtained in the step S1 on the surface of the foamed nickel, and placing the foamed nickel in a vacuum drying oven at a drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 4 hours.
And S3, pressing the coated and dried foam nickel into slices (8 MPa, 5 min) by using a powder tablet press, and weighing and calculating the mass of the loaded active substances (about 3mg each) to obtain the electrode.
The technical scheme of the present invention will be further explained in detail with reference to several preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
The processing conditions of the silkworm cocoons subjected to freeze-drying treatment in the following examples are: cleaning silkworm cocoon with pure water, cutting, freezing in freezing chamber of refrigerator at-18deg.C for 12 hr, and oven drying.
The following gas flows were in volume ratio.
Example 1
And (3) placing the cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoons in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a constant temperature time of 30min, wherein the pre-carbonizing temperature is 400 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. Weighing 0.5g of a pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,1.5g of K 2CO3 in 30ml of deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; and (3) placing the product in a porcelain boat, and activating and carbonizing under the condition that the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃ and the constant temperature is 90min and the gas flow is 50ml/min in the atmosphere of a tube furnace N 2(95％)+H2%. And (3) putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing with deionized water and vacuum filtration for three times, and finally drying at 60 ℃ for 12 h.
Example 2
And (3) placing the cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoons in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a constant temperature time of 30min, wherein the pre-carbonizing temperature is 450 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. Weighing 0.5g of a pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,3g of K 2CO3 and ultrasonic treatment in 30ml of deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; and (3) placing the product in a porcelain boat, and activating and carbonizing under the condition that the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃ and the constant temperature is 90min and the gas flow is 40ml/min in the atmosphere of a tube furnace N 2(95％)+H2%. And (3) putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing with deionized water and vacuum filtration for three times, and finally drying at 60 ℃ for 12 h.
Example 3
And (3) placing the cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoons in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a constant temperature time of 30min, wherein the pre-carbonizing temperature is 500 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. Weighing 0.5g of a pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,4.5g of K 2CO3 in 30ml of deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; and (3) placing the product in a porcelain boat, and activating and carbonizing under the condition that the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃ and the constant temperature is 90min and the gas flow is 50ml/min in the atmosphere of a tube furnace N 2(95％)+H2%. And (3) putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing with deionized water and vacuum filtration for three times, and finally drying at 60 ℃ for 12 h.
Example 4
And (3) placing the cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoons in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a constant temperature time of 30min, wherein the pre-carbonizing temperature is 400 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. Weighing 0.5g of a pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,6g of K 2CO3 and ultrasonic treatment in 30ml of deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; and (3) placing the product in a porcelain boat, and activating and carbonizing under the condition that the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃ and the constant temperature is 90min and the gas flow is 60ml/min in the atmosphere of a tube furnace N 2(95％)+H2%. And (3) putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing with deionized water and vacuum filtration for three times, and finally drying at 60 ℃ for 12 h.
Comparative example 1
And (3) placing the cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoons in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a constant temperature time of 30min, wherein the pre-carbonizing temperature is 400 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. Weighing 0.5g of a pre-carbonized sample, ultrasonically treating 3g of KCl in 30ml of deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; and (3) placing the product in a porcelain boat, and activating and carbonizing under the condition that the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃ and the constant temperature is 90min and the gas flow is 60ml/min in the atmosphere of a tube furnace N 2(95％)+H2%. And (3) putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing with deionized water and vacuum filtration for three times, and finally drying at 60 ℃ for 12 h.
Comparative example 2
And (3) placing the cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoons in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a constant temperature time of 30min, wherein the pre-carbonizing temperature is 400 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. Weighing 0.5g of pre-carbonized sample, ultrasonically treating 1.5g K 2CO3 g of pre-carbonized sample in 30ml of deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; and (3) placing the product in a porcelain boat, and activating and carbonizing under the condition that the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃ and the constant temperature is 90min and the gas flow is 50ml/min in the atmosphere of a tube furnace N 2(95％)+H2%. And (3) putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing with deionized water and vacuum filtration for three times, and finally drying at 60 ℃ for 12 h.
The pre-carbonized sample and the sample of example 1 were subjected to XRD pattern test, and as shown in fig. 1, diffraction peaks of the sample appear at diffraction angles of 43.9 °,51.3 °,75.4 ° respectively corresponding to (111), (200), and (220) planes of carbon, corresponding to standard cards (PDF # 43-1104) of carbon. As can be seen from fig. 1, the diffraction peaks are shifted toward a small angle, indicating that the carbon-to-carbon atom spacing is increased as a result of the combined action of the high temperature and K + etched carbon in the activator. Meanwhile, no other impurity peaks appear, which indicates that excessive impurities and reactants can be removed by repeatedly washing with pure water.
SEM and Mapping tests are carried out on the pre-carbonized sample and the sample of the example 1, as shown in figure 2, the graph a shows that the pre-carbonization is carried out at 450 ℃ under the air atmosphere, the cocoons start to crack, the 2D carbon nano-sheets can be formed under the combined action of a later-stage activating agent and the high temperature of 900 ℃, and meanwhile, the pre-carbonization also reduces the mass precipitation of salt during the soaking and drying process, and plays a good role in pre-carbonization. The graph b shows that the carbon is etched under the joint promotion of mixed salt and high temperature of 900 ℃ to form interconnected holes, the specific surface area of the holes is increased, and rich electrolyte ion attachment sites and channels are provided. As shown in the Mapping graph, the silkworm cocoons are used as biomass with the protein content of more than 90%, and the self-doped nitrogen-oxygen elements are extremely rich and uniformly distributed. The method avoids the introduction of foreign doping substances and the subsequent influence, and simultaneously the nitrogen element and the oxygen element are beneficial to improving the infiltration performance of the carbon material, the cyclic stability of the carbon material in the water system super capacitor is improved, and the nitrogen element can also provide additional pseudo-capacitance, thereby improving the electrochemical energy storage of the super capacitor
The etching principles of examples 1-4 are as follows:
K2CO3→K2O+CO2
K2CO3+C→K2O+2CO
K2O+C→2K+CO
K2O+H2→2K+H2O
KCl has a melting point of 770 ℃ and K 2CO3 has a melting point of 891 ℃, and both have a good melting state at 900 ℃ and exist in the form of ions. Meanwhile, the biomass is self-doped with abundant and uniform oxygen atoms, and the oxygen directly etches carbon, so that gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are formed, namely, the etching effect of potassium ions and the etching effect of oxygen are achieved. The carbon layer is etched in conjunction with the potassium ions. Meanwhile, the original part K 2CO3 can be decomposed at the high temperature, so that the decomposition can not directly react with carbon, and the product can further etch the carbon. Meanwhile, the generated gas can overflow out of the pore-forming agent, so that the microstructure of the final product is a 2D carbon nano sheet with micropores, mesopores and macropores.
Comparative examples 1 and 2 are preparation methods adopted in the prior art, and from the specific surface area and specific capacitance values, the test values of comparative examples 1 and 2 are smaller than those of examples 1 to 4, and it is known that the preparation method adopted in the invention can obtain larger specific surface area and higher specific capacitance value.
Meanwhile, the material samples prepared in the embodiment are prepared into electrodes according to the steps S1, S2 and S3, electrochemical performance tests are carried out, namely a cyclic voltammetry test (CV), a constant current charge and discharge test (GCD) and a capacity retention rate test under the current density of 3000 circles of 5A g -1, and the test results are shown in figures 3-5.
As can be seen from fig. 3, the samples of examples 1-4 were all rectangular-like in shape at a scan rate of 5mV s -1, indicating their typical electric double layer capacitance behavior. The hump appears at the same time, the current has a remarkable increase, which indicates that the pseudo-capacitance exists, and the hump corresponds to the rich and uniform nitrogen element in the graph e in the second graph. The mechanism is explained as follows: when a voltage is applied, nitrogen atoms replace carbon atoms at the edges of defects or on the graphite plane, thereby making it easier to obtain electrons. Meanwhile, CV curves keep good symmetry, which indicates that the electrode prepared from the biomass-derived carbon material has good reversibility.
As can be seen from fig. 4, the samples of examples 1-4 were all typically symmetrical triangular in shape at a current density of 0.5A g -1, indicating good reversibility of the electrodes. Because of the better distribution of micropores and mesopores of the material, higher specific capacitance can be obtained under low current density. The specific capacitance of the sample of example 2 was highest, reaching 276.05F g -1. It is shown that the ratio of the mixed salt is optimal for the activation effect relative to other examples, and the ratio of micropores, mesopores and macropores is the most suitable for energy storage and transfer. Examples 3 and 4 show a decrease in capacity, which indicates that excessive proportioning of K 2CO3 results in a deepened degree of activation, severe etching of carbon, resulting in an increase in pore size, a decrease in micro/meso pore ratio, and an increase in the ratio of meso and macro pores. Therefore, at the same current density, electrons cannot be attached, and the electrons directly pass through the pore channel, so that the optimal value of energy storage is not achieved.
As can be seen from fig. 5, in the aqueous three-electrode, the electrode prepared from the material of example 2 was subjected to a high current density of 5A g -1, and the rate performance test of 3000 cycles of cyclic charge and discharge, example 2 still can maintain a good symmetric triangle shape, which indicates that the stability and reversibility of the electrode material are excellent, and the capacity retention rate is maintained at about 87%. This fully demonstrates that at the mixed salt formulation of example 2, an optimal activation effect is achieved, with a suitable micro-mesoporous ratio, also due to the layered structure between the 2D nanoplatelets being able to fully expose and contact more active sites in the aqueous electrolyte, thereby promoting higher proton transport efficiency. Meanwhile, the biomass-derived carbon material is self-doped with oxygen and nitrogen elements and has good hydrophilic property, so that excellent energy storage property can be maintained in the cyclic process of physical adsorption/desorption for a long time, and the phenomena of collapse of the structure and shedding of a large amount of active substances can be avoided.
In addition, from the viewpoint of the influence of temperature on the melting points of the two salts, the etching effect on carbon is taken into consideration. The melting points of the two salts are respectively: KCl has a melting point of 770℃and K 2CO3 has a melting point of 891 ℃. The temperature difference between the two is not too large, so that the etching process can be synchronously carried out, namely, on mesoporous and macropores etched by potassium chloride, along with the rise of the temperature, potassium carbonate can etch richer micropores and mesopores on the basis. The common molten salt at present is the same in anions and different in cations, such as potassium chloride and sodium chloride, potassium chloride and zinc chloride and the like. The cations of the application are the same, and the etching process mainly comprises the etching of potassium ions, and the application also can correspond to XRD (X-ray diffraction) and the potassium ions have the effect of enlarging the carbon interlayer spacing, thereby promoting the formation of sheets.
Therefore, the electrode prepared from the biomass-derived carbon material has excellent stable hydrophilic characteristic, high specific capacitance, high specific surface area and unique 2D nano lamellar structure, and has great application prospect in the aspect of electrochemical performance of the electrode carbon material.
The above additional technical features can be freely combined and superimposed by a person skilled in the art without conflict.
In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that "-" and "-" denote the same ranges of the two values, and the ranges include the endpoints. For example: "A-B" means a range greater than or equal to A and less than or equal to B. "A-B" means a range of greater than or equal to A and less than or equal to B.
In the description of embodiments of the present invention, the term "and/or" is merely an association relationship describing an association object, meaning that three relationships may exist, e.g., a and/or B, may represent: a exists alone, A and B exist together, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the front and rear associated objects are an "or" relationship.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all technical solutions for achieving the object of the present invention by substantially the same means are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A biomass-derived carbon material, comprising the following raw materials: a biomass precursor, an active agent solution containing chloride and carbonate; the chloride salt is KCl, and the carbonate is K 2CO3;
the method comprises the following steps:
Step one: pre-carbonizing a biomass precursor;
Step two: preparing an active agent solution containing mixed salt of chlorine salt and carbonate, placing the product obtained in the step one into the active agent solution, standing by ultrasonic waves and drying;
step three: carbonizing the product obtained in the second step, cooling, repeatedly washing the product with pure water, and drying to obtain a biomass-derived carbon material;
the biomass precursor is a freeze-dried silkworm cocoon;
the mass ratio of the carbonate to the chloride is 0.5-2:1.
2. A method of producing the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
Step one: pre-carbonizing a biomass precursor;
Step two: preparing an active agent solution containing mixed salt of chlorine salt and carbonate, placing the product obtained in the step one into the active agent solution, standing by ultrasonic waves and drying;
step three: carbonizing the product obtained in the second step, cooling, repeatedly washing the product with pure water, and drying to obtain the biomass-derived carbon material.
3. The method for preparing a biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 2, wherein the biomass precursor is a freeze-dried silkworm cocoon, and the freezing temperature is-18 ℃ to-16 ℃.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the first step, the pre-carbonization temperature is 400-500 ℃, the heating rate is 4-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 20-40 min.
5. The method for preparing a biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 2, wherein in the second step, the ultrasonic wave is 5-20 min and the standing is 10-14 h.
6. The method for preparing a biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 2, wherein in the third step, the carbonization temperature is 800-1000 ℃, the heating rate is 3-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 80-100 min.
7. The method for preparing a biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 2, wherein in the third step, the washing method specifically comprises: and (5) filtering and washing for 3-5 times by using a filtering device.
8. Use of the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 1 or the biomass-derived carbon material produced by the production method according to any one of claims 2 to 7 on an electrode.
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