CN115347876A - Analog front-end circuit for receiving ultrasonic echo signals - Google Patents
Analog front-end circuit for receiving ultrasonic echo signals Download PDFInfo
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- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/68—Combinations of amplifiers, e.g. multi-channel amplifiers for stereophonics
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
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- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/34—Negative-feedback-circuit arrangements with or without positive feedback
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/56—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of analog integrated circuits, in particular to an analog front-end circuit for receiving ultrasonic echo signals. The invention adopts a low noise amplifier LNA to provide discrete gain, a time gain compensation amplifier TGC to provide continuous gain, and compensates the propagation attenuation of echo signals along with the time change by introducing a feedback network, thereby solving the problems that the traditional discrete gain compensation can not completely compensate and can not realize the continuous adjustable gain along with the time change; the dynamic range DR of the echo signal is greatly compressed, and imaging artifacts caused by discrete gain steps are avoided; and instant switching between large gain ranges is avoided, the chip area is saved, and the method is particularly suitable for an ultrasonic echo signal receiving circuit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of analog integrated circuits, in particular to an analog front-end circuit for receiving ultrasonic echo signals.
Background
In recent years, domestic economy is rapidly developed, population aging is accelerated, and most people have insufficient knowledge about disease prevention, so that the incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases in recent years is continuously increased, and the cardiovascular diseases bring great economic burden to residents and society; in the face of such a large patient population, it is important to find better and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
Ultrasound imaging is widely used in obstetrics and cardiology and other medical applications for aiding diagnosis and guiding treatment; while ultrasound imaging has existed for decades, ultrasound imaging instruments have exhibited a trend toward miniaturization, with the gradual evolution of endoscopes and imaging catheters, and even pill and patch imaging instruments, from handheld probe scanners.
The total dynamic range of the ultrasonic echo signal receiving system is the dynamic range of the instantaneous signal plus propagation attenuation; an important function in the analog front-end receive path is time gain compensation, which reduces the overall Dynamic Range (DR) of the echo signal by compensating for propagation attenuation experienced by the sound waves as they propagate in the body, the compensated signal being processed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
Due to this attenuation, echo signals from deep tissue need to travel longer and therefore arrive later than echoes from nearby structures, which results in an exponential decrease in echo amplitude over time.
At present, the common solution in analog front-ends is that a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) plays a role of amplifying the echo signal; due to transmission attenuation, the amplitude of the first echo signal of the ultrasonic receiving probe is far higher than that of the echo signal reached later, and the attenuation of different propagation times can be adapted by adjusting the gain of a time gain compensation amplifier (TGC); by providing discrete gains that increase linearly in decibels over time to compensate for their propagation attenuation, it is desirable to provide uniform echo amplitudes at different depths.
On the one hand, the discrete gain can only compensate a part of the propagation attenuation, and can not completely compensate the propagation attenuation, so that uniform echo amplitude can not be provided at different depths, and a larger dynamic range is still required for processing an analog front end output signal by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
On the other hand, the conventional ultrasonic signal amplifier is determined by the ratio of an input resistor (capacitor) and a feedback resistor (capacitor), and during the use process, the instant switching between large gain ranges can cause the interruption of received signals and digital interference, which may cause obvious image artifacts; the general solution is to reduce the image artifacts by reducing the step size to make the gain step smaller, but a large number of gain steps are required to cover the full gain range, resulting in a large amount of chip area required to implement the circuit.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems or shortcomings of the conventional analog front end, and solve the problems that the conventional analog front end cannot completely compensate image artifacts caused by propagation attenuation and has a large chip area, the invention provides an analog front end circuit for receiving ultrasonic echo signals, which is an analog front end circuit for realizing continuous adjustable gain along with time by combining a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) and a time gain compensation amplifier (TGC), so that the problem that the conventional discrete gain compensation cannot completely compensate is solved, and the image artifacts caused by instantaneous switching between large gain ranges are relieved.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an analog front-end circuit for ultrasonic echo signal reception comprises a low noise amplifier LNA, a time gain compensation amplifier TGC and an output capacitor CL, as shown in fig. 1.
The low noise amplifier LNA comprises an input impedance Z 1 Feedback impedance Z 2 And an operational amplifier 01; input impedance Z 1 One end of which is used as input to receive an input signal VI and the other end of which is used as outputThe output of the operational amplifier is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 01; feedback impedance Z 2 One end of the operational amplifier is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 01, and the other end of the operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the operational amplifier 01; the normal phase input end of the operational amplifier 01 is connected with the common mode level VREF, the output end is connected with the input end of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC, and the voltage V is output O 。
By adjusting the feedback impedance Z 2 And input impedance Z 1 The ratio of the voltage difference between the low noise amplifier LNA and the input signal VI is pre-amplified to output a voltage V O And transmitting to a time gain compensation amplifier TGC for processing.
The time gain compensated amplifier TGC comprises an input impedance Z 3 A feedback network 11 and an operational amplifier 10; input impedance Z 3 One end of the operational amplifier is used as the input end of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC and is connected with the output end of the operational amplifier 01, and the other end is used as the output end and is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 10; the input end of the feedback network 11 is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 10, and the output end of the feedback network 11 is connected with the output end of the operational amplifier 10; the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier 10 is connected to the common mode level VREF, and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 10 is connected to the output terminal of the feedback network 11 and the output capacitor C L And as the output terminal of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC, the output voltage VOUT.
The feedback network 11 comprises an impedance Z 4 Impedance Z 5 And impedance Z 6 Impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 Is connected in series between the inverting input terminal and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 10; impedance Z 6 One end of which is connected to an impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 The other end is connected with a common mode level VREF;
the gain of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC is determined by the equivalent impedance of the feedback network 11 and the input impedance Z 3 Ratio determination, wherein the impedance Z 6 Is an adjustable impedance, Z, which varies continuously with time 6 Is lower than the input impedance Z 3 One order of magnitude, impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 Equal resistance, impedance Z 4 Is the input impedance Z 3 1/2 of (1); by passingControlling the impedance Z 6 The resistance value of the feedback network 11 continuously changes with time, thereby realizing the continuous change of the equivalent impedance of the feedback network 11 with time, and further realizing the continuous change of the gain with time to adapt to the compensation of the attenuation of different propagation times; greatly saving the chip area.
The output capacitor C L One end of the operational amplifier is connected to the output end of the operational amplifier 10, and the other end is grounded as a load.
The equivalent circuit diagram of the present invention is shown in fig. 2, assuming that there is a disturbance voltage (i.e. input signal VI) at the input end, and the gain of the operational amplifier 01, 02 is large enough, the input node voltage V of the operational amplifier 01, 02 M 、V N Is a virtual earth;
the low noise amplifier LNA AC small signal transfer function is expressed as formula (1.1);
gain, LNA is the Gain of the low noise amplifier LNA, and the output voltage VO of the low noise amplifier LNA is transmitted through the input resistor R 1 Form a current I 1 ；
V in the feedback network 11 X Voltage, V X Is impedance Z 6 Impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 The node voltage among the three can be obtained according to kirchhoff voltage law KVL:
V X will pass through an impedance Z 4 Form a current I 2 ；
Due to the operational amplifier virtual off, the KCL equation at VN is:
gain, TGC is the Gain of the time Gain compensation amplifier TGC; the ac small signal transfer function of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC is represented by equation (1.6);
the ac small signal transfer function of the analog front-end circuit for receiving the ultrasonic echo signal is solved and expressed as formula (1.7):
gain, TOATAL is the total circuit Gain of the analog front-end circuit for receiving the ultrasonic echo signal according to the present invention, the value is the product of the low noise amplifier Gain, LNA, and the time Gain compensation amplifier Gain, TGC.
From the equation (1.7), it can be derived that by controlling the impedance Z which varies continuously with time 6 Continuous variation of the overall circuit gain over time can be achieved.
Further, the feedback impedance Z 2 And input impedance Z 1 For variable resistance, by adjusting the feedback impedance Z 2 And/or input impedance Z 1 The size of the Z-axis is adjusted 2 And Z 1 The ratio of (VI) realizes pre-amplification of the input signal VI and the output voltage V O It is passed to a time gain compensation amplifier TGC for processing. To more flexibly adjust Z 2 And Z 1 The ratio realizes pre-amplification of the input signal VI, can improve the condition that the continuous adjustable gain of a time gain compensation amplifier TGC is limited, and meets the requirement that the whole circuit meets the gain required by signal amplification under different input signals, so that the whole circuit can expect to obtain output signals with uniform amplitude under different input signalsNumber (n).
The invention adopts the discrete gain provided by the low noise amplifier LNA and the continuous gain combination provided by the time gain compensation amplifier TGC to realize the continuous adjustable gain changing along with the time, compared with the traditional discrete gain compensation changing along with the time, the invention can better compensate the attenuation of the ultrasonic echo signal along with the time to a certain extent, greatly compress the dynamic range DR of the echo signal, reduce the processing capacity of the analog-to-digital converter ADC on the output signal of the analog front end to a certain extent and reduce the design difficulty of the analog-to-digital converter ADC. The invention avoids instantaneous switching between gain large ranges by combining discrete gain and continuous gain, saves chip area and simultaneously avoids imaging artifacts caused by large step length steps of the traditional discrete compensation gain. The method can be applied to an ultrasonic echo signal receiving circuit.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the AC small signal of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment;
the embodiment of fig. 4 implements a continuously adjustable gain map over time;
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram of an output of a conventional discrete gain compensated echo signal;
the embodiment of fig. 6 is a waveform diagram of an output obtained by compensating an echo signal.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is detailed in the following by combining the drawings and the embodiment.
As shown in FIG. 3, the present invention provides an analog front-end circuit for receiving ultrasonic echo signal, which comprises a low noise amplifier LNA, a time gain compensation amplifier TGC, and an output capacitor C L Wherein:
the low noise amplifier LNA comprises an input impedance Z 1 (resistance R) 1 ) Feedback impedance Z 2 (feedback network 00) and operational amplifier 01.
The time gain compensated amplifier TGC comprises an input impedance Z 3 (input resistance R) 5 ) A feedback network 11 and an operational amplifier 10; the input end of the feedback network 11 is connected to the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 10, the output end of the feedback network 11 is connected to the output end of the operational amplifier 10, and the non-inverting input end of the operational amplifier 10 is connected to the common mode level VREF.
The feedback network 11 includes: impedance Z 4 (resistance R) 6 ) Impedance Z 5 (resistance R) 7 ) And impedance Z 6 (resistance R) 8 ) Resistance R 6 Resistance value and resistance R 7 All resistance values are input resistors R 5 1/2 of the resistance value; resistance R 6 And a resistor R 7 Is connected in series between the inverting input terminal and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 10; resistance R 8 One end of the resistor is connected to the resistor R 6 And a resistor R 7 And the other end terminates the common mode level. Wherein the resistance R 8 Is an adjustable resistor that varies continuously with time.
The output capacitor C L One end of the operational amplifier is connected to the output end of the operational amplifier 10, and the other end is grounded as a load.
The inventionThe operating principle of (1) is as follows, the echo signal decays exponentially at any time, the initial signal amplitude is large, and the feedback network 00 of the low noise amplifier LNA operates as follows: switch S 1 Switch-off, switch S 2 Off and switch S 3 Closed, equivalent resistance and resistance R of feedback network 00 1 The resistance values are equal, and the closed-loop amplification gain is 6dB; for a 12dB signal amplitude attenuation, the feedback network 00 of the LNA operates as follows: switch S 1 Switch-off, switch S 2 Closed and switch S 3 When the circuit is disconnected, the equivalent resistance value of the feedback network is a resistor R 1 The resistance value is 4 times, and the closed-loop amplification gain is 12dB; in a similar manner, when the signal amplitude is attenuated by 24dB, the feedback network 00 of the low noise amplifier LNA operates as follows: switch S 1 Closed, switch S 2 Open and switch S 3 When the circuit is disconnected, the equivalent resistance value of the feedback network is a resistor R 1 The closed loop amplification gain is 24dB due to the resistance value being 16 times. At the same time, the time gain compensating amplifier TGC provides a continuous gain from 6dB to 18dB in the low noise amplifier LNA operating mode of different gain, which in combination achieves a continuously variable gain from 6dB to 42dB over time, and this embodiment achieves a continuously adjustable gain over time, as shown in fig. 4.
The traditional discrete gain can only provide discrete gain from 6dB to 42dB (step size 6 dB), and the obtained compensated waveform, as shown in FIG. 5, can obviously show that the echo signal is jagged after compensation, and the dynamic range DR after compensation is still large; the invention realizes the continuous increase of the gain along with the change of time, better compensates the transmission attenuation of echo signals, and obtains uniform echo amplitude provided under different propagation attenuation, as shown in figure 6; the dynamic range DR of the echo signal is greatly compressed, and the processing capacity of the analog-to-digital converter ADC on an analog front-end output signal is reduced to a certain extent. The imaging artifact that switching leads to in the twinkling of an eye between traditional discrete gain is on a large scale, and general solution consumes chip area to a certain extent through reducing the gain step length, increases a large amount of gain step numbers, and this scheme has avoided the gain to switch in the twinkling of an eye between on a large scale through the mode that discrete gain and continuous gain combine, saves chip area, has avoided the imaging artifact that traditional discrete compensation gain large step length step leads to simultaneously.
It can be seen from the above embodiments that the present invention adopts the low noise amplifier LNA to provide discrete gain, the time gain compensation amplifier TGC to provide continuous gain, and the feedback network is introduced to compensate the propagation attenuation of the echo signal varying with time, thereby solving the problems that the conventional discrete gain compensation cannot completely compensate and cannot realize the continuously adjustable gain varying with time; the dynamic range DR of the echo signal is greatly compressed, and imaging artifacts caused by discrete gain steps are avoided; and instant switching between gain large ranges is avoided, the chip area is saved, and the method is particularly suitable for an ultrasonic echo signal receiving circuit.
Claims (4)
1. An analog front end circuit for receiving an ultrasonic echo signal, comprising: the low noise amplifier LNA, the time gain compensation amplifier TGC and the output capacitor CL are included;
the low noise amplifier LNA comprises an input impedance Z 1 Feedback impedance Z 2 And an operational amplifier 01; input impedance Z 1 One end of the operational amplifier is used as an input to be connected with an input signal VI, and the other end of the operational amplifier is used as an output to be connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 01; feedback impedance Z 2 One end of the operational amplifier is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 01, and the other end of the operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the operational amplifier 01; the normal phase input end of the operational amplifier 01 is connected with the common mode level VREF, the output end is connected with the input end of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC, and the voltage V is output O ；
The time gain compensation amplifier TGC comprises an input impedance Z 3 A feedback network 11 and an operational amplifier 10; input impedance Z 3 One end of the operational amplifier is used as the input end of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC and is connected with the output end of the operational amplifier 01, and the other end is used as the output end and is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 10; the input end of the feedback network 11 is connected with the inverting input end of the operational amplifier 10, and the output end of the feedback network 11 is connected with the output end of the operational amplifier 10; the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier 10 is connected to the common mode level VREF, and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 10 is connected to the output terminal of the feedback network 11 and the output capacitor C L And as the output end of the time gain compensation amplifier TGC, output the voltage VOUT;
the feedback network 11 comprises an impedance Z 4 Impedance Z 5 And impedance Z 6 Impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 Is connected in series between the inverting input terminal and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 10; impedance Z 6 One end of which is connected to an impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 The other end is connected with a common mode level VREF; wherein the impedance Z 6 Is an adjustable impedance, Z, which varies continuously with time 6 Is lower than the input impedance Z 3 One order of magnitude, impedance Z 4 And impedance Z 5 Equal resistance, impedance Z 4 Is the input impedance Z 3 1/2 of (1);
the output capacitor C L One end of the operational amplifier is connected to the output end of the operational amplifier 10, and the other end is grounded as a load.
2. The analog front end circuit for ultrasonic echo signal reception of claim 1, wherein:
the feedback impedance Z 2 And input impedance Z 1 Is a variable resistor, by adjusting the feedback impedance Z 2 And/or input impedance Z 1 Size and then Z 2 And Z 1 The ratio of (VI) realizes pre-amplification of the input signal VI and the output voltage V O And transmitting to a time gain compensation amplifier TGC for processing.
3. An analog front-end circuit for ultrasonic echo signal reception according to claim 1, wherein:
feedback impedance Z of the LNA 2 Is a resistance R 2 Resistance R 3 And a resistor R 4 Switch S 1 And a switch S 2 And switch S 3 A formed feedback network 00; resistance R 2 And a resistor R 3 And a resistance R 4 Is connected in series to the switch S 1 And the output of operational amplifier 01; switch S 1 Is connected in series with the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier 01 and R 2 Between, switch S 2 Connected in series to an operational amplifier01 and a resistor R 2 And a resistor R 3 Between, switch S 3 Connected in series with the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier 01 and the resistor R 3 And a resistor R 4 In the meantime.
4. An analog front end circuit for ultrasonic echo signal reception according to claim 3, wherein: the resistor R 2 Resistance of 12 times R 1 Resistance value of (3), resistance R 3 Resistance of 3 times R 1 Resistance value of (3), resistance R 4 Resistance of 1 times R 1 The resistance value of (c).
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