CN115235301A - Ignition device and ignition method for low-power hollow cathode microplasma - Google Patents
Ignition device and ignition method for low-power hollow cathode microplasma Download PDFInfo
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- CN115235301A CN115235301A CN202210804251.XA CN202210804251A CN115235301A CN 115235301 A CN115235301 A CN 115235301A CN 202210804251 A CN202210804251 A CN 202210804251A CN 115235301 A CN115235301 A CN 115235301A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
- F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
- F42C19/0811—Primers; Detonators characterised by the generation of a plasma for initiating the charge to be ignited
Abstract
The invention discloses an ignition method and an ignition device for low-power hollow cathode microplasma. The device consists of a micro high-voltage conversion unit and a micro plasma generation unit, wherein the micro high-voltage conversion unit realizes the conversion of low-voltage direct current input into high-voltage direct current, alternating current or pulse output; the micro plasma generating unit adopts a sandwich structure consisting of an upper electrode, a lower electrode and an insulating medium in the middle, and one or more holes penetrating through the electrodes and the insulating medium are arranged on the micro plasma generating unit and are used as a plasma generating area. The device utilizes a miniature high-voltage conversion unit to convert a low-voltage direct-current starting signal into a high-voltage signal for output, the high-voltage signal drives a plasma generating unit to generate air non-equilibrium plasma, and then an energy-containing charge embedded in a micropore or an energy-containing film adhered to the upper part of the micropore is ignited to realize ignition. The device has the characteristics of high safety and reliability, low ignition power and capability of igniting for multiple times.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of initiating explosive device ignition, and particularly relates to an ignition device and an ignition method of low-power hollow cathode microplasma.
Background
The initiating explosive device is a general term for components, devices and systems which are used for igniting gunpowder, detonating explosives, doing mechanical work or generating special effects by using smaller energy to excite the initiating explosive agent to burn or explode after receiving control information. As an initial ignition source, the ignition device is a bridge which is connected with a command issuing and a target realizing, and whether the reliable action of the ignition device directly relates to whether the initiating explosive device and a subsequent system can be normally ignited or detonated.
Gas discharge plasmas provide a new approach to ignition. In the gas discharge, high voltage is applied to the gas, so that the gas generates breakdown discharge to generate plasma. Under the action of a strong electric field, the drift motion of electrons is remarkably stronger than that of other particles, so that the electron temperature is very high, for example, the electron energy can reach more than 1eV (1 eV is equivalent to 11600K), and a large number of active nitrogen-oxygen particles (such as N atoms, O atoms, OH molecules, NO molecules and the like) exist in the particles and serve as combustion promoters, so that the particles have unique advantages in ignition.
At present, the conventional domestic ignition device still mainly uses a sensitive bridge wire, has low structural strength, poor heat dissipation performance, weak electromagnetic energy resistance, low safe current and great integration difficulty with a digital logic circuit, and seriously limits the further development of the miniature intelligent weapon and the aerospace technology in China. Some novel ignition devices such as a semiconductor bridge and an exploding foil are not widely used, wherein the semiconductor bridge is mainly ignited through a thermal ionization polysilicon bridge, and the exploding foil generates plasma through the thermal ionization bridge foil to impact a flyer for ignition. The ignition device described above generates a plasma based on thermal ionization rather than a gas discharge and thus differs significantly from the present invention.
By regulating and controlling the density of plasma high-energy electrons and high-activity nitrogen and oxygen particles, the ignition device can meet the ignition requirements of energetic medicaments with different sensitivities. At present, domestic initiating explosive devices are mainly the second-generation sensitive bridge initiating explosive devices, and the safety is poor; the conventional third-generation semiconductor bridge initiating explosive device can meet the requirement of class A insensitivity of no ignition for 1A1W5 min; and the exploding foil initiating explosive device can meet the B-class insensitive requirement of 500V non-ignition. Therefore, the ignition device can only be applied to a specific range, and based on the gas discharge micro-plasma ignition technology, the high-efficiency regulation and control of characteristic parameters such as plasma electron density, electron temperature and active particle density can be realized by changing the output voltage and the discharge structure, so that the reliable ignition of specific insensitive energetic medicaments can be realized.
In the existing plasma ignition technology, the plasma ignition method and the plasma generating device as described in patent CN13796163A are actually a method and a device for generating plasma, and the working gas is not air. The patent CN214675822U provides a microwave plasma ignition device, but it adopts microwave plasma, which is obviously different from the present invention, and in addition, the working gas and the specific application direction are not clear, and it does not belong to the field of initiating explosive device ignition described in the present invention. Patent CN214674348U provides a plasma ignition power supply system, but it is also a method of generating plasma, and needs to rely on strong magnetic field control, which is significantly different from the present invention. In summary, the plasma ignition technique is also mainly referred to as a plasma generation method, rather than using plasma to ignite or detonate the energetic drug. Patent CN110475309a describes a programmable plasma spot piston, mainly used as an ignition source for internal combustion engines, but its operating voltage is several tens of kv, and the working gas is a mixture of air and fuel (such as gasoline), i.e. by directly converting energetic molecules into a plasma form, which is also significantly different from the present invention.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the limitation of the prior ignition technology, the invention aims to design a novel ignition device, which realizes the reliable ignition of conventional initiating explosive and sensitive explosive and has the advantages of adjustable ignition performance, simple structure, low input power and the like.
In order to achieve the aim, the ignition device and the ignition method of the low-power hollow cathode microplasma are provided. Comprises a micro high-voltage conversion unit and a micro plasma generation unit. Wherein the input end of the micro plasma generating unit is connected with the output end of the micro high-voltage conversion unit.
Aiming at the ignition device based on the hollow cathode plasma discharge, the core ignition mechanism is as follows:
the gas is discharged by applying transient high voltage to the air through the micro high-voltage conversion unit, so that non-equilibrium plasma is generated, energy-containing medicaments are bombarded by high-energy electrons generated in the plasma to transfer energy, meanwhile, high-activity oxidants are provided for the energy-containing medicaments by active nitrogen oxide particles in the plasma, and the ignition of the energy-containing medicaments is realized by the synergistic effect of key components in the plasma.
Furthermore, the micro high-voltage conversion unit comprises a rectifying circuit and a booster circuit, the whole appearance of the micro high-voltage conversion unit can be a cylinder or a cuboid, the diameter of the cylinder is more than or equal to 3cm, and the height of the cylinder is more than or equal to 10cm; the length and width of the cuboid are more than or equal to 3cm, and the height of the cuboid is more than or equal to 10cm.
Further, the driving voltage of the miniature high-voltage conversion unit is in a direct current form, and the amplitude of the input voltage is 1.5-12V.
Further, the voltage waveform of the output voltage of the micro high voltage conversion unit can be in the forms of direct current, alternating current, pulse and the like.
Further, the amplitude of the direct current voltage is 1kV-30kV; the peak value of the alternating voltage is 1kV-30kV, and the frequency is 50Hz-300MHz; the pulse voltage amplitude is 1kV-30kV, the rising edge: more than or equal to 100 mus, and the frequency is 50Hz-300MHz.
The micro plasma generating unit is of a hollow cathode structure, adopts a sandwich structure consisting of an upper metal electrode, a lower metal electrode and an insulating medium in the middle, and is provided with one or more holes penetrating through the electrodes and the insulating medium.
Further, the metal electrode material may be copper, silver, aluminum, tungsten, platinum, etc., and the dielectric material may be SiO 2 Equal inorganic non-metallic material, al 2 O 3 And the like, and organic non-metallic materials including PCB substrates, and the like.
Furthermore, the distance between the two electrodes is more than or equal to 1mm, and the diameter of the micropores on the electrodes is more than or equal to 2mm; the diameter of the micropore of the medium layer is more than or equal to 10mm.
After the plasma generating unit applies high voltage to two ends of the electrode, gas in the micropores generates breakdown discharge to generate plasma. Preferably, the typical working gas is air. Thus, the corresponding plasma is an air plasma.
Further, microplasmas refer to plasmas that are less than 1mm in a dimension.
Furthermore, by changing the voltage output of the conversion unit and the electrode spacing of the generation unit, the following characteristic parameters of the plasma can be regulated and controlled: (1) peak electron temperature: 1eV to 10eV. (2) The adjustable range of the electron and ion density is 10 12 /cm 3 -10 16 /cm 3 . (3) Typical active nitrogen oxygen particle is less than or equal to 10 12 /cm 3 Including nitrogen ion (N) 2 + ) Oxygen ion (O) 2 + ) Nitrogen atom (N), oxygen atom (O), ozone (O) 3 ) And the like.
The working principle of the ignition device based on hollow cathode discharge is as follows:
(1) An energetic chemical is loaded into the plasma generation region.
(2) The electrode is connected with the output end of the high-voltage power supply.
(3) And starting a power supply, generating high voltage by the micro high-voltage conversion unit, inputting the high voltage into the micro plasma generation unit, forming transient high voltage between the electrodes, and generating plasma in a discharge area.
(4) The micro plasma acts on energetic medicament to realize ignition.
(5) Repeating the operations (1) to (4) if the energetic medicament needs to be replaced.
In summary, the air microplasma of the invention has the following characteristics:
(1) Unbalanced output characteristics: due to the strong electric field under the action of high voltage, electric energy is preferentially transmitted to electrons, so that the plasma has a remarkable non-equilibrium characteristic, and the temperature of the electrons is far higher than that of gas.
(2) The electron ion density is high and adjustable: the adjustable range of the electron density and the ion density of the air plasma is 10 12 /cm 3 -10 16 /cm 3 The peak electron density is in the range of 1eV to 10eV.
(3) High activity combustion-supporting ability: with air discharge, energetic electrons in the plasma are accompanied by a large number of excitation and decomposition processes in the process of ionizing atoms and molecules, so that a large number of active nitrogen-oxygen particles exist in the electro-plasma, including ground state atoms: such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O); ground state molecule: such as molecular oxygen (O) 2 ) And ozone (O) 3 ) (ii) a Excited-state particles: excited forms corresponding to the ground state particles, such as excited oxygen atoms (O1 s, O1d, N1p, etc.), singlet oxygen ((R)) 1 O 2 ) And the like. Ground state or excited state ions: such as oxygen anions (O) - ) And a superoxide anion (O) 2- ) And the like. These particles have an extremely high oxidizing power and a density of 10 or less 12 /cm 3 The catalyst can be used as a combustion improver, so that chemical reaction which is difficult to occur under common thermodynamic conditions is realized, and the ignition capability is improved.
(4) Transient response capability; the air discharge plasma response time is closely related to the discharge gap voltage. When high voltage is applied to two ends of the electrode, electrons are accelerated under the action of a strong electric field to obtain kinetic energy to impact atoms and molecules, and the plasma generation process of the air gap at the millimeter level is more than or equal to 10 mu s.
Further, the energetic agent of the device comprises a conventional primary explosive (such as lead stevensite and the like) and a nano thermite.
Preferably, the electrode material of the plasma generating device is copper, the thickness of the electrode is more than or equal to 1mm, the diameter of the electrode is 0.5mm-10mm, the diameter of the discharge hole is 0.1mm-1mm, and the distance between the pin and the axis is 1mm-2mm.
Preferably, the insulating medium material of the plasma generating device is alumina, the thickness is more than or equal to 1mm, the diameter is 0.5mm-12mm, the diameter of the axial discharge hole is 0.1mm-1mm, and the distance between the pin hole and the axial is 1mm-2mm.
In general, the ignition device realized by the invention can obtain the following beneficial effects compared with the prior device:
(1) The safety and reliability are good: different from the linear transduction mode of the conventional electric heating ignition device, the novel ignition device based on the air discharge micro-plasma has special nonlinear transduction characteristics, namely when the applied voltage is smaller than the breakdown voltage of the gas, the plasma can not be generated, and when the applied voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the plasma, the gas can be subjected to avalanche ionization to form the plasma, so that the nonlinear conversion of electric energy into the forms of kinetic energy, molecular and atomic potential energy, radiation energy and the like is completed.
(2) The ignition effect is good: the plasma generated by the ignition device has very high electron and ion density, high electron temperature and high active nitrogen-oxygen particle concentration less than or equal to 10 13 /cm 3 The high electron density and the high electron temperature are the key for igniting the energetic medicament, the active nitrogen-oxygen particles have a combustion-supporting effect, the medicament can be combusted more fully, and the ignition effect equivalent to a semiconductor bridge is observed through the ignition effect.
(3) The ignition performance is adjustable: compared with the conventional ignition devices such as sensitive bridgewires, semiconductor bridges, exploding foils and the like, the ignition device provided by the invention has the advantages that the ignition performance can be regulated and controlled only by adjusting the electrode spacing and the input voltage parameters, so that the reliable ignition of specific insensitive energetic medicaments is met. If the thermite has higher sensitivity, the ignition can be realized in a normal plasma working mode. And for ignition powder such as boron/potassium nitrate and the like, the sensitivity is low, and the plasma power needs to be obviously improved to be less than or equal to 20W. And compared with the initiating explosive device, the igniting device has the advantages of long service life and capability of igniting for multiple times.
(4) The structure is simple: the device has low material cost and maintenance cost and good economical efficiency; the gas cylinder is not required to be additionally ventilated during working, and the gas cylinder is prevented from being carried.
(5) The power is low, the requirement on input voltage is low, high-power supply equipment does not need to be carried, and the carrying performance and the assembly performance are good.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a micro-plasma generating unit of the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows two other forms (a is an array form of a form one, and b is an array form of a form 2) of the micro plasma generating unit in the device of the present invention.
Fig. 4 shows an example of thin film charging of the microplasma generating units of the present invention (a is a film charge of form one, b is a film charge of form two, c is a film charge of form one array, and d is a film charge of form two array).
Fig. 5 shows an example of loading the holes of the micro-plasma generating unit in the device of the present invention (a is a first-type cylindrical charge, b is a second-type cylindrical charge, c is an array of first-type cylindrical charges, and d is an array of second-type cylindrical charges).
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a module of the micro high voltage conversion unit.
Fig. 7 is a typical discharge voltage-current characteristic diagram of the present device.
Fig. 8 is a diagram showing the effect of the device on igniting thermite.
The same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements or structures, wherein: the circuit comprises a 1-micro high-voltage conversion unit, a 2-unit interface, a 3-lower electrode pin, a 4-upper electrode pin, a 5-lower discharging electrode, a 6-insulating medium, a 7-upper discharging electrode, an 8-discharging cavity, a 9-energetic material, a 10-rectifying circuit module and an 11-voltage doubling circuit module.
Detailed Description
To further illustrate the present invention, the following detailed description of an embodiment of a low power ignition device and method based on hollow cathode discharge according to the present invention is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The plasma ignition device mainly comprises two units, including a micro high-voltage conversion unit and a micro plasma generation unit, wherein the input end of the micro plasma generation unit is connected with the output end of the micro high-voltage conversion unit. The micro high-voltage conversion unit belongs to an excitation power supply part and transmits energy to the micro plasma generation unit by generating high voltage in the forms of direct current, high-frequency alternating current, pulse and the like; the micro plasma generating unit enables the voltage loaded at two ends of the electrode to be enough to break down the air in the discharge cavity through special structural design, so that gas is broken down to generate discharge to generate plasma, and energetic medicaments are ignited by utilizing high-energy electrons and active particles in the plasma.
The design core of the device lies in the design of the micro high-voltage conversion unit and the structural design of the plasma generation unit. The design core of the micro high-voltage conversion unit is to convert input energy of low-voltage and high-current into high-voltage energy. The design core of the microplasma generating unit lies in the control of the distance between electrodes and the design of a discharge cavity.
Based on this, the invention provides a low-power ignition device and ignition method based on hollow cathode discharge, as shown in fig. 1, which is embodiment 1 of the invention.
A low-power ignition device based on hollow cathode discharge is composed of two parts, as shown in figure 6, in this embodiment, a miniature high-voltage conversion unit 1 is composed of two parts, namely a rectification circuit 10 and a voltage doubling circuit 11, wherein the rectification circuit 10 is a single-tube self-excitation rectification circuit composed of a triode and a transformer winding, and the collector voltage of the triode forms positive feedback through a resistor and a feedback winding on the transformer. When the low-voltage input power supply is electrified for the high-voltage conversion unit, the triode can rapidly enter a saturated state from a cut-off state because the current at the two ends of the inductor can not change suddenly, the voltage of the collector is reduced to cause the current of the base electrode to be reduced, the triode rapidly enters the cut-off state from the saturated state, and the whole process is repeated in cycles, so that the direct current is converted into the high-frequency alternating current to be applied to the primary winding of the transformer. The high-frequency alternating current generated by the rectifying circuit is boosted by the transformer and then input into the voltage doubling circuit for boosting and rectifying. The voltage doubling circuit utilizes the guiding function of a diode to store voltages in respective capacitors, then the capacitors are connected in series to form voltage superposition, and finally the obtained high-voltage alternating current is applied to an output end 2 and is input into the micro plasma generating unit.
The plasma generating unit in this embodiment is composed of an upper electrode, a lower electrode and an intermediate insulating medium layer, the electrode material can be copper, silver, aluminum, tungsten, platinum and the like, the shape is circular, and the upper electrode 7 is away from the axis at a certain distanceThe distance part is connected with a lead as a pin, the distance depends on the size of a discharge aperture, the electrode, an insulating medium material and the thickness, the typical distance is less than or equal to 0.5mm, an upper electrode pin 4 penetrates through pin holes reserved on an insulating medium layer 6 and a lower electrode 5 to be connected with a micro booster unit interface 2, and a discharge aperture 8 is reserved at the axis of an upper electrode 7. The material of the lower electrode 3 is the same as that of the upper electrode 5, and a pin is arranged at the central symmetry position of the pin of the upper electrode 7 and is connected with the output unit interface 2 of the micro booster device. The insulating medium 6 is SiO 2 Metalloid oxide material, al 2 O 3 The metal oxide material and organic non-metal material including PCB base material are round, the radius is slightly larger than the upper and lower electrode plates, the axle center part is provided with a discharge hole 8, the pin part corresponding to the upper electrode 7 is provided with a through hole, and a sleeve is connected to separate the upper electrode pin from the lower electrode. The upper and lower electrodes should be kept on the same straight line with the axis of the insulating medium layer 6 so that the discharge hole 8 is kept in a through state. When the micro high-voltage conversion unit 1 applies high-frequency high voltage to the upper and lower electrodes, the formed strong electric field firstly ionizes air to generate plasma, electrons oscillate between two opposite cathode potential drop regions, so that high ionization and excitation speed are caused, ionization is further enhanced, and more high-energy particles are generated.
A method of igniting a low power hollow cathode microplasma discharge comprising the steps of:
s1, loading an energetic medicament 9 into a plasma generation area.
S2, inputting a low-voltage direct-current signal to the miniature high-voltage conversion unit
S3, the micro high-voltage conversion unit converts the starting signal into high-voltage output
And S4, a high-voltage driving plasma generating unit is used for generating non-equilibrium plasma by gas breakdown in the holes and further igniting the thermite film or the powder column arranged on the non-equilibrium plasma.
And S5, repeating the operations from S1 to S4 if the energetic medicament needs to be replaced.
Specifically, the start signal of the low voltage and high current in step S1 is a dc signal, and the voltage range is 1.5V-12V.
Specifically, the output signal in step S2 of this embodiment may be an ac signal, the peak-to-peak value of which is in the range of 1kV to 30kV, and the current signal is a nonlinear abrupt current.
Specifically, the film charge and the columnar charge methods in this embodiment are shown in fig. 4 and 5, respectively.
In this example, when energy of 3v,1a was inputted to the micro high-voltage conversion unit, the current-voltage characteristic curve at the time of plasma generation was as shown in fig. 7. The ignition effect is shown in fig. 8, and it can be seen that it can achieve reliable ignition of the agent, and its flame height is comparable to the semiconductor bridge ignition effect.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. An ignition device for low power hollow cathode microplasma, comprising: the micro high-voltage conversion unit and the micro plasma generation unit; the miniature plasma generating unit adopts a sandwich structure consisting of an upper electrode, a lower electrode and an insulating medium in the middle, and one or more holes penetrating through the electrodes and the insulating medium are arranged on the miniature plasma generating unit and are used as a plasma generating area; the distance between the two electrodes is more than or equal to 1mm, and the diameter of the electrode micropore is more than or equal to 1mm; wherein, the input end of the micro plasma generating unit is connected with the output end of the micro high-voltage conversion unit.
2. The ignition device of the low-power hollow cathode microplasma according to claim 1, wherein the micro high-voltage conversion unit comprises a rectifying circuit and a booster circuit, the whole appearance of the micro high-voltage conversion unit is a cylinder or a cuboid, the diameter of the cylinder is more than or equal to 3cm, and the height of the cylinder is more than or equal to 10cm; the length and width of the cuboid are more than or equal to 3cm, and the height of the cuboid is more than or equal to 10cm; the voltage of the input end can be increased to 1kV-30kV and then output, the input direct current voltage signal is more than or equal to 12V, the current is more than or equal to 3A, the output voltage can be in the form of high-voltage direct current, alternating current and pulse, and the total power is more than or equal to 36W.
3. The ignition device of low-power hollow cathode microplasma according to claim 1, wherein the electrode material of the microplasma generation unit is copper, silver, aluminum, tungsten, platinum material, and the dielectric material can be SiO 2 Inorganic non-metallic material, al 2 O 3 Metal oxide materials and organic non-metallic materials including PCB substrates; the electrode and the insulating medium are circular, the thickness is more than or equal to 1mm, the diameter is 0.5mm-10mm, and the diameter of the electrode material is more than or equal to that of the insulating medium material.
4. A method for igniting a low power hollow cathode microplasma, comprising the steps of:
s1, filling an energetic medicament into a plasma generation area;
s2, inputting a starting signal of low voltage and high current to the miniature high-voltage conversion unit;
s3, converting the low-voltage direct-current starting signal into a high-voltage output by the miniature high-voltage conversion unit;
s4, driving a plasma generating unit to generate air non-equilibrium plasma by high voltage, and further igniting the energetic charge embedded into the micropores or the energetic film adhered to the upper parts of the micropores to realize ignition;
and S5, repeating the operations from S1 to S4 if the energetic medicament needs to be replaced.
5. The ignition method according to claim 4, wherein the input in step S1 is low voltage direct current with a voltage range of 1.5V-12V; the output in step S2 is in the form of high-voltage wave dc, ac, and pulse.
6. The ignition method according to claim 4, wherein the dc output voltage has a magnitude of 1kV-30kV; the peak-to-peak value of the alternating current output voltage is 1kV to 30kV, and the frequency is 50Hz to 300MHz; the amplitude of the pulse output voltage is 1kV-30kV, and the rising edge: more than or equal to 100 mus, and the frequency is 50Hz-300MHz; the discharge current waveform of the plasma is a nonlinear sudden change current, and the ignition has transient response capability: for air gaps in millimeter order, the plasma generation process is more than or equal to 10 mus.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the working gas is air, the plasma is a non-equilibrium plasma, and the characteristic parameters include: (1) peak electron temperature: 1eV to 10eV; (2) The adjustable range of the electron and ion density is 10 12 /cm 3 -10 16 /cm 3 (ii) a (3) Typical active nitrogen oxygen particle is less than or equal to 10 12 /cm 3 Including nitrogen ion (N) 2 + ) Oxygen ion (O) 2 + ) Nitrogen atom (N), oxygen atom (O), ozone (O) 3 )。
8. The ignition method according to claim 4, wherein the energetic charge in step S3 is a lead stevensite primary charge, a thermite pyrotechnic charge or a boron/potassium nitrate ignition charge, and the primary charge or thermite applied to the surface of the device is attached to the discharge hole in the form of a thin film or is inserted into the hole in the form of a charge.
9. The ignition method according to claim 4, characterized in that the ignition mode is a multiple ignition.
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