CN115176549B - Ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in plateau alpine region - Google Patents
Ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in plateau alpine region Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention relates to an ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in a plateau alpine region, which comprises the following steps: (1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original seasonal frozen soil or peripheral seasonal frozen soil of an area to be repaired, carrying out frozen soil characteristic investigation, and determining lithologic characteristics and a rock stratum sequence of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired; (2) Designing and constructing an artificial reconstruction section of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired according to the rock stratum sequence; (3) According to the lithology characteristics and the rock stratum sequence, determining the composition of the imitation frozen soil material of the area to be repaired in a layering manner; (4) And (4) according to the rock stratum sequence, backfilling the imitation frozen soil materials of different layers prepared in the step (3) to the area to be repaired layer by adopting a mechanical backfilling method, performing micro landform modeling on the surface of the soil layer, building a vein system on the surface layer of the soil, performing vegetation greening on the vegetation layer, and then naturally recovering to seasonal frozen soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plateau mine environment restoration, and particularly relates to an ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in a plateau alpine region.
Background
The seasonal frozen soil is rock soil which contains ice in winter and is frozen and completely melted in summer. The seasonal frozen soil area of China occupies about 53.5 percent of the soil area of China and is mainly distributed in northern northeast, western high mountain areas and Qinghai-Tibet plateau areas. When the seasonal frozen soil melts in summer, the formation of uneven settlement of the soil layer due to uneven distribution of the ice layer and the ice lens body is an important cause of deformation and damage of various buildings. The characteristics of frost heaviness, melt-sinking and the like of the seasonal frozen soil have great influence on the engineering. The thawing of seasonal frozen soil directly determines the activation and runoff, migration and retention of water on a frozen layer and shallow water. In addition, seasonally frozen soil also determines the spatial part of water in shallow soil on a relatively microscopic scale, and further influences the growth of surface vegetation, soil desertification and the like. The seasonal frozen soil is sensitive to the reflection of environmental temperature, rainfall, energy transfer and the like, has great significance for the balance of regional underground water resources, geological disasters related to the frozen soil, vegetation systems and ecological systems and even is indispensable for the stability and protection of the deep seasonal frozen soil.
At present, the technology for repairing the seasonal frozen soil layer of the mining pit in the alpine region of the plateau is still in a research stage, most of the practically used methods are foreign soil backfilling, or the frozen soil excavated in the original mining pit is simply and mechanically backfilled into the mining pit at one time, and the insufficient part is supplemented by the foreign soil.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides an ecological restoration method of seasonal frozen soil in a plateau alpine region, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original seasonal frozen soil or peripheral seasonal frozen soil of an area to be repaired, carrying out frozen soil characteristic investigation, and determining lithologic characteristics and a rock stratum sequence of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired;
(2) Designing and constructing an artificial reconstruction section of seasonal frozen soil of a region to be repaired according to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), wherein the seasonal frozen soil layer comprises a substrate layer, a coarse sandstone crushed particle layer, a fine particle crushed layer, a soil layer and a vegetation layer from bottom to top;
(3) According to the lithology characteristics and the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), determining the composition of the imitation frozen soil material of the area to be repaired in a layering manner;
(4) According to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), adopting a mechanical backfilling method to backfill the imitation frozen soil materials of different layers prepared in the step (3) to the area to be restored layer by layer, performing micro-relief modeling on the surface of the soil layer, performing vegetation greening on the vegetation layer, and then, waiting for the natural restoration of the vegetation layer to be seasonal frozen soil.
Optionally, in step (1), the basic geological data includes, but is not limited to, climate conditions of local rainfall and temperature, bottom boundary depth of seasonal frozen soil, distribution of frozen soil, original soil layer layered structure and level and compaction coefficient of stripped area of open pit, bedrock sandstone and mudstone structure and level position, water content of frozen layer, water quality type, structure and level position of aquifer and water-resisting layer.
The frozen soil characteristic survey comprises but is not limited to remote sensing, shallow drilling, groove exploration, temperature monitoring and geological survey of an area to be repaired; and (2) obtaining the characteristic information of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired through the step (1), determining the lithologic characteristics and rock stratum sequence of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired, and providing geological basis for the structural design of the seasonal frozen soil of the open pit.
The rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1) is formed by sequentially arranging a basal layer, an actual frozen soil layer, a soil layer and a vegetation layer from bottom to top, wherein the actual frozen soil layer is formed by alternately arranging a water-bearing layer and a water-resisting layer. The lithology characteristics determined in the step (1) comprise the position of a stratum basale (namely the bottom depth of seasonally frozen soil), the relative horizon and compaction coefficient of each aquifer and a waterproof layer, the bottom boundary of a soil layer and the bottom boundary of a vegetation layer.
Optionally, the step (2) specifically includes: and (2) according to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), taking the relative positions of the basal layer, the actual frozen soil layer, the soil layer and the vegetation layer of the seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired as position scales of the basal layer, the actual frozen soil layer, the soil layer and the vegetation layer of the frozen soil around the area to be repaired, so that each functional layer of the artificial seasonal frozen soil in the area to be repaired corresponds to each functional layer of the original seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired.
Optionally, in the step (3), the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer corresponds to the water-bearing layer, and the fine clastic layer corresponds to the water-resisting layer, wherein the frozen-imitated soil material comprises a substrate layer, a coarse sandstone crushed particle layer, a fine clastic layer and a soil layer;
the base layer comprises a first sandstone and a first mudstone; the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer comprises a second mudstone, a second sandstone, salts and backfilled plants; the fine particle clastic layer comprises third mudstone, third sandstone and first mixed organic matter; the soil layer comprises fine residue soil and a second mixed organic matter.
Further optionally, in the base layer, based on 100 parts by mass of the first mudstone, 30 to 40 parts of the first sandstone is used, the particle size of the first sandstone is 5 to 10cm, the first mudstone comprises siltstone and fourth mudstone which have the same mass, and the particle sizes of the siltstone and the fourth mudstone are both less than 5cm;
in the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer, based on 100 parts by mass of second sandstone, 80-90 parts of second mudstone, 0.01-0.05 part of salt and 10-20 parts of backfilled plants are used as the basis; the grain sizes of the second mudstone and the second sandstone are both 5-10cm;
the fine particle clastic layer is mainly made of fine particle mudstones, and is based on 100 parts by mass of third mudstones (namely the fine particle mudstones), wherein the third sandstone is 70-90 parts, the first mixed organic matter is 8-15 parts, the particle size of the third mudstones is less than 5cm, the particle size of the third sandstone is 5-10cm, the first mixed organic matter comprises fine sand soil and first organic matter which are the same in mass, and the first organic matter is selected from organic clay or sheep manure;
the grain size of the fine residue soil is less than 3cm, the second mixed organic matter comprises sheep manure, a fertilizer special for pasture and a common organic fertilizer, and the proportion of each component of the soil layer is flexibly adjusted according to the specific type of plants in the vegetation layer.
Further optionally, the salts include potassium salts, sodium salts, ammonium salts and calcium salts, such as calcium chloride, anhydrous sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, quaternary ammonium salts and the like, most of the salts are dissolved in water during backfilling and water application, and are uniformly distributed in the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer, when the air temperature is lower than zero, a uniform freezing structure is formed in the water-bearing layer, the water retention and water holding capacity of the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer is improved, the fertility of the frozen soil layer can be increased, and when plants are planted after the frozen soil layer is repaired, the plants can survive more easily.
Further optionally, the backfill plant comprises a high-land pasture, moss and moss. The plant is added into the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer, so that the plant is uniformly dispersed in the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer, the content of organic matters is increased, the artificially reconstructed frozen soil layer is closer to real seasonal frozen soil in composition, the binding force inside the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer can be increased by the fibers such as the stems, the root systems and the like of the plant after water is applied, when the air temperature is lower than zero-degree slag soil layer and is frozen, the whole soil layer structure is easier to keep by the slag soil layer, and the phenomenon of frost cracking and loosening is reduced.
Optionally, the step (4) specifically includes the following steps:
(a) Uniformly mixing the base layer material obtained in the step (3), backfilling and paving, and uniformly applying water after compacting, wherein the compacting coefficient is 0.85-0.90, so as to form a base layer;
(b) According to the artificial reconstruction profile constructed in the step (2), alternately paving a coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and a fine crushed particle layer above a substrate layer, and manually applying water to each layer to finish backfilling of an actual frozen soil layer; laying a soil layer above the actual frozen soil layer;
(c) Shallow ploughing on the surface of the soil layer to shape the surface soil layer vein, forming a soil surface vein system, and connecting the soil surface vein system to a water interception and drainage system to inhibit surface water accumulation and improve the water source conservation capacity of the soil;
(d) The grass seeds of local species are selected, the method can adapt to local special climate, manual or mechanical seeding is carried out, and the vegetation coverage after seeding is not lower than 5% of the coverage of the original vegetation on the periphery.
In the step (b), all components of the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer are uniformly mixed and then are filled back into the mining pit through a manual dump truck, and the backfilled plants do not need to be cut in advance and can be kept in a natural shape; and respectively and uniformly mixing the components of the fine particle fragment layer and the soil layer, and then backfilling the fine particle fragment layer and the soil layer into the mining pit through a manual dump truck.
Further optionally, in step (b), the thickness of the coarse sandstone crushed layer is 0.5-1 m, and the thickness of the fine clast layer is 0.3-0.5 m; after each layer of water is applied, no obvious water accumulation is required on the surface, for example, the water application amount is not more than 5wt% of the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer or the fine crushed particle layer, if an obvious frozen ice layer is generated due to the water accumulation, the obvious frozen ice layer is removed by adopting an engineering measure, and then the layer-by-layer backfilling is continuously carried out upwards layer by layer, wherein the compaction coefficient of each layer is 0.80-0.85.
Further optionally, the pH value of the water for applying water is 7.0-7.5, and the volume of the water for applying water in each layer is not more than 5% of the total volume of the layer.
Further optionally, when the overall thickness of the seasonal frozen soil restoration is thick, for example, the overall thickness is more than 50 m, the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and the fine crushed particle layer are compacted once when the total backfill thickness of the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and the fine crushed particle layer reaches 3-5 m, and the compaction coefficient is 0.80-0.85.
Optionally, in the step (c), the soil surface layer scripture is selected from S-shaped wave textures or grid textures constructed by combining different spaces and different direction angles, the height of the textures is not more than 5cm, a soil surface layer scripture system is formed, and finally, the effects of purposeful conservation and transportation on atmospheric precipitation under the guidance of the soil surface layer scripture system are facilitated, so that favorable conditions are provided for plant growth;
the water intercepting and draining system is an original water intercepting and draining system in an excavation area and aims to drain ponding of a vegetation layer when precipitation is more.
The seasonal frozen soil in the highland and alpine region is evolved through a natural process for many years and undergoes a long-term natural process of repeated freezing and melting, the frozen soil restoration of the open pit is formed by layer backfilling in a short period, and the natural evolution process experienced by each layer of structure is short, so that the artificially restored frozen soil layer and the naturally formed original seasonal frozen soil layer have certain difference in soil texture structure.
Further optionally, after each aquifer or water-resisting layer is backfilled, freezing at night when the temperature is lower than zero, unfreezing at daytime when the temperature is slightly higher, and uniformly acting on the uppermost slag soil layer by using hot air and an artificial light source in the daytime; the artificial light source is a xenon lamp, the temperature of hot air is 10-15 ℃ higher than the highest temperature in the local daytime, water is uniformly applied in the daytime in a grading manner, the slag soil layer is fully wetted, the uppermost slag soil layer, namely the currently processed slag soil layer, is fully thawed, experiences simulated wind blowing and sun-drying environments and fully absorbs water in the daytime, is fully frozen at night, and experiences a more severely-changed artificial simulated plateau environment in a short time, so that the characters of the artificial seasonal frozen soil layer repaired by the method are closer to the real seasonal frozen soil layer.
Because the thickness of the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer is generally larger than that of the fine particle crushed particle layer, the treatment method of the muck layer has the advantages that the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer is larger than the fine particle crushed particle layer in time, the treatment time is in direct proportion to the thickness of the muck layer, and the treatment method can be flexibly set according to local specific meteorological conditions and seasonal frozen soil conditions.
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of the plateau, provided by the invention, has the following beneficial effects:
the method comprises the steps of determining lithologic characteristics and a rock stratum sequence of seasonal frozen soil of a region to be repaired on the basis of recognizing characteristic information of the seasonal frozen soil around an excavated and damaged region on the ground surface by utilizing original or peripheral basic geological data of the region to be repaired and by means of remote sensing, shallow drilling, groove exploration, temperature monitoring and geological survey, designing and constructing an artificial reconstruction section of the seasonal frozen soil of the region to be repaired by using a built seasonal frozen soil section principle model, and then realizing lap-joint fusion of the prepared imitation frozen soil material and each functional layer of the peripheral original seasonal frozen soil by using construction measures such as layered backfilling, compaction, covering soil and greening. Meanwhile, frozen soil geological disasters caused by freeze thawing action are better inhibited, the permafrost on the lower part of the restoration area is indirectly protected, and finally powerful guarantee is provided for restoration and stabilization of an ecological system under the high and cold special natural environment of the plateau.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in high and cold areas of plateau;
FIG. 2 is an overall schematic view of an open pit for frozen soil remediation;
fig. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion a in fig. 2.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region in the plateau, as shown in fig. 1-3, includes the following steps:
(1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original seasonal frozen soil or peripheral seasonal frozen soil of an area to be repaired (an open pit of a certain coal mine on a certain plateau in Tibet), wherein the basic geological data collection comprises the climatic conditions of local rainfall and temperature, the bottom boundary depth of the seasonal frozen soil, the distribution of the frozen soil, the layered structure and the level and the compaction coefficient of an original soil layer in a stripping area of the open pit, the structure and the level position of bedrock sandstone and mudstone, the water content of a frozen layer, the water quality type, the structure and the level position of an aquifer and a water-resisting layer;
performing frozen soil characteristic investigation on the area to be repaired by adopting technical means of remote sensing, shallow drilling, groove exploration, temperature monitoring and geological investigation, and determining lithologic characteristics and a rock stratum sequence of seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired;
the rock stratum sequence is formed by sequentially arranging a base stratum layer, an actual frozen soil layer, a soil layer and a vegetation layer from bottom to top, the actual frozen soil layer is formed by alternately arranging water-bearing layers and water-resisting layers, and the lithological characteristics comprise the position of the base stratum layer (namely the bottom depth of seasonal frozen soil), the relative position and compaction coefficient of each water-bearing layer and each water-resisting layer, the bottom boundary of the soil layer and the bottom boundary of the vegetation layer;
(2) According to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), taking the relative positions of the basal layer, the actual frozen soil layer, the soil layer and the vegetation layer of the seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired as position scales of the basal layer, the actual frozen soil layer, the soil layer and the vegetation layer of the frozen soil around the area to be repaired respectively, so that each functional layer of the artificial seasonal frozen soil in the area to be repaired corresponds to each functional layer of the original seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired;
(3) According to the lithology characteristics and the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), determining the composition of the imitation frozen soil material of the area to be repaired in a layering mode; the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer corresponds to the aquifer, the fine-grained clastic layer corresponds to the water-resisting layer, and the imitation frozen soil material comprises a basal layer, a coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer, a fine-grained clastic layer and a soil layer;
specifically, the base layer comprises a first sandstone and a first mudstone, based on 100 parts by mass of the first mudstone, the first sandstone is 40 parts, the grain diameter of the first sandstone is 5-10cm, the first mudstone comprises a siltstone and a fourth mudstone which have the same mass, and the grain diameters of the siltstone and the fourth mudstone are both less than 5cm;
the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer comprises a second mudstone, a second sandstone, salts and backfill plants, wherein the second mudstone is 90 parts by mass, the salts are 0.05 part by mass and the backfill plants are 20 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the second sandstone; the grain diameters of the second mudstone and the second sandstone are both 5-10cm;
the fine particle clastic layer comprises a third mudstone, a third sandstone and a first mixed organic matter, the third mudstone is based on 100 parts by mass, the third sandstone is 90 parts, the first mixed organic matter is 15 parts, the particle size of the third mudstone is less than 5cm, the particle size of the third sandstone is 5-10cm, the first mixed organic matter comprises fine sandy soil and a first organic matter which are the same in mass, and the first organic matter is selected from organic clay or sheep manure;
the soil layer comprises fine muck and second mixed organic matters, the particle size of the fine muck is smaller than 3cm, the second mixed organic matters comprise sheep manure, a special fertilizer for pasture and a common organic fertilizer, the volume ratio of the second mixed organic matters to the fine muck is 1;
the salts comprise calcium chloride, anhydrous sodium sulfate, potassium chloride and quaternary ammonium salt-73 with equal mass, and the backfilled plants comprise plateau forage grass, moss and lichen with equal volume;
(4) According to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), a mechanical backfilling method is adopted in 9 months, the imitation frozen soil materials of different layers prepared in the step (3) are backfilled to the area to be restored in a layered mode, micro landform modeling is carried out on the surface of the soil layer, vegetation is regreened on the vegetation layer, and then the natural restoration of the vegetation layer is seasonal frozen soil, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(a) Uniformly mixing the base layer material obtained in the step (3), backfilling and paving, and uniformly applying water after compacting, wherein the compacting coefficient is 0.90, so as to form a base layer;
(b) According to the artificial reconstruction profile constructed in the step (2), alternately paving a coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and a fine crushed particle layer above a substrate layer, and manually applying water to each layer to finish backfilling of an actual frozen soil layer; laying a soil layer above the actual frozen soil layer;
the components of the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer are uniformly mixed and then are backfilled into the mining pit through a manual dump truck, and backfilled plants are not required to be chopped in advance and are kept in a natural form; respectively and uniformly mixing the components of the fine particle fragment layer and the soil layer, and then refilling the fine particle fragment layer and the soil layer into the mining pit through a manual dump truck;
the thickness of the coarse sandstone crushed layer is 1m, and the thickness of the fine sandstone crushed layer is 0.3 m; after each layer of water is applied, the water application amount is not more than 5wt% of the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer or the fine crushed particle layer, obvious water cannot be accumulated on the surface, if an obvious frozen ice layer is generated due to the water accumulation, an engineering measure is adopted for removing the ice layer, and then the water is continuously backfilled layer by layer upwards;
the whole thickness of the seasonal frozen soil restoration is more than 50 meters, and when the total backfill thickness of the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and the fine crushed particle layer reaches 3 meters, the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and the fine crushed particle layer are additionally compacted once, wherein the compaction coefficient is 0.85;
the pH value of the water quality of the applied water is 7.0-7.5, the volume of the applied water of each layer does not exceed 5 percent of the total volume of the layer, and the compaction coefficient of each layer is 0.85;
(c) Shallow ploughing the surface of the soil layer to shape the surface soil layer vein, forming a soil surface layer vein system, and connecting the soil surface layer vein system to a water interception and drainage system to inhibit surface water accumulation and improve the water source conservation capacity of the soil;
the soil surface layer vein is S-shaped wave texture, the height of the texture is not higher than 5cm, a soil surface layer vein system is formed, and finally, the effects of purposeful conservation and transportation on atmospheric precipitation are facilitated under the guidance of the soil surface layer vein system, so that favorable conditions are provided for plant growth;
the cutting and drainage system is an original cutting and drainage system in an open mining area and aims to drain accumulated water of a vegetation layer when precipitation is high;
(d) The method selects grassland annual bluegrass, cold-land annual bluegrass and Chinese lanceolata seeds of local species, can adapt to local special climate, and adopts artificial or mechanical sowing, and the vegetation coverage after sowing is not less than 5% of the coverage of the peripheral undisturbed vegetation.
Comparative example 1
According to the ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region, the alien soil is directly used for integrally backfilling to the open pit without backfilling in a layered mode, compaction and water injection are carried out after the integral backfilling, the alien soil is ordinary sandy soil, then the surface of a backfilled soil layer is fertilized, specifically sheep manure, forage grass special fertilizer and ordinary organic fertilizer, and then plants are planted on the fertilizer.
Comparative example 2
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region in the comparative example is only different from the embodiment 1 in that a base layer is not arranged, and in the step (3), the base layer is not laid at the bottom of the open pit, but an actual frozen soil layer is directly laid, namely, the step (a) is not included.
Example 2
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of the plateau is different from the embodiment only in that a soil layer is not arranged, the soil layer is not laid above the actual frozen soil layer in the step (b), and surface soil layer veins are directly formed on the surface of the uppermost layer of the actual frozen soil layer in the step (c) to form a soil surface layer vein system. And is connected with a water intercepting and draining structure.
Example 3
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of the plateau described in this embodiment is different from that in embodiment 1 only in that the step (c) is not included, and plants are directly planted on the surface of the soil layer.
Example 4
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region is only different from the ecological restoration method in the embodiment 1 in that in the step (2), according to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), each functional layer of the artificial seasonal frozen soil in the region to be restored does not correspond to each functional layer of the original surrounding seasonal frozen soil any longer, backfilling is carried out according to a fixed thickness, and the thicknesses of the substrate layer, the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer, the fine particle crushed particle layer and the soil layer are respectively 0.4m, 1m, 0.3m and 0.3m.
Example 5
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of plateau described in the embodiment is different from the embodiment 1 only in that in the step (3), no salt is added into the coarse-grained sandstone crushed layer.
Example 6
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of the plateau described in the embodiment is different from the embodiment 1 only in that no backfill plant is added in the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer in the step (3).
Example 7
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of plateau described in the embodiment is different from the embodiment 1 only in that in the step (3), only the second sandstone is arranged in the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer, and the second mudstone, the salts and the backfilling plants are not included.
Example 8
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of the plateau described in this embodiment is different from that in embodiment 1 only in that, in step (3), only the third mudstone is present in the fine particle clastic layer, and the third sandstone and the first mixed organic matter are not included.
Example 9
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region of the plateau disclosed by the embodiment is only different from the embodiment 1 in that in the step (b), after each slag soil layer is backfilled, the slag soil layer is frozen at night with the air temperature lower than zero and then thawed in daytime with the air temperature higher than zero, and hot air and an artificial light source are uniformly applied to the uppermost slag soil layer in daytime; the artificial light source is a xenon lamp, the temperature of hot air is 15 ℃ higher than the highest temperature in the local daytime, water is uniformly applied for 3 times in the daytime to fully wet the slag soil layer, the uppermost slag soil layer is favorably fully thawed in the daytime, experiences a simulated wind blowing environment and fully absorbs water, and is fully frozen at night; in the method for treating the muck layer, the crushed particle layer of the coarse-grained sandstone is larger than the crushed particle layer of the fine-grained sandstone in terms of time, and the treatment time is in direct proportion to the thickness of the muck layer.
Example 10
The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region is only different from that in the embodiment 1 in that in the step (3), the first sandstone is 30 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the first mudstone in the basal layer;
in the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer, based on 100 parts by mass of second sandstone, 80 parts of second mudstone, 0.01 part of salt and 10 parts of backfilled plants are used;
in the fine particle clastic layer, based on 100 parts by mass of the third mudstone, 70 parts of the third sandstone and 8 parts of the first mixed organic matter are used.
TABLE 1 comparison of frozen soil restoration effects of examples and comparative examples
The restoration standard of the seasonal frozen soil is winter frozen soil season and summer frozen soil ablation season, when the frozen soil is excavated in the winter frozen soil season, a cavity or a gap structure can be seen on the section of the frozen soil, and ice particles or frozen fillers can be seen in the cavity or the gap; as a supplement, the surface layer is a conventional soil layer when the soil is excavated in the summer ablation season, and the surface layer has higher humidity and is a seasonal frozen soil layer.
As can be seen from the above table, the ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region provided by the invention can quickly restore the performance of the frozen soil layer of the open pit, so that the restored frozen soil layer can be restored in a short time, and a good foundation is provided for the natural evolution of the restored frozen soil layer in the natural environment in the future.
In example 2, the soil layer was not provided, and the recovery rate of the vegetation layer was 1/5 of that of example 1. Example 3 the vein culture system without the soil layer has the advantages of rapid water loss, easy occurrence of serious conditions such as local surface water and the like, and reduced water source conservation capacity, and the recovery speed of the vegetation layer is 1/3 of that of the vegetation layer in example 1. In example 4, each layer of the seasonally frozen soil in the repair area does not correspond to each layer of the surrounding seasonally frozen soil, and the joint between the repair area and the surrounding original ground surface has the phenomena of water accumulation, cracking, weak subsidence and the like.
Claims (9)
1. An ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in alpine regions of plateau is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original seasonal frozen soil or peripheral seasonal frozen soil of an area to be repaired, carrying out frozen soil characteristic investigation, and determining lithologic characteristics and a rock stratum sequence of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired;
(2) Designing and constructing an artificial reconstruction section of seasonal frozen soil of a region to be repaired according to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), wherein the seasonal frozen soil layer comprises a substrate layer, a coarse sandstone crushed particle layer, a fine particle crushed layer, a soil layer and a vegetation layer from bottom to top;
(3) According to the lithology characteristics and the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), determining the composition of the imitation frozen soil material of the area to be repaired in a layering mode;
(4) According to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), adopting a mechanical backfilling method, backfilling the imitation frozen soil materials of different layers prepared in the step (3) to the area to be repaired layer by layer, performing micro-relief modeling on the surface of the soil layer, performing vegetation greening on the vegetation layer, and then, after the vegetation layer is naturally restored to seasonal frozen soil;
in the step (1), the basic geological data comprise climatic conditions of local rainfall and temperature, bottom boundary depth of seasonal frozen soil, distribution of frozen soil, layered structure, layer position and compaction coefficient of original soil layer in stripping area of open pit, structure and layer position of bedrock sandstone and mudstone, water content of frozen layer, water quality type, structure and layer position of aquifer and water-resisting layer;
the frozen soil characteristic survey comprises remote sensing, shallow drilling, groove exploration, temperature monitoring and geological survey of an area to be repaired; and (2) obtaining the characteristic information of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired through the step (1), determining the lithologic characteristics and rock stratum sequence of the seasonal frozen soil of the area to be repaired, and providing geological basis for the structural design of the seasonal frozen soil of the open pit.
2. The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine plateau areas according to claim 1, wherein the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1) is that a base stratum layer, an actual frozen soil layer, a soil layer and a vegetation stratum are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, and the actual frozen soil layer is that a water-bearing layer and a water-resisting layer are alternately arranged;
the lithology characteristics determined in the step (1) comprise the position of a basal layer, the relative position and compaction coefficient of each aquifer and each waterproof layer, the bottom boundary of a soil layer and the bottom boundary of a vegetation layer.
3. The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine region in plateau as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step (2) is specifically: and (2) according to the rock stratum sequence determined in the step (1), taking the relative positions of the basal layer, the actual frozen soil layer, the soil layer and the vegetation layer of the seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired as position scales of the basal layer, the actual frozen soil layer, the soil layer and the vegetation layer of the frozen soil around the area to be repaired, so that each functional layer of the artificial seasonal frozen soil in the area to be repaired corresponds to each functional layer of the original seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired.
4. The ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in plateau alpine regions according to claim 3, wherein in the step (3), the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer corresponds to the aquifer, the fine clastic layer corresponds to the water-resisting layer, and the imitation frozen soil material comprises a base layer, the coarse sandstone crushed particle layer, the fine clastic layer and a soil layer;
the base layer comprises a first sandstone and a first mudstone; the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer comprises second mudstone, second sandstone, salts and backfilled plants; the fine particle clastic layer comprises third mudstone, third sandstone and first mixed organic matter; the soil layer comprises fine residue soil and a second mixed organic matter.
5. The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region according to claim 4, wherein the coarse-grained sandstone crushed particle layer comprises, based on 100 parts by mass of the second sandstone, 80 to 90 parts of the second mudstone, 0.01 to 0.05 part of salts, and 10 to 20 parts of backfill plants; the grain sizes of the second mudstone and the second sandstone are both 5-10cm;
in the fine particle clastic layer, based on 100 parts by mass of third mudstone, 70-90 parts of third sandstone, 8-15 parts of first mixed organic matter, the particle size of the third mudstone is less than 5cm, the particle size of the third sandstone is 5-10cm, the first mixed organic matter comprises fine sandy soil and first organic matter which are the same in mass, and the first organic matter is selected from organic clay or sheep manure.
6. The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the plateau alpine region according to claim 5, wherein the basal layer comprises, based on 100 parts by mass of the first mudstone, 30-40 parts of the first sandstone, the particle size of the first sandstone being 5-10cm, the first mudstone comprising siltstones and fourth mudstones which are identical in mass, and the particle size of each of the siltstones and the fourth mudstone being less than 5cm;
the particle size of the fine residue soil is less than 3cm, and the second mixed organic matter comprises sheep manure, a special fertilizer for pasture and a common organic fertilizer.
7. The ecological restoration method for the seasonal frozen soil in the alpine plateau areas as claimed in claim 6, wherein the step (4) specifically comprises the following steps:
(a) Uniformly mixing the base layer material obtained in the step (3), backfilling and paving, and uniformly applying water after compacting, wherein the compacting coefficient is 0.85-0.90, so as to form a base layer;
(b) According to the artificial reconstruction profile constructed in the step (2), alternately paving a coarse sandstone crushed particle layer and a fine crushed particle layer above a substrate layer, and manually applying water to each layer to finish backfilling of an actual frozen soil layer; laying a soil layer above the actual frozen soil layer;
(c) Shallow ploughing the surface of the soil layer to shape the surface soil layer vein, forming a soil surface layer vein system, and connecting the soil surface layer vein system to a water interception and drainage system to inhibit surface water accumulation and improve the water source conservation capacity of the soil;
(d) The grass seeds of local species are selected, the method can adapt to local special climate, manual or mechanical seeding is carried out, and the vegetation coverage after seeding is not lower than 5% of the coverage of the original vegetation on the periphery.
8. The ecological restoration method for seasonal frozen soil in highland and alpine regions as claimed in claim 7, wherein in step (c), the soil surface veins are selected from S-shaped wave veins, or grid type veins constructed by combining different intervals and different direction angles, the height of the veins is not more than 5cm, and a soil surface vein system is formed.
9. The ecological restoration method for the seasonally frozen soil in the alpine region of plateau as claimed in claim 7, wherein after each slag soil layer is backfilled, the slag soil layer is frozen at night with the air temperature lower than zero, then thawed in the daytime, and hot air and an artificial light source are uniformly applied to the uppermost slag soil layer in the daytime; the artificial light source is a xenon lamp, the temperature of the hot air is 10-15 ℃ higher than the highest temperature in the local daytime, and water is uniformly applied in several times in the daytime.
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