CN115050999B - Fuel cell system and low temperature shutdown process thereof - Google Patents
Fuel cell system and low temperature shutdown process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115050999B CN115050999B CN202210795958.9A CN202210795958A CN115050999B CN 115050999 B CN115050999 B CN 115050999B CN 202210795958 A CN202210795958 A CN 202210795958A CN 115050999 B CN115050999 B CN 115050999B
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 184
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 147
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 206010037544 Purging Diseases 0.000 claims description 109
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- HEZMWWAKWCSUCB-PHDIDXHHSA-N (3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H]1C=CC(C(O)=O)=C[C@H]1O HEZMWWAKWCSUCB-PHDIDXHHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940090046 jet injector Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
- H01M8/04179—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal by purging or increasing flow or pressure of reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04253—Means for solving freezing problems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04679—Failure or abnormal function of fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a low-temperature shutdown process of a fuel cell system, which comprises the following steps: after receiving a shutdown instruction, the fuel cell system firstly judges whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment according to the indication of an ambient temperature sensor, if not, the fuel cell system is subjected to normal-temperature shutdown, and if so, the fuel cell system is subjected to a low-temperature purging process; after the low-temperature purging process is executed, an air compressor, an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve in the air subsystem are closed; checking whether the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are in a closed state, if not, stopping the machine, executing a fault processing process, and if so, continuing to execute a low-temperature stopping process; closing the shutoff valve, the hydrogen injection ejector, the exhaust valve and the drain valve; and closing the cooling water pump and the cooling three-way valve, and ending the low-temperature shutdown process. The method optimizes and improves the drainage efficiency in the low-temperature shutdown process, and reduces the influence of the icing of the residual water in the fuel cell stack on the next start.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of low-temperature shutdown control technology for a vehicle fuel cell system, and more particularly, to a fuel cell system and a low-temperature shutdown process thereof.
Background
The fuel cell system is a power system for a new energy automobile, takes hydrogen as fuel, takes air as oxidant, and generates electric energy, and the emission is only water and heat. The fuel cell system includes core components (fuel cell stack), electrical accessories (air compressor, humidifier, sensor, hydrogen circulation pump, injector, valve-like parts, DCDC, etc.), thermal management system components (anode heat exchanger, intercooler, thermostat, etc.), connected piping joints, mechanical structures, etc.
The most core component in the fuel cell system, the fuel cell stack, is an electrochemical device for generating electric energy by utilizing the electrochemical reaction of fuel hydrogen and oxidant air, the anode of the fuel cell stack generates oxidation reaction of hydrogen, and the cathode generates reduction reaction of air. Unlike conventional internal combustion engines, fuel cell stacks produce electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, whose operational durability is greatly affected by operating conditions. Particularly when operating in low temperature environments, generally has a large impact on the durability of the fuel cell system. For example, if free water in the fuel cell stack is not removed as much as possible during the low-temperature shutdown, the water will freeze in the fuel cell stack, and the icing will reduce the effective reaction area of the membrane electrode in the fuel cell stack, which affects the next low-temperature start after the low-temperature shutdown. Repeated icing and deicing of the membrane electrode in the fuel cell stack can cause repeated change of mechanical stress of the membrane electrode and can also influence the service life of the fuel cell stack. Therefore, in the low-temperature shutdown process, the water in the fuel cell stack needs to be blown dry as much as possible, so that the icing in the fuel cell stack is reduced, and the influence on the next low-temperature start is reduced.
The low temperature shutdown process and the purging strategy and the scheme of the existing fuel cell system are as follows:
1. and the normal-flow and normal-pressure purging is implemented by monitoring the ohmic resistance change in the purging process. Such as CN 112436164a, fuel cell low temperature purge control, system and storage medium, and CN 112366336a, a purge method for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. And in the purging process of the low-temperature shutdown process, the purging flow and pressure are determined through the temperature interval and the ohmic resistance value of the electric pile, and the purging process of constant flow and pressure is executed. After purging, the machine is stopped when a specific condition is reached. According to the method, the purging process is simpler, a normal-pressure and normal-flow purging mode is adopted, the purging efficiency has an improvement space, and the purging process does not carry out temperature control. In addition, the need for a device that inherits the ohmic resistance value test increases the complexity of the fuel cell system.
2. And the constant-flow and normal-pressure purging is implemented by monitoring the hydrogen concentration and ohmic resistance change in the purging process. Such as CN 113629274A, a fuel cell system shutdown purge control method and apparatus. The purging method provided by the patent confirms the purging process by means of simultaneously detecting whether the hydrogen concentration and the fuel cell stack impedance reach preset values. And after purging, judging that the shutdown purging is finished. The patent method relates to hydrogen concentration test at the inlet of a fuel cell stack, and a hydrogen concentration sensor needs to be additionally integrated, so that the complexity of a fuel cell system is increased. The hydrogen concentration sensor is applied less at present, and the scheme maturity is poor.
3. And constant-flow and normal-pressure purging is implemented by monitoring the temperature change of the thermal management system. A fuel cell system and shutdown purge method thereof, as well as CN 113299946A, fuel cell shutdown condition thermal management methods and apparatus, are described in CN 113629277 a. And controlling the temperature of the fuel cell stack in the purging process by using a PTC heating or heating film heating mode, so that the purging process is ended after the fuel cell system performs normal-pressure and constant-flow purging for a certain time. According to the method, the low-temperature purging process mode is generally adopted as a judging basis for the end of purging through purging time, and because no direct monitoring quantity exists, experience is depended, and the difficulty of precisely controlling purging is high.
4. Constant flow and normal pressure purging is implemented by monitoring the voltage change of the fuel cell stack. Such as CN 111952636a, a low-temperature purging process method for a fuel cell system for a vehicle, and CN 111403780a, a shutdown processing method and apparatus for a fuel cell system. And judging whether the purging is sufficient or not through comparison of the fuel cell stack voltage and the reference voltage, and executing a multi-section or one-section purging process. Among them, the patent method proposed by CN 111403780a also relates to the thermal management control of the fuel cell stack during the shutdown process. The purging method proposed by the patent still adopts a normal-pressure and normal-flow purging mode, and has room for improvement in purging efficiency.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a fuel cell system which can smoothly finish shutdown in a low-temperature environment.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a low temperature shutdown process of a fuel cell system, which optimizes the low temperature shutdown process to perform staged purging through the processes of load reduction, purging, discharging, shutdown, etc. and control strategies, so as to improve the purging efficiency, improve the drainage efficiency in the low temperature shutdown process, and reduce the influence of the freezing of the residual water in the fuel cell stack on the next start.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a fuel cell system including a hydrogen subsystem and an air subsystem; the hydrogen subsystem comprises a hydrogen tank, a shut-off valve, a hydrogen injection ejector, a fuel cell stack, an exhaust valve and a drain valve; the hydrogen tank is used for storing hydrogen; the inlet of the shutoff valve is communicated with the hydrogen tank; the inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector is communicated with the outlet of the shutoff valve; the cathode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector, and the cathode cavity outlet is communicated with the circulating inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector; the inlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with the outlet of the cathode cavity, and the outlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with the tail calandria of the fuel cell system; the air subsystem comprises an air compressor, an intercooler, an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve; the air compressor is used for providing high-pressure air; the gas inlet of the intercooler is communicated with the outlet of the air compressor; the air three-way valve inlet is communicated with the gas outlet of the intercooler, and the first outlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with the anode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack; the inlet of the back pressure valve is communicated with the outlet of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack, and the outlet of the back pressure valve is communicated with the tail drain pipe of the fuel cell system.
In a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell system further comprises a thermal management subsystem comprising a cooling water pump and a cooling three-way valve; one path of a liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the other path of the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the intercooler; the liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve is simultaneously communicated with the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack and the cooling liquid outlet of the intercooler, and one liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve is communicated with the liquid inlet of the cooling water pump.
In a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell system further comprises an air pressure sensor, a hydrogen pressure sensor, a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor, and an ambient temperature sensor; the air pressure sensor is arranged on a pipeline between a first outlet of the air three-way valve and an anode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack; the hydrogen pressure sensor is arranged on a pipeline between the outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector and the cathode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack; the first temperature sensor is arranged at the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump; the second temperature sensor is arranged at a liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve; the ambient temperature sensor is disposed in an environment of the fuel cell system; wherein the second outlet of the air three-way valve communicates with a tail stack of the fuel cell system.
To achieve the above another object, the present invention also provides a low temperature shutdown process applied to a fuel cell system as described above, comprising: after receiving a shutdown instruction, the fuel cell system firstly judges whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment according to the indication of an ambient temperature sensor, if not, the fuel cell system is subjected to normal-temperature shutdown, and if so, the fuel cell system is subjected to a low-temperature purging process; after the low-temperature purging process is executed, an air compressor, an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve in the air subsystem are closed; checking whether the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are in a closed state, if not, stopping the machine, executing a fault processing process, and if so, continuing to execute a low-temperature stopping process; closing the shutoff valve, the hydrogen injection ejector, the exhaust valve and the drain valve; and closing the cooling water pump and the cooling three-way valve, and ending the low-temperature shutdown process.
In a preferred embodiment, the cryogenic purging process includes a first purging stage comprising: firstly checking whether a fault exists in the fuel cell system, if so, executing a fault processing flow, and if not, continuing to execute a low-temperature purging process; reducing the load current of the fuel cell system to a first set current value; the method comprises the steps of (1) fully opening an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve by adjusting the rotating speed of an air compressor, and purging a cathode cavity of a fuel cell stack with set flow and set pressure; after the first set time, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the opening of the back pressure valve are regulated to perform pressure pulse purging on the cathode cavity between the pressure and the flow higher than the set pressure and the set flow and between the set pressure and the set flow; restoring to purge the cathode cavity at the set pressure and the set flow after the second set time; the cooling water pump drives the cooling liquid at a set rotating speed to circulate at a set flow rate while purging the cathode cavity so as to lead out heat generated by the fuel cell stack in the first purging stage; the hydrogen injection ejector is controlled by feedback to adjust the pressure of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack to follow the pressure of the cathode cavity; the exhaust valve and the drain valve are periodically switched on and off at a certain frequency according to a first preset pulse spectrum inquired by a first set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop; wherein the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen gas injection ejector and the exhaust gas exhausted by the exhaust valve form a purge to the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
In a preferred embodiment, the first purge stage further comprises: and when the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than the first set voltage value, ending the first purging stage.
In a preferred embodiment, the cryogenic purge process further comprises a second purge stage comprising: when the first purging stage is finished, continuously reducing the load current of the fuel cell system to a second set current value; the method comprises the steps of (1) purging a cathode cavity by adjusting the rotating speed of an air compressor and fully opening an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve with set flow and set pressure, and after a third set time, rapidly reducing the opening of the back pressure valve for 0.5s and returning to a fully-opened state so as to simulate a blasting pulse purging mode and further purge the cathode cavity; after the simulated blasting pulse purging mode for the fourth set time, returning to purge the cathode cavity with the set flow and the set pressure; the rotating speed of the cooling water pump is regulated through feedback control while the cathode cavity is purged, so that the temperature difference between the cooling liquid inlet and the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack is kept at a set temperature difference value, and meanwhile, the opening of the cooling three-way valve is regulated through feedback control, so that the display temperature of the first temperature sensor is kept at the set temperature value; meanwhile, the switching frequency of the exhaust valve and the drain valve is quickened, and according to a second preset pulse spectrum inquired by a second set current, the exhaust valve and the drain valve are periodically switched on and off at a certain frequency so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in a hydrogen circulation loop; and meanwhile, the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen gas injection ejector and the exhaust gas exhausted by the exhaust valve form a purge for the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
In a preferred embodiment, the second purge stage further comprises: when the single voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than the second set voltage, the single voltage variance is smaller than the set variance, and the duration of the second purging stage is longer than the fifth set duration, and the second purging stage is finished, and the low-temperature purging process is finished; and if one of the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than the second set voltage, the cell voltage variance is smaller than the set variance and the duration of the second purging stage is longer than the fifth set duration, continuing the second purging stage.
Compared with the prior art, the fuel cell system and the low-temperature shutdown process thereof have the following beneficial effects: the specific framework of the fuel cell system can carry out staged purging by optimizing the low-temperature shutdown process in the processes of load reduction, purging, discharging, shutdown and the like and control strategies in the low-temperature shutdown process, so that the purging efficiency and the water draining efficiency in the low-temperature shutdown process are optimized and improved, and meanwhile, the influence of the icing of residual water in a fuel cell stack on the next starting is reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a fuel cell system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a low temperature shutdown process according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of a cryogenic purge process according to an embodiment of the invention.
The main reference numerals illustrate:
the system comprises a 1-fuel cell stack, a 2-air compressor, a 3-air three-way valve, a 4-back pressure valve, a 5-hydrogen tank, a 6-hydrogen injection injector, a 7-exhaust valve, an 8-exhaust valve, a 9-intercooler, a 10-shutoff valve, an 11-cooling three-way valve, a 12-cooling water pump, a 13-air pressure sensor, a 14-hydrogen pressure sensor, a 15-first temperature sensor, a 16-second temperature sensor and a 17-environment temperature sensor.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is, therefore, to be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
Throughout the specification and claims, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the term "comprise" or variations thereof such as "comprises" or "comprising", etc. will be understood to include the stated element or component without excluding other elements or components.
As shown in fig. 1, a fuel cell system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention mainly includes a hydrogen subsystem, an air subsystem, and a thermal management subsystem. The hydrogen subsystem mainly comprises a hydrogen tank 5, a shut-off valve 10, a hydrogen injection ejector 6, a fuel cell stack 1, an exhaust valve 7, a drain valve 8, a hydrogen pressure sensor 14 and the like. The hydrogen tank 5 is a fuel storage tank of the fuel cell system, the hydrogen tank 5 is connected with an inlet of the shutoff valve 10 through a pipeline, an outlet of the shutoff valve 10 is connected with an inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector 6 through a pipeline, an outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector 6 is connected with an anode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, and the hydrogen pressure sensor 14 is positioned between the hydrogen injection ejector 6 and the fuel cell stack 1. The outlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 is divided into three paths, one path is connected with the circulating inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector 6 through a pipeline to form a hydrogen circulating loop, the other path is connected with the inlet of the exhaust valve 7 through a pipeline, and the third path is connected with the inlet of the drain valve 8 through a pipeline. The outlet of the exhaust valve 7 and the outlet of the drain valve 8 are converged to a tail pipe through a pipeline for discharging tail gas out of the fuel cell system.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the air subsystem mainly includes an air compressor 2, an intercooler 9, an air three-way valve 3, a fuel cell stack 1, a back pressure valve 4, an air pressure sensor 13, an ambient temperature sensor 17, and the like. The air inlet of the fuel cell system is connected with the air compressor 2 through a pipeline, and the outlet of the air compressor 2 is connected with the intercooler 9 through a pipeline. The gas outlet of the intercooler 9 is connected with the air three-way valve 3 through a pipeline. The first outlet of the air three-way valve 3 is connected with the inlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, and the second outlet of the air three-way valve 3 is connected with the tail calandria through a pipeline. An air pressure sensor 13 is located between the fuel cell stack 1 and the first outlet of the air three-way valve 3. The outlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 is connected with the inlet of a back pressure valve 4 through a pipeline, the outlet of the back pressure valve 4 is connected with a tail drain pipe, and the tail gas is discharged out of the fuel cell system. The ambient temperature sensor 17 is placed in the fuel cell system environment.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the thermal management subsystem mainly includes a fuel cell stack 1, an intercooler 9, a cooling three-way valve 11, a cooling water pump 12, a first temperature sensor 15, a second temperature sensor 16, and the like. The inlet cooling liquid of the fuel cell system is mixed with the cooling liquid of one liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 and then enters the cooling water pump 12 through the pipeline connection, the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump 12 is split into two paths, one path is connected with the cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through the pipeline, and the other path is connected with the cooling liquid inlet of the intercooler 9 through the pipeline. The cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 is also split into two paths, one path is connected with the liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 through a pipeline, and the other path is connected with the cooling liquid outlet of the intercooler 9 through a pipeline. One liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 is connected with a mixed flow position of a liquid inlet of the cooling water pump 12 through a pipeline, and the other liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 is a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell system, so that cooling liquid flows into the whole vehicle through the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell system to exchange heat. The first temperature sensor 15 is located after the cooling water pump 12, and the second temperature sensor 16 is located at the inlet of the cooling three-way valve 11.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, after the hydrogen in the hydrogen tank 5 in the hydrogen subsystem is depressurized in multiple stages, the hydrogen enters the fuel cell system at a suitable pressure and flows through the hydrogen jet injector 6 into the hydrogen circulation loop. The hydrogen circulation loop is driven to circulate the gas in the circulation loop by the hydrogen injection ejector 6 while adjusting the pressure of the gas in the circulation loop. The pressure of the circulation loop is monitored by a hydrogen pressure sensor 14. The hydrogen in the circulation loop flows into the anode chamber of the fuel cell stack 1 as an anode reaction gas. The tail gas after the reaction flows back to the hydrogen circulation loop through the anode cavity outlet of the fuel cell stack 1. The reacted gas in the hydrogen circulation loop is discharged out of the fuel cell system through the exhaust valve 7, and accumulated water in the circulation loop is discharged out of the fuel cell system through the drain valve 8.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, after air in the air subsystem enters the fuel cell system through the air inlet, the air is pressurized by the air compressor 2, cooled by the intercooler 9, and flows through the first outlet of the air three-way valve 3 into the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 as cathode reactant gas. The tail gas after reaction flows into the back pressure valve 4 through the outlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1, and the opening of the back pressure valve 4 is used for adjusting the pressure of the gas in the air subsystem. The inlet pressure of the fuel cell stack 1 of the air subsystem is monitored by an air pressure sensor 13. The exhaust gas flows out of the fuel cell system through the outlet of the back pressure valve 4. The second outlet of the air three-way valve 3 plays a role of gas bypass, and the air which does not need to pass through the fuel cell stack 1 is bypassed to the tail row, so that the fuel cell system is directly reserved. The ambient temperature sensor 17 is used to monitor the ambient temperature.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the coolant of the thermal management subsystem enters the fuel cell system through a coolant inlet. After the lift is lifted by the cooling water pump 12, the heat is transferred in the cooling cavity after flowing into the cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack 1, and the heat generated in the electrochemical reaction process of the fuel cell stack 1 is led out. The cooling liquid flows out of the fuel cell system through the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 and flows into the whole vehicle of the fuel cell to dissipate heat through the second outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11. The first outlet of the three-way valve 11 serves as a coolant bypass, and the coolant which does not need to flow into the whole vehicle for heat dissipation is bypassed to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell system, and mixed with the inlet coolant. The thermal management subsystem of the fuel cell system has a cooling branch of the intercooler 9. The cooling liquid with lower outlet temperature of the cooling water pump 12 flows into the intercooler 9, hot air in the intercooler 9 is cooled, and the cooling liquid flows back to the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 after heat exchange and is mixed. The temperatures of the front and rear of the fuel cell stack 1 in the thermal management subsystem of the fuel cell system are monitored by the first temperature sensor 15 and the second temperature sensor 16, respectively.
As shown in fig. 2, a low temperature shutdown process of a fuel cell system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: after receiving the instruction, the fuel cell system first determines whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment based on the indication of the ambient temperature sensor 17. If the environment is not low-temperature environment, normal-temperature shutdown is performed. If the low temperature environment is present, a low temperature purge process is performed. After the low-temperature purging process is finished, the air subsystem is closed to form the air 2, the air three-way valve 3 and the back pressure valve 4. Judging whether the air compressor 2, the air three-way valve 3 and the back pressure valve 4 of the air subsystem of the fuel cell system are in a closed state, if not, stopping the fuel cell system, and executing a fault processing related process. If the machine is in the closed state, the machine is continuously stopped. And closing a shut-off valve 10, a hydrogen injection ejector 6, an exhaust valve 7 and a drain valve 8 in the hydrogen subsystem, and cooling a water pump 12 and a three-way valve 11 in the heat management subsystem. The low temperature shutdown process then ends.
Referring to FIG. 2 in conjunction with FIG. 3, in some embodiments, the cryogenic purge process essentially comprises the steps of: firstly, checking whether the fuel cell system has faults or not, and if so, executing related fault processing flow. If no fault exists, the low-temperature purging process is continued. The load current of the fuel cell system is reduced to a first set current value. And after the current reaches a first set current value, executing a purging process of the first purging stage. The first purge stage uses whether the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack 1 is smaller than a first set voltage value as an end judgment condition. And if the voltage value is larger than the first set voltage value, continuing the purging process of the first purging stage. If the value is smaller than the first set voltage value, the liquid water in the fuel cell stack 1 is mostly purged, and then the purging process of the second purging stage is started. The second purging stage uses whether the single voltage of the fuel cell stack 1 is smaller than a second set voltage value, whether the purging duration of the second purging stage is longer than a fifth set duration and whether the single voltage variance of the fuel cell stack 1 is smaller than a set variance as the basis for judging the end of purging. If the three conditions are not met at the same time, continuing the purging process of the second purging stage, and if the three conditions are met at the same time, ending the purging process.
Referring to fig. 2-3, in some embodiments, the first purge stage mainly includes: the air subsystem purges the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 at a set flow rate and a set pressure by adjusting the rotation speed of the air compressor 2 and fully opening the air three-way valve 3 and the back pressure valve 4. After the first set time, the pressure and the flow of the air subsystem are improved by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor 2 and the opening of the back pressure valve 4, and the cathode cavity is alternately purged by pressure pulses with the pressure and the flow higher than the set flow and the set pressure and the set flow and the set pressure, so that the purging efficiency is improved. And after the second set time of pressure pulse type purging, the cathode cavity is purged by the set flow and the set pressure. In the first purge stage, the cooling water pump 12 in the thermal management subsystem drives the cooling liquid at a set rotational speed to circulate at a set flow rate, and heat generated by the fuel cell stack 1 during the first purge stage is conducted out through heat exchange. In the first purge stage, the hydrogen injection injector 6 in the hydrogen subsystem adjusts the pressure of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 to follow the pressure of the cathode cavity by feedback control. The exhaust valve 7 and the drain valve 8 are periodically opened and closed at a certain frequency according to a first preset pulse spectrum queried by a first set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop. At the same time, the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen jet ejector 6 and the exhaust gas discharged from the circulation loop exhaust valve 7 can form a purge for the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1.
Referring to fig. 2-3, in some embodiments, the purge process of the second purge stage mainly includes the following steps: the air subsystem purges the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 at a previously set flow rate and set pressure by adjusting the rotational speed of the air compressor 2, fully opening the air three-way valve 3 and the back pressure valve 4. After the third setting time, the opening of the back pressure valve 4 is quickly adjusted, the opening of the back pressure valve 4 is reduced for 0.5s, and then the back pressure valve returns to the full-open state, and the blasting pulse mode is simulated for purging, so that the purging efficiency is further improved. After the fourth set time of purging in the simulated burst pulse mode, the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 is purged at the previous set flow rate and set pressure. In the second purge stage, the cooling water pump 12 in the thermal management subsystem adjusts the temperature difference (the difference obtained by subtracting the indication of the first temperature sensor 15 from the indication of the second temperature sensor 16) between the front and rear of the fuel cell stack 1 through feedback control to maintain the temperature difference at a set temperature difference; the cooling three-way valve 11 adjusts the temperature of the first temperature sensor 15 before the fuel cell stack 1 to a set temperature value by feedback control. In the second purging stage, the switching frequency of the exhaust valve 7 and the drain valve 8 is quickened, and according to a second preset pulse spectrum inquired by a second set current, periodic switching with a certain frequency is carried out so as to drain the waste gas and the accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop. At the same time, the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen jet ejector 6 and the exhaust gas exhausted by the exhaust valve 7 of the circulation loop can form the purging of the anode of the fuel cell stack 1.
The fuel cell system and the low-temperature shutdown process thereof have the following advantages: by introducing two purge stages during low temperature shut down, purge efficiency is improved. In the first purging stage, a constant flow and variable pressure purging mode is introduced to accelerate cathode purging of the fuel cell stack, and whether the first purging stage is finished is judged according to whether the voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than a first set voltage value. In the second purging stage, a back pressure valve is introduced to quickly switch, so that the cathode purging efficiency of the fuel cell stack is further improved, and whether the single voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than the set voltage or not, whether the single voltage variance is smaller than the set variance or not, and whether the second purging stage duration is longer than the fifth set duration or not is used as the ending condition of the second purging stage. Meanwhile, the specific framework of the fuel cell system can carry out staged purging by optimizing the low-temperature shutdown process in the processes of load reduction, purging, discharging, shutdown and the like and control strategies in the low-temperature shutdown process, so that the purging efficiency and the water draining efficiency in the low-temperature shutdown process are optimized and improved, and meanwhile, the influence of the icing of residual water in a fuel cell stack on the next starting is reduced.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention are presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the specific principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one skilled in the art to make and utilize the invention in various exemplary embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (3)
1. A low temperature shutdown process for a fuel cell system, the fuel cell system comprising:
a hydrogen subsystem, comprising:
a hydrogen tank for storing hydrogen gas;
a shutoff valve, the inlet of which is communicated with the hydrogen tank;
the inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector is communicated with the outlet of the shutoff valve;
the cathode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector, and the cathode cavity outlet is communicated with the circulating inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector; and
The inlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with the outlet of the cathode cavity, and the outlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with a tail calandria of the fuel cell system;
an air subsystem, comprising:
an air compressor to provide high pressure air;
an intercooler, the gas inlet of which is communicated with the outlet of the air compressor;
an air three-way valve, an inlet of which is communicated with a gas outlet of the intercooler, and a first outlet of which is communicated with an anode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack; and
A back pressure valve, an inlet of which is communicated with an outlet of an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack, and an outlet of which is communicated with a tail drain pipe of the fuel cell system;
a thermal management subsystem, comprising:
one path of a liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the other path of the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the intercooler; and
The liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve is simultaneously communicated with the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack and the cooling liquid outlet of the intercooler, and one liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve is communicated with the liquid inlet of the cooling water pump;
an air pressure sensor disposed on a line between a first outlet of the air three-way valve and an anode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack;
a hydrogen pressure sensor arranged on a pipeline between an outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector and an inlet of a cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack;
the first temperature sensor is arranged at the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump;
the second temperature sensor is arranged at the liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve; and
an ambient temperature sensor provided in an environment of the fuel cell system;
wherein a second outlet of the air three-way valve communicates with a tail stack of the fuel cell system;
the low temperature shutdown process includes:
after the fuel cell system receives a shutdown instruction, judging whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment or not according to the indication of the environmental temperature sensor, if not, performing normal-temperature shutdown, and if so, performing a low-temperature purging process;
after the low-temperature purging process is executed, closing the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve in the air subsystem;
checking whether the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are in a closed state, if not, stopping faults occur, executing a fault processing process, and if so, continuing to execute a low-temperature stopping process;
closing the shut-off valve, the hydrogen injection injector, the exhaust valve and the drain valve; and
Closing the cooling water pump and the cooling three-way valve, and ending the low-temperature shutdown process;
the cryogenic purging process includes a first purging stage comprising:
firstly checking whether the fuel cell system has a fault, if so, executing a fault processing flow, and if not, continuing to execute the low-temperature purging process;
reducing a load current of the fuel cell system to a first set current value;
the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are fully opened by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor, so that the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack is purged with set flow and set pressure; after a first set time, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the opening of the back pressure valve are regulated, and the cathode cavity is subjected to pressure pulse purging at a pressure and a flow higher than the set pressure and the set flow; restoring to purge the cathode cavity at the set pressure and the set flow after the second set time; and
While purging the cathode cavity, the cooling water pump drives the cooling liquid to circulate at a set flow rate at a set rotating speed so as to lead out heat generated by the fuel cell stack in the first purging stage; the hydrogen injection ejector is controlled by feedback to adjust the pressure of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack to follow the pressure of the cathode cavity; the exhaust valve and the drain valve are periodically opened and closed according to a first preset pulse spectrum inquired by a first set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop;
the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen gas jet ejector and the exhaust gas exhausted by the exhaust valve form a purge for an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack;
the cryogenic purging process includes a second purging stage comprising:
continuing to reduce the load current of the fuel cell system to a second set current value after the first purge phase is completed;
the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are fully opened by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor, the cathode cavity is purged by the set flow and the set pressure, after a third set time, the opening of the back pressure valve is rapidly reduced for 0.5s, and then the back pressure valve is returned to a fully opened state, so that a blasting pulse purging mode is simulated, and the cathode cavity is further purged; after the simulated blasting pulse purging mode of the fourth set time, returning to purge the cathode cavity at the set flow and the set pressure; and
The method comprises the steps of purging the cathode cavity, adjusting the rotating speed of the cooling water pump through feedback control, enabling the temperature difference between a cooling liquid inlet and a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack to be kept at a set temperature difference value, and adjusting the opening of the cooling three-way valve through feedback control, enabling the display temperature of the first temperature sensor to be kept at a set temperature value; simultaneously accelerating the switching frequency of the exhaust valve and the drain valve, and periodically switching the exhaust valve and the drain valve according to a second preset pulse spectrum inquired by the second set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in a hydrogen circulation loop; and meanwhile, the hydrogen entering the hydrogen injection ejector and the exhaust gas exhausted by the exhaust valve form a purge for the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
2. The low temperature shutdown process of the fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the first purge stage further comprises: and when the single voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than the first set voltage value, ending the first purging stage.
3. The low temperature shutdown process of the fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the second purge stage further comprises:
when the single voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than a second set voltage, the single voltage variance is smaller than the set variance, and the duration of the second purging stage is longer than a fifth set duration and is met simultaneously, ending the second purging stage and ending the low-temperature purging process;
and if one of the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than a second set voltage, the cell voltage variance is smaller than the set variance and the duration of the second purging stage is longer than a fifth set duration, continuing the second purging stage.
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