CN114744148A - Preparation method of hard carbon cathode of high-rate-performance sodium ion battery - Google Patents

Preparation method of hard carbon cathode of high-rate-performance sodium ion battery Download PDF

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CN114744148A
CN114744148A CN202210338756.1A CN202210338756A CN114744148A CN 114744148 A CN114744148 A CN 114744148A CN 202210338756 A CN202210338756 A CN 202210338756A CN 114744148 A CN114744148 A CN 114744148A
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hard carbon
ion battery
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陶华超
刘心宇
唐春燕
杨学林
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China Three Gorges University CTGU
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of a hard carbon cathode of a high-rate-performance sodium ion battery, which mainly comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out coordination reaction on 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and metal cations to obtain a coordination polymer with a certain pore structure, and then carrying out low-temperature carbonization and acid washing processes to obtain the hard carbon negative electrode material with high disorder and porous structure. The invention not only enables the material to retain a uniform porous structure suitable for ion transmission, increases the contact area between the electrolyte solution and the cathode material, provides more sodium storage active sites, shortens the diffusion distance of sodium ions, but also enables the material to retain part of Na in 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid beneficial to Na+The rapidly stored oxygen-containing functional group plays a positive role in increasing the inclined capacity and reducing the platform capacity, so that the prepared hard carbon cathode of the sodium ion battery has excellent rate performance.

Description

Preparation method of hard carbon cathode of high-rate-performance sodium ion battery
Technical Field
The invention discloses a preparation method of a hard carbon cathode of a high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery, belonging to the technical field of battery materials.
Background
In the past thirty years, lithium ion batteries have been rapidly developed in the commercial field as power sources for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their advantages of high energy density, fast charge and discharge rates, and the like. However, the lithium ion battery faces the problems of lithium resource scarcity and the like in the development process, and the problems are difficult to solve through technical improvement, so that the development and the application of the lithium ion battery are limited to a certain extent. Therefore, sodium ion batteries reenter the human vision by virtue of abundant sodium resources and similar mechanisms of operation as lithium ion batteries.
As a negative electrode for sodium ion batteries, durable, inexpensive carbon materials remain a good choice. However, sodium ions have a larger radius than lithium ions, and thus are difficult to intercalate and deintercalate into and from the graphite material. In contrast, hard carbon with a disordered structure is considered the most promising sodium ion battery carbon negative electrode material with a specific capacity exceeding 300 mAh g-1. Unfortunately, high specific capacity hard carbon is generally obtained by high temperature heat treatment at 1100 ℃ or higher, and as a negative electrode of a sodium ion battery, the hard carbon shows two distinct regions in a charge-discharge curve: (
Figure 851544DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
) High voltage sloped region and
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
) A low voltage plateau region. The high-temperature heat treatment reduces the content of heteroatoms in the hard carbon material to a certain extent, increases the graphitization degree and is beneficial to enhancing the electrical conductivity. But at the same time, the high temperature treatment can reduce the pore structure in the hard carbon, which is not beneficial to Na+Thereby also reducing the rate capability. From the viewpoint of charge and discharge curves, the hard carbon anode has a large capacity loss at a large current density due to the presence of the plateau region, which also causes the hard carbon anode to exhibit poor rate performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and provides a preparation method of a hard carbon cathode of a high-rate-performance sodium ion battery, namely, 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and metal cations are subjected to coordination reaction, and then the uniform porous structure suitable for ion transmission and beneficial to Na are properly reserved by processes of low-temperature carbonization, acid washing and the like+Oxygen-containing functional groups for rapid storage, thereby enhancing contact of the electrolyte solution with the anode material and providing enhanced anode performanceThe hard carbon cathode has a plurality of sodium storage active sites, the diffusion distance of sodium ions is shortened, and the multiplying power performance of the hard carbon cathode is improved.
The method comprises the following implementation steps:
a preparation method of a hard carbon negative electrode of a high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery comprises the following steps:
(1) the corresponding coordination polymer is obtained by utilizing the coordination reaction of 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and metal cations capable of coordinating.
(2) And (3) carbonizing the coordination polymer, and then pickling to remove metal elements in the coordination polymer to obtain the corresponding hard carbon material.
(3) And uniformly mixing the prepared active material (hard carbon), conductive agent (acetylene black) and binder (polyvinylidene fluoride) in a mass ratio of 8-10:1-2:1-2 (preferably 8:1: 1), and coating the mixture on copper foil to prepare the negative pole piece of the sodium-ion battery.
(4) The negative pole piece of the sodium-ion battery is applied to a sodium-ion half battery.
The coordination reaction of the 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and the metal cation occurs in a solvothermal process by using ethanol and N, N-dimethylformamide as solvents.
The metal cation is Zn2+、Al3+、Ni2+、Fe3+Or Cu2+One or more of them.
The coordination reaction of the 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and the metal cation is carried out under the condition of heating at the temperature of 80-160 ℃ for 6-24 h.
The ratio of the amount of the substances of the 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and the metal cation which are subjected to the coordination reaction is 0.5-2.
Placing the obtained coordination polymer in N2In the atmosphere, heat treatment is carried out for 2-3h at the temperature of 700-900 ℃, and then the heat treatment is transferred to 5-6 mol L-1Stirring in hydrochloric acid solution for 5-10 hr, and drying for 12-24 hr.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention utilizes 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and metal cation to carry out coordination reaction to obtain coordination polymer with a certain pore structureAfter low-temperature carbonization, the electrolyte solution is kept with a uniform porous structure suitable for ion transmission, the contact area between the electrolyte solution and a negative electrode material is increased, more sodium storage active sites are provided, the diffusion distance of sodium ions is shortened, and part of 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid beneficial to Na is also kept at a lower carbonization temperature+The rapidly stored oxygen-containing functional group plays a positive role in increasing the inclination capacity and reducing the platform capacity, so that the influence of the increase of the current density on the sodium storage performance of the hard carbon cathode is weakened, and the rate capability of the hard carbon cathode is improved;
(2) the material is prepared by a simple solvothermal-low-temperature heat treatment method, and has the characteristics of simple process, easiness in operation, low energy consumption and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows PC-700 and HC-1300 at 0.05A g prepared in example 1 of the present invention-1And comparing the charge-discharge curve of the 2 nd circle under the current density.
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the rate performance of PC-700 and HC-1300 prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist the person skilled in the art to further understand the invention, but do not limit it in any way. Numerous variations and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment relates to a preparation method of a hard carbon cathode of a high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery, which comprises the following steps:
(1) and (3) coordination reaction: 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and Zn (NO)3)2·6H2Adding O into 60 mL ethanol according to the mass ratio of 7.6 mmol to 7.6 mmol, uniformly mixing, and heating for 12 h at 120 ℃ in a reaction kettle to obtain the corresponding coordination polymer.
(2) Carbonizing: repeatedly washing and drying the coordination polymer by deionized water and alcohol, and placing the coordination polymer in N2And carrying out heat treatment for 2 h at 700 ℃ in an atmosphere.
(3) Acid washing: after cooling to room temperature, the heat-treated product was transferred to 6 mol L-1And stirring the solution in hydrochloric acid for 5 hours, and then drying the solution for 12 hours to obtain a corresponding hard carbon negative electrode material, wherein the name of the hard carbon negative electrode material is PC-700.
In order to compare the electrochemical performance of the hard carbon material prepared by the method, glucose is used as a carbon source, and the hard carbon cathode with the low-voltage sodium storage platform is prepared by a two-step carbonization method. The method comprises the following specific steps: 6.5 g of glucose powder is dissolved in 30 mL of water, the mixture is heated for 5 h at 195 ℃ in a reaction kettle to obtain a corresponding hydrothermal product, the hydrothermal product is repeatedly washed by deionized water and alcohol and dried, then the obtained product is placed in Ar atmosphere, and the obtained product is subjected to heat treatment for 2 h at 1300 ℃ to obtain a corresponding hard carbon negative electrode material, namely HC-1300.
Taking metallic sodium as a counter electrode, 1.0 mol L-1 NaClO4The solution (solvent EC: DMC: EMC =1:1:1 Vol%, containing 2.0% FEC) was used as electrolyte solution to prepare CR2025 type half cell for electrochemical performance test. FIG. 1 shows the charge-discharge curves of prepared PC-700 and HC-1300 at circle 2 in the Na-ion half-cell, and the results are shown to be 0.05A g−1PC-700 and HC-1300 showed 323.4 mAh g, respectively, at current densities of-1And 245.6 mAh g-1The specific charge capacity of (2). Unlike HC-1300, which exhibits a long low voltage plateau with little capacity contribution above 1.5V, PC-700 exhibits no low voltage plateau but a large high voltage tilt capacity. FIG. 2 is a graph of the rate performance of the prepared PC-700 and HC-1300, showing that PC-700 is at 2A g−1Still exhibits 160.9 mAh g at a high current density-1While HC-1300 only showed 50.1 mAh g-1The PC-700 has more excellent rate capability than HC-1300.
Example 2
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (2), the carbonization process is carried out at 800 ℃.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1At a current density of (A), the hard carbon negative electrode material is243.9 mAh g is shown in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 118.0 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 3
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in step (2), the carbonization process is carried out at 900 ℃.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 223.7 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon cathode material still shows 102.7 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 4
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reacted with Zn (NO)3)2·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/3.8 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 282.4 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 143.9 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (2).
Example 5
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reacted with Zn (NO)3)2·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/15.2 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 224.5 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process under the current density-1The specific charge capacity of (2). At 2A g−1Under high current density of the hard carbon cathodeThe material still showed 93.0 mAh g-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 6
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reacted with Zn (NO)3)2·6H2O was added to 60 mL of N, N-dimethylformamide solvent to carry out a coordination reaction.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 350.7 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon cathode material still shows 182.2 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 7
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in step (1), the coordination reaction is carried out at 100 ℃.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 278.3 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process under the current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon cathode material still shows 137.3 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 8
This example relates to essentially the same preparation procedure as example 1, with the only difference that:
in step (1), the coordination reaction is carried out at 140 ℃.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 286.4 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon cathode material still shows 147.6 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 9
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and AlCl are mixed3·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol of substance to 7.6 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 312.3 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process under the current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 151.1 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 10
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and AlCl are mixed3·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/15.2 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 245.8 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1Still shows 121.6 mAh g under the large current density of the hard carbon cathode material-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 11
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and AlCl are mixed3·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/3.8 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 286.3 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon cathode material still shows 146.9 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 12
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reacted withNi(NO3)2·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol of substance to 7.6 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1At a current density of (2), the hard carbon negative electrode material shows 282.7 mAh g during the charge and discharge of the circle 2-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 153.2 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 13
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reacted with Ni (NO)3)2·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/15.2 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1At a current density of (2), the hard carbon negative electrode material shows 253.2 mAh g during the charge and discharge processes of the circle 2-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon cathode material still shows 128.5 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 14
This example relates to essentially the same preparation procedure as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reacted with Ni (NO)3)2·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol to 3.8 mmol of substance, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 239.6 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1Still exhibits 116.7 mAh g of the hard carbon negative electrode material under the large current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 15
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and FeCl3·6H2O is in an amount of7.6 mmol were added.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1At the current density of (2), the hard carbon negative electrode material shows 263.5 mAh g in the charge-discharge process of the circle 2-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 130.7 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 16
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and FeCl3·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/15.2 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 238.7 mAh g in the charge-discharge process of the 2 nd circle-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1Still shows 112.8 mAh g at a large current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 17
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and FeCl3·6H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/3.8 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1Shows 253.9 mAh g during the charge and discharge processes of the 2 nd circle-1The specific charge capacity of (2). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 120.6 mAh g under the large current density-1The specific charge capacity of (2).
Example 18
This example relates to essentially the same preparation procedure as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and Cu (NO)3)2·3H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol of substance to 7.6 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05 A g−1At a current density of (2), the hard carbon negative electrode material showed 336.7 mAh g during the charge and discharge of the circle 2-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 180.4 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (a).
Example 19
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and Cu (NO)3)2·3H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol to 15.2 mmol of substance, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1At the current density of (2), the hard carbon negative electrode material shows 313.6 mAh g in the charging and discharging process of circle 2-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1Still exhibits 171.5 mAh g of the hard carbon negative electrode material at a large current density of-1The specific charge capacity of (2).
Example 20
This example involves essentially the same preparation steps as example 1, with the only difference that:
in the step (1), 1,3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and Cu (NO)3)2·3H2O was added in an amount of 7.6 mmol/3.8 mmol, respectively.
The results show that at 0.05A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material shows 284.9 mAh g in the 2 nd circle charging and discharging process-1The specific charge capacity of (a). At 2A g−1The hard carbon negative electrode material still shows 156.7 mAh g under the high current density-1The specific charge capacity of (2).

Claims (6)

1. A preparation method of a hard carbon negative electrode of a high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) carrying out coordination reaction on 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and metal cations capable of coordinating to obtain a corresponding coordination polymer;
(2) the metal elements in the coordination polymer are removed by acid washing after the coordination polymer is carbonized, and a corresponding hard carbon material, namely the hard carbon cathode of the sodium ion battery, is obtained.
2. The method for preparing the hard carbon negative electrode of the high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the coordination reaction of 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and metal cation is carried out in the solvent thermal process with ethanol and N, N-dimethyl formamide as solvent.
3. The method for preparing the hard carbon negative electrode of the high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the metal cation is Zn2+、Al3+、Ni2+、Fe3+Or Cu2+One or more of them.
4. The method for preparing the hard carbon negative electrode of the high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery as claimed in claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the coordination reaction of the 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and the metal cation occurs under the condition of heating at 80-160 ℃ for 6-24 h.
5. The method for preparing the hard carbon negative electrode of the high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the ratio of the amount of the substance which performs the coordination reaction between the 1,3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid and the metal cation is 0.5-2.
6. The method for preparing the hard carbon negative electrode of the high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: placing the obtained coordination polymer in N2In the atmosphere, heat treatment is carried out at the temperature of 700-900 ℃ for 2-3h, and then the mixture is transferred to 5-6 mol L-1Stirring in hydrochloric acid solution for 5-10 hr, and drying for 12-24 hr.
CN202210338756.1A 2022-04-01 2022-04-01 Preparation method of hard carbon cathode of high-rate-performance sodium ion battery Pending CN114744148A (en)

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