CN114731911A - Sand-film double-covering cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of drought sand watermelons - Google Patents
Sand-film double-covering cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of drought sand watermelons Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a sand-film double-covering cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of drought sand watermelons, which comprises the following steps of; the watermelon grafting and seedling raising are carried out in a sunlight greenhouse, from 2 months later per year, the average temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime is about 25 ℃, the average temperature of the greenhouse in the nighttime is 15 ℃, the work of seed disinfection, seed soaking, germination acceleration, seeding, grafting and the like is gradually carried out, the grafting methods adopted by different types of stocks are different, the requirements for the stocks in the grafting are different, the pumpkin stocks are in top grafting, wild watermelons are in cleft grafting or inarching, the external temperature rises above 15 ℃ after the watermelon grafting seedlings are cleared in the beginning of 4 months, the temperature rises above 10 ℃ in the daytime, and the watermelon grafting and seedling raising are transplanted to a dry sand field. The method has the characteristics of advancing the time of the dry-sand watermelon to market, increasing the yield, improving the economic benefit and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of watermelon grafting and seedling raising, and particularly relates to a sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of drought sand watermelons.
Background
The prior art has the following defects: with the increasing economic benefit of planting watermelons in dry and sand fields year by year, farmers continuously increase the planting area and the age limit of watermelons, thereby causing the problems of continuous cropping obstacles such as shortening of the rotation period of watermelons, accumulation of soil-borne diseases and insect pests, obvious reduction of yield and the like. In production, continuous cropping is avoided for watermelon planting, the continuous cropping planting age is artificially prolonged, and the problems of death seedlings, poor growth, quality and yield reduction and the like of watermelons in different degrees are easily caused.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the technical problems, the invention aims to provide a sand-film double-covering cultivation method for grafting and raising seedlings of the drought sand watermelons, the survival rate of grafted watermelon seedlings is high and is more than 97 percent, and the seedlings are neat, complete and robust after being transplanted into a drought sand field, so that the defects of direct seeding, seedling shortage and seed replenishment of the watermelons and delay of farming season are avoided; the resistance of the dry-sand watermelon plants is improved, and soil-borne diseases are solved; the plug grafting seedling film covering transplantation replaces the seed film covering direct seeding, changes the traditional seed direct seeding or bud seeding mode, has the characteristics of soil moisture preservation and ground temperature increase by sand film double covering, and has the advantages of advancing the time of dry sand watermelon to market, increasing the yield, improving the economic benefit and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of drought sand watermelons comprises the following steps;
the watermelon grafting seedling raising is carried out in a sunlight greenhouse, from 2 months later per year, the average temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime is about 25 ℃, the average temperature at night is about 15 ℃, the operations of seed disinfection, seed soaking, germination accelerating, sowing, grafting and the like are carried out step by step, the grafting methods adopted for different types of stocks are different, the requirements for the stocks in the grafting are different, the pumpkin stocks are spliced by adopting a top, wild watermelons are spliced by adopting a cleft grafting method or a inarching method, the external temperature rises by more than 15 ℃ after the watermelon grafting seedlings are grafted in 4 months, the temperature rises by more than 10 ℃ in the daytime after clearing out the Ming festival, and the grafted watermelons are transplanted to a dry sand field and transplanted.
Carrying out grafting seedling raising of the drought sand watermelons in the sunlight greenhouse, sterilizing and disinfecting the seedling raising sunlight greenhouse, and gradually carrying out centralized seedling raising of the drought sand watermelons stocks and the scions at the bottom of 2 months according to seedling raising batches, seedling raising quantity and grafting speed; sowing watermelon stocks, sowing scions in about one week, grafting when the first true leaves of pumpkins are unfolded in the middle 3 months and the hypocotyls of the scions are straightened and cotyledons are just unfolded (the cotyledons are changed from yellow to green), and during grafting and seedling raising, firstly watering enough water for stock seedlings, and disinfecting gloves and grafting tools before grafting to avoid grafting in cloudy days; after grafting survival, unified management measures of watering, temperature control, seedling hardening and the like are adopted, the seedling culture substrate is watered thoroughly when watering is carried out, watering in a cloudy day is avoided, the greenhouse temperature exceeds 32 ℃, ventilation and cooling are carried out timely, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 25-28 ℃, the nighttime temperature is kept at 15-20 ℃, the temperature is kept at 7-10 days before watermelon seedlings are taken out of the greenhouse, and the front air opening of the greenhouse is gradually opened from small to large for ventilation and seedling hardening.
After grafting, temperature and humidity management is enhanced, a small arched shed is built for grafted seedlings, 95% of humidity is kept in the first 3 days, the daytime temperature is 25-28 ℃, the nighttime temperature is 18-20 ℃, a small amount of ventilation is performed from two sides after 4 days, films can be gradually uncovered after 8 days, the grafted seedlings are placed in a small moisturizing arched shed, 95% of humidity is kept in 3d after grafting, and the grafted seedlings can be planted in a three-leaf one-heart period after about 25 d.
The grafting tool is used for grafting 200 plants by using a shaver blade; the bamboo stick or the grafting needle is a tool for inserting the hole by a top-inserting method, the grafting needle is made of bamboo or iron wire by self-manufacturing, and the grafting needle is ground into a smooth wedge shape with the thickness being approximately equal to the thickness of a scion stem and the length being 1.0-1.5 cm;
the grafting fixing tool is used for fixing a grafting part by using a plastic grafting clip in order to enable a stock to be tightly jointed with a section of a scion during grafting, and generally, a fixing tool is not needed in top grafting and needs to be fixed by means of grafting and cleft grafting.
The seed disinfection is to soak seeds by blanching, put the seeds in water of 55 ℃ while stirring, stop stirring when the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, soak the seeds and accelerate germination after cooling; soaking seeds in a liquid medicine which is 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour after the pesticide is disinfected, taking out the seeds, washing the seeds for 3-5 times by using clear water, and waiting for seed soaking and germination acceleration.
The seed soaking and germination accelerating method comprises the steps of soaking seeds for 2-4 hours at room temperature, accelerating germination at 25-28 ℃, sowing when white seeds are exposed or radicles grow for 5mm, soaking the seeds in warm water at about 25-30 ℃ for 3-6 hours, cleaning the seeds with clean water after seed soaking, repeatedly rubbing to remove surface stickies, wrapping the seeds in a wet towel or wet gauze, putting the wet towel or wet gauze in a constant temperature box for accelerating germination, controlling the temperature to be 28-30 ℃, germinating after 24-30 hours, or putting the wet towel or electric bedding under a hot kang or electric bedding, keeping the temperature to be 28-30 ℃, and sowing when more than 80% of the seeds are exposed.
The grafting is watermelon grafting stock, white-seed pumpkin is selected, and golden flower No. 1 and golden city No. 5 which are Jingyuan and suitable for planting are selected as scions.
Cutting off the growing point of the stock by using a blade during grafting, cutting off half of two cotyledons of the stock, and inserting a bamboo stick into the stock by inclining the bamboo stick by an angle of 30-45 degrees from the growing point by 8-10 mm to just insert the stem of the stock; cutting the scion from 1cm below the cotyledon node at an angle of 30 degrees with the hypocotyl, wherein the section is smooth and is a wedge-shaped section with the length of 8-10 mm; and then taking off the bamboo stick, inserting the scion with the cotyledon into the insertion hole tightly, and ensuring that the wedge-shaped tail end of the scion just leaks out of the insertion hole of the stock, so that the scion is tightly matched with the stock.
Adopting a top grafting method for grafting, straightening a hypocotyl below a scion, properly developing cotyledons, preferably adopting an approach grafting method and a cleft grafting method, wherein the scion watermelon seedling is relatively large or the size of a scion stock is relatively close, preferably adopting a first true leaf development period, seeding the top grafting stock 7-10 days before grafting, seeding the scion 6-7 days before grafting, seeding the stock 6-8 days before grafting, seeding the scion 12-15 days before grafting, namely seeding the scion 6-7 days ahead of the stock.
The field planting specifically comprises the steps of scraping gravels around according to the diameter of 30cm before field planting of watermelons, digging dark holes with the depth of 15cm, field planting after loosening soil, watering after field planting, then paving films, creating a small greenhouse environment for early growth of the watermelons through the dark holes, breaking films gradually after late frost, releasing air, and sealing orifices with the gravels after seedling releasing.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the seedling hardening is carried out for multiple times in stages, the low-temperature-resistant growth capacity of the watermelon is improved, the seedling hardening is carried out in the seedling stage, a front air opening of a seedling growing greenhouse is gradually opened 7-10 days before grafted seedlings are taken out of the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse is close to the external temperature, the seedling hardening is carried out by fully utilizing the low-temperature environment at night, the temperature is kept at 8-10 ℃ at night, the watermelon seedlings can adapt to the low-temperature environment in early spring as soon as possible, and the low-temperature-resistant capacity of the seedlings is improved; the integrated technology of hardening seedlings after field planting and mulching and transplanting for the watermelon grafting seedling dry sand field comprises the steps of directly transplanting strong and healthy seedlings of the grafted watermelon into the dry sand field, then mulching, adopting a cultivation mode of dark nest field planting, blowing air in stages for hardening seedlings, and then putting the seedlings out of the film, thereby effectively avoiding late frost damage.
In order to fully play the superiority of strong growth of grafted watermelon seedlings, a three-vine pruning mode is adopted in the seedling stage, two side vines which grow robustly and basically consistent in growth vigor are selected and reserved at the base part of a main vine, the rest side vines are removed, 1-2 melons can be reserved on each plant to balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and compared with the conventional method that double vines of watermelons are directly sown and pruned on seeds, only 1 melon is reserved on each plant, and the yield is obviously improved.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example (b):
grafting and seedling raising method for dry-sand watermelons
Variety selection
Selecting watermelon with number 5 or number 1;
the stock, suitable stock should resist the soil-borne disease at first, solve the blight of the watermelon; secondly, the watermelon seedlings are required to be relatively close to the blood relationship of watermelons and have good affinity, which is shown in that the watermelons are easy to survive after grafting, can normally grow after survival after grafting and do not have abnormal growth; thirdly, the quality of the fruit born by the grafted seedling has no unfavorable change; fourthly, the grafting operation is convenient, the method is measured according to the characters such as affinity, disease resistance, quality and the like, and the most suitable rootstocks are white-seed pumpkin and wild watermelons, such as Jingxin rootstock and south Korean rootstock;
seedling facility selection: the seedling cultivation is carried out in a sunlight greenhouse, the sunlight greenhouse for seedling cultivation is sterilized and disinfected in the middle and late ten days of 2 months each year (the average temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime is about 25 ℃, and the average temperature at night is about 15 ℃), and the centralized seedling cultivation of the dry sand watermelon stocks and the scions is gradually carried out at the bottom of 2 months according to the seedling cultivation batches, the seedling cultivation amount and the grafting speed. Firstly, sowing watermelon stocks, sowing scions in about one week, waiting for the first main leaf of the pumpkin to unfold in the middle 3 months, straightening the hypocotyl of the scions, and grafting when cotyledons just unfold (the cotyledons turn from yellow to green). During grafting and seedling raising, enough water is poured on the stock seedlings, and gloves and grafting tools are disinfected before grafting, so that the grafting in cloudy days is avoided. After grafting, temperature and humidity management is enhanced, a small arched shed is built for grafted seedlings, the humidity of 95% is kept in the first 3 days, the temperature is 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature is 18-20 ℃ at night. After 4 days, a small amount of ventilation is carried out from two sides, and after 8 days, the film can be gradually uncovered. After grafting survives, unified watering, temperature control, seedling hardening and other standardized management measures are adopted, the seedling culture substrate is watered thoroughly when watering is carried out, watering in cloudy days is avoided, the greenhouse temperature exceeds 32 ℃, ventilation and cooling are carried out in time, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is 25-28 ℃, and the nighttime temperature is 15-20 ℃. And (3) gradually opening a front air opening of the greenhouse from small to large for ventilation and seedling hardening 7-10 days before the watermelon seedlings are taken out of the greenhouse, so that the seedlings gradually adapt to the external environment, the adaptability of the seedlings is improved, and the robust seedlings which are robust in growth, developed in root systems and free of diseases and insect pests are cultivated.
Grafting tool
Grafting about 200 plants by using a shaver blade, and timely replacing the shaver blade when the shaver blade is blunt so as to avoid uneven cuts and influence on survival of grafted seedlings;
bamboo sticks or grafting needles are tools for jacking the insertion holes of the insertion method. The grafting needle is made of bamboo or iron wire, and is ground into a smooth wedge shape with the thickness approximately equal to the thickness of the scion stem and the length of 1.0-1.5 cm;
a fixing tool, wherein a certain external pressure is applied to tightly joint the stock and the section of the scion during grafting, namely, a plastic grafting clip is used for fixing the grafting part, and generally, the top grafting does not need a fixing tool and the fixing tool is needed by grafting and cleft grafting;
seed disinfection, wherein the warm scalding seed soaking is to put the seeds in water with the temperature of 55 ℃ while stirring, stop stirring when the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, soak the seeds and accelerate germination after cooling; soaking seeds in a liquid medicine which is 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour after the pesticide is disinfected, taking out the seeds, washing the seeds for 3-5 times by using clear water, and waiting for seed soaking and germination acceleration.
Seed soaking and germination accelerating are carried out, the seed coats of the pumpkins are thin, water absorption is easy, and the seeds are soaked for 2-4 hours at room temperature and then are germinated at the temperature of 25-28 ℃. Sowing when the white or radicle grows for 5 mm. Soaking the watermelon seeds in warm water at the temperature of about 25-30 ℃ for 3-6 hours. And after seed soaking, cleaning the seeds with clear water, repeatedly kneading to remove surface stickies, wrapping the seeds in a wet towel or wet gauze, putting the wet towel or wet gauze in a constant temperature cabinet for germination, controlling the temperature to be 28-30 ℃, and germinating after 24-30 hours. Or placing the seeds under a heated kang or an electric bedding quilt, keeping the temperature at 28-30 ℃, and sowing the seeds after more than 80 percent of the seeds are exposed.
And (3) grafting, namely selecting white-seed pumpkins from watermelon grafting stocks, and selecting golden flower No. 1 and golden city No. 5 which are Jingyuan and suitable for planting as scions.
Top grafting, sowing the stock 1 week earlier than the scion, and grafting when the first leaf of the pumpkin is unfolded, the hypocotyl of the scion is straightened, and the cotyledon is just unfolded (the cotyledon is changed from yellow to green). Cutting off the growing points of the rootstocks by using a blade during grafting, cutting off half of two cotyledons of the rootstocks, and obliquely inserting bamboo sticks (at an angle of 30-45 degrees) into the rootstocks by 8-10 mm from the growing points to just insert the rootstocks through the stems; cutting the scion from 1cm below the cotyledon node at an angle of 30 degrees with the hypocotyl, wherein the section is smooth and is a wedge-shaped section with the length of 8-10 mm; and then taking off the bamboo stick, inserting the scion with the cotyledon into the insertion hole tightly, and ensuring that the wedge-shaped tail end of the scion just leaks out of the insertion hole of the stock, so that the scion is tightly matched with the stock. The top grafting method is simple, the wound healing is good, the survival rate is high, the grafting efficiency is high, 3000-4000 plants can be grafted by a skilled worker in one day, the survival rate is more than 95%, and grafted seedlings grow neatly and consistently. In order to improve the grafting efficiency and the grafting survival rate, the stock seedlings for grafting are watered thoroughly 1-2 days before grafting.
The method is characterized in that wild watermelons are used as stocks, the grafting method is adopted, when cotyledons of the stocks are unfolded, growing points are cut off, then the cotyledons are vertically split into two parts along cotyledonary nodes, scions are used as single wedge surfaces and are inserted from split openings, and the scions are fixed by plastic clamps.
The method comprises the following steps of carrying out double-root grafting on pumpkins, planting 2 pumpkins in each hole of a hole tray, removing a growing point of one pumpkins by using a blade when cotyledons are unfolded, removing one cotyledon downwards along an angle of 30 degrees, removing the other cotyledon downwards along an angle of 30 degrees on the corresponding surface of a second pumpkins in the same way, cutting scions into double-wedge-surface split openings along an angle of 30 degrees, adhering two pumpkins together at the cut openings, and fixing the two pumpkins by using a plastic clamp.
The top grafting method is adopted for grafting, the scions are straightened from the lower embryonic axis, and the cotyledons are just developed. By adopting the approach grafting method and the cleft grafting method, the scion watermelon seedlings are preferably larger, or the scion stocks are closer in size, and the first true leaf development period is preferably adopted. The top grafting method is characterized in that the stock is sown 7-10 days before grafting, and the scion is sown 6-7 days before grafting. If the approach grafting method is adopted, the rootstock is sowed 6-8 days before grafting, and the scion is sowed 12-15 days before grafting, namely the scion is sowed 6-7 days ahead of the rootstock.
After grafting, placing the grafted plant in a small moisture-preserving arched shed. And keeping 95% humidity in the subsequent 3d, wherein the temperature is 25-28 ℃ in daytime and 18-20 ℃ at night. Ventilating after 4 days, and removing the film after 8 days to harden the seedlings. About 25 days, entering three leaves and one heart period for permanent planting.
The method comprises the following steps of transplanting the dry-sand watermelons and field management, soil preparation and fertilization, wherein the soil preparation and fertilization are started after soil is unfrozen, the fertilization is started in the second year of a new sand field, and the fertilization is divided into autumn fertilization and spring fertilization. Combining soil preparation, ditching or digging holes, applying 3000kg of farmyard manure, 50kg of oil residue, 50kg of phosphate fertilizer and 10kg of urea per mu, bisecting from the middle according to the width of a row spacing of 1.3m, scraping gravel, sweeping fine sand on the soil surface, uniformly mixing the fertilizer, spreading the fertilizer on the soil surface for deep ploughing, raking and compacting, and then covering the gravel.
And (3) field planting, wherein before field planting of the watermelons, gravels are scraped to the periphery according to the diameter of 30cm, dark holes with the depth of 15cm are dug, field planting is carried out after soil is loosened, field planting water is poured after field planting, then films are laid, and a small greenhouse environment for early growth of the watermelons is created through the dark holes. After night frost, the film is broken gradually to release air, and after seedling release, the orifice is sealed by gravel.
The vine pressing is an important work for field management of watermelons, and when the vine grows to be 30cm, the vine is pressed on the ground by using soil blocks, small stones and other objects. The function of pressing tendrils is to prevent branches, leaves and fruits from being damaged by blowing and rolling seedlings, prevent mutual shading, control the excessive growth of seedlings of plants, promote fruit setting, adjust the contradiction between the growth of seedlings and fruit setting, promote the formation of adventitious roots, increase the absorption range of fertilizer water, fix the tendrils to be uniformly distributed on the ground, generally press three sections (tracks), press the first section (track) when the main tendrils are 40cm, press the second section (track) about 100cm and press the third section (track) when the main tendrils are 150 cm. And (3) leaving 2-3 leaves before and after the female flowers of the melons to be free from pressing so as to prevent the melons from being rotten due to water accumulation or being restrained after the melons grow up.
Pruning and thinning fruits, grafting watermelons, developing root systems, quickly growing vine, thinning fruits at the early stage to promote vegetative growth and preventing the seedlings from being raised; and (3) leaves are reserved in the later stage, the fruit setting capability is enhanced, 1-2 melons are reserved, the empty seedlings are prevented from producing melons, and the purpose of high yield and harvest of large melons is achieved. And (3) reserving a main vine and 1-2 robust lateral vines from the root base part during pruning, removing the lateral vines growing on the main vine and the lateral vines in time later, and not pruning after melon sitting. And (5) when the melon vines grow to 9-12 leaves, retaining the melons. Sowing conventional seeds or only leaving 1 melon per plant from root seedlings; grafted watermelon seedlings grow vigorously, roots of vine seedlings are developed, 2 melons are selected to be reserved in each plant, 1 main vine is reserved, 1 lateral vine is reserved, and the purposes of seedling growing, nutrition balancing and yield increasing are achieved. After the watermelon is seated, the redundant watermelon is removed, and the watermelon is turned over in time in the later period in rainy days, so that the watermelon is uniformly colored.
The watermelon is an economic crop with short planting time, quick response and high benefit. Generally, a land block with flat terrain, loose soil and deep soil layer is selected, and the dry sand field selects coarse sand with the diameter of 0.50-5 cm to be uniformly mixed, contains 5-15% of soil, is uniformly paved on the loose soil layer, is paved with the sand with the thickness of 10-13 cm, is finely and flatly paved, and has consistent thickness. The paved dry sand field can be planted for 15-20 years. The grafted watermelon has strong disease resistance, can effectively prevent the seedling death phenomenon caused by watermelon wilt, enables the watermelon to be continuously planted, stabilizes the planting area of the watermelon, can mature 7-10 days in advance, has thick peel and is resistant to transportation, and has very obvious planting benefit.
Seedling grafting and survival rate improvement
The grafting period is selected from the period that the cotyledon of the stock is unfolded to 1 leaf and 1 heart, the grafting is carried out when the seedling emergence of the scion just occurs and the hypocotyl is straightened (about 5 days after germination and seeding), and the grafting is finished before the cotyledon of the scion is unfolded. At the moment, the stock grows vigorously and strongly, the scion seedling is small, fresh and tender, the grafting affinity is high, and the stock is easy to survive; meanwhile, the top grafting technology is convenient to adopt, the grafting clamp is not used for fixing, the operation is convenient and labor-saving, the management is convenient after the grafting, the survival rate of the grafted watermelon seedlings is high and is over 97 percent, the seedlings are neat and complete after the transplantation in the dry sand field and grow robustly, and the defects that the direct seeding, seedling shortage and reseeding of the watermelon are avoided and the farming season is delayed are overcome.
Claims (10)
1. A sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of drought sand watermelons is characterized by comprising the following steps;
the watermelon grafting and seedling raising are carried out in a sunlight greenhouse, from 2 months later per year, the average temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime is about 25 ℃, the average temperature of the greenhouse in the nighttime is 15 ℃, the work of seed disinfection, seed soaking, germination acceleration, seeding, grafting and the like is gradually carried out, the grafting methods adopted by different types of stocks are different, the requirements for the stocks in the grafting are different, the pumpkin stocks are in top grafting, wild watermelons are in cleft grafting or inarching, the external temperature rises above 15 ℃ after the watermelon grafting seedlings are cleared in the beginning of 4 months, the temperature rises above 10 ℃ in the daytime, and the watermelon grafting and seedling raising are transplanted to a dry sand field.
2. The sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of the drought sand watermelon according to claim 1, wherein the drought sand watermelon is grafted and seedling raised in the sunlight greenhouse, the sunlight greenhouse for seedling raising is sterilized and disinfected, and the centralized seedling raising of the drought sand watermelon stocks and the scions is gradually carried out at the end of 2 months according to seedling raising batches, seedling raising quantity and grafting speed; sowing watermelon stocks, sowing scions in about one week, carrying out grafting when the first main leaves of pumpkins are unfolded in 3 middle-month days, straightening hypocotyls of the scions and cotyledons are just unfolded (the cotyledons are changed from yellow to green), pouring enough water on stock seedlings during grafting and seedling raising, and disinfecting gloves and grafting tools before grafting to avoid grafting in cloudy days; after grafting survival, unified management measures such as watering, temperature control and seedling hardening are adopted, the seedling culture substrate is watered thoroughly when watering is carried out, watering in a cloudy day is avoided, the temperature in the greenhouse exceeds 32 ℃, ventilation and cooling are carried out timely, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 25-28 ℃, the nighttime temperature is kept at 15-20 ℃, the temperature is 7-10 days before watermelon seedlings leave the greenhouse, and the air opening in front of the greenhouse is gradually opened from small to large for ventilation and seedling hardening.
3. The method for cultivating the drought-sand watermelon by grafting and seedling raising through the sand-film double-covering mode according to claim 1, wherein temperature and humidity management is enhanced after grafting, a small arched shed is built for the grafted seedlings, 95% of humidity is kept in the first 3 days, the temperature is 25-28 ℃ in daytime, 18-20 ℃ at night, a small amount of ventilation is carried out from two sides after 4 days, the film can be gradually uncovered after 8 days, the grafted seedlings are placed in the small arched shed for moisture preservation, 95% of humidity is kept in 3d after grafting, and field planting can be carried out after 25d or so and in a three-leaf one-heart period.
4. The sand-film double-covering cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of the drought sand watermelon according to the claim 1, wherein the grafting tool is a beard scraping blade, and about 200 plants are grafted on each blade; the bamboo stick or the grafting needle is a tool for inserting the hole by a top grafting method, the grafting needle is made of bamboo or iron wires by self-manufacturing, and the grafting needle is ground into a smooth wedge shape with the thickness approximately equal to the thickness of a scion stem and the length of the grafting needle is 1.0-1.5 cm.
5. The sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of the drought sand watermelon as claimed in claim 1, wherein the grafting fixing tool is used for fixing the grafting position by a plastic grafting clip in order to enable the stock to be tightly jointed with the section of the scion during grafting, the fixing tool is not needed in top grafting generally, and the fixing tool is needed by grafting and cleft grafting.
6. The method for cultivating the drought sand watermelon by grafting and seedling raising by the sand film double covering as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed disinfection is to soak seeds by a warm scalding method, the seeds are put in water with the temperature of 55 ℃ and stirred at the same time, the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, the stirring is stopped, and the seeds are soaked for germination after cooling; soaking seeds in a liquid medicine which is 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour after the pesticide is disinfected, taking out the seeds, washing the seeds for 3-5 times by using clear water, and waiting for seed soaking and germination acceleration.
7. The sand-film double-covering cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of the drought sand watermelons according to claim 1, wherein the seed soaking and germination acceleration are carried out for 2-4 hours at room temperature, germination is carried out at the temperature of 25-28 ℃, sowing is carried out when white or embryonic roots grow to 5mm, the watermelons are soaked in warm water at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ for 3-6 hours, after the seed soaking, the seeds are cleaned with clear water and repeatedly kneaded to wash away surface stickies, then the seeds are wrapped in wet towels or wet gauze and placed in a constant temperature cabinet for germination acceleration, the temperature is controlled to be 28-30 ℃, germination can be carried out after 24-30 hours, or the seeds are placed in a hot kang or under an electric blanket to keep the temperature at 28-30 ℃ and more than 80% of the seeds white, and sowing can be carried out;
the grafting is watermelon grafting stock, white-seed pumpkin is selected, and golden flower No. 1 and golden city No. 5 which are Jingyuan and suitable for planting are selected as scions.
8. The sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of the drought sand watermelons according to claim 1, wherein a growing point of a stock is cut off by a blade during grafting, meanwhile, half of two cotyledons of the stock are cut off, and then a bamboo stick is inserted into the stock from the position of the growing point by inclining 30-45 degrees for 8-10 mm and just inserted through a stem of the stock; cutting the scion from 1cm below the cotyledon node at an angle of 30 degrees with the hypocotyl, wherein the section is smooth and is a wedge-shaped section with the length of 8-10 mm; and then taking off the bamboo stick, inserting the scion with the cotyledon into the insertion hole tightly, and ensuring that the wedge-shaped tail end of the scion just leaks out of the insertion hole of the stock, so that the scion is tightly matched with the stock.
9. The sand-film double-mulching cultivation method for grafting and seedling raising of the drought sand watermelon according to claim 1, wherein the grafting is performed by adopting a top-grafting method, the lower embryonic axis of the scion is straightened, the cotyledon is just developed, the scion watermelon seedling is preferably larger or the size of the scion stock is closer, the first true-leaf development period is preferably selected, the top-grafting method stock is sown 7-10 d before grafting, the scion is sown 6-7 d before grafting, the approach grafting method stock is sown 6-8 d before grafting, and the scion is sown 12-15 d before grafting, namely the scion is sown 6-7 d ahead of the stock.
10. The method for cultivating the drought-sand watermelons by grafting and seedling raising through the sand-film double-covering cultivation method according to the claim 1, is characterized in that before the watermelons are planted, gravels are scraped to the periphery according to the diameter of 30cm, dark holes with the depth of 15cm are dug, field planting is carried out after soil is loosened, field planting water is poured after the field planting, films are laid, a small greenhouse environment for early growth of the watermelons is created through the dark holes, films are gradually broken after late frost, air is released, and the openings of the holes are sealed through the gravels after the seedlings are released.
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