CN114641605A - 用于运行布置在内燃机的排气管路中的废气净化***的方法和废气净化*** - Google Patents

用于运行布置在内燃机的排气管路中的废气净化***的方法和废气净化*** Download PDF

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CN114641605A
CN114641605A CN202080075999.XA CN202080075999A CN114641605A CN 114641605 A CN114641605 A CN 114641605A CN 202080075999 A CN202080075999 A CN 202080075999A CN 114641605 A CN114641605 A CN 114641605A
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catalytic converter
combustion engine
internal combustion
exhaust gas
heating
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E·阿克莱特纳
T·阿尔特
F·克莱纳
G·哈夫特
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/2026—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means directly electrifying the catalyst substrate, i.e. heating the electrically conductive catalyst substrate by joule effect
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    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
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    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/024—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/025—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus by changing the composition of the exhaust gas, e.g. for exothermic reaction on exhaust gas treating apparatus
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    • F02D41/04—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
    • F02D41/06—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up
    • F02D41/062—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
    • F01N2430/10—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by modifying inlet or exhaust valve timing
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    • F01N2590/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines
    • F01N2590/11—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines for hybrid vehicles
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    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/08—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the engine
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
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    • F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
    • F01N2900/1626—Catalyst activation temperature
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/101—Three-way catalysts
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
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    • F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
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    • F02D2200/0802—Temperature of the exhaust gas treatment apparatus
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Abstract

描述一种用于运行布置在内燃机的排气管路中的排气净化***的方法和一种排气净化***。在该方法中，执行电催化转化器加热措施与燃烧发动机催化转化器加热措施的组合，由此实现催化转化器（3）的特别快速和成本低的加热。相应的废气***在废气流动方向上优选地首先具有辅助催化转化器（1）并且然后具有加热催化转化器（2）。

Description

用于运行布置在内燃机的排气管路中的废气净化***的方法 和废气净化***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于运行布置在内燃机的排气管路中的废气净化***的方法，所述废气净化***具有加热催化转化器，用于预热催化转化器以便在起动内燃机之前使所述催化转化器达到其起燃温度。
背景技术
已知的是，布置在内燃机的排气管路中的催化转化器只有自特定的温度、即所谓的起燃温度起才实现其完全的功能能力。因此，在该温度以下，废气中的有害物质的期望转化不在完全的程度上发生。但是为了即使在内燃机的冷态起动时也实现足够的有害物质转化，已知的是使用所谓的加热催化转化器，所述加热催化转化器被电加热并且在实际起动内燃机之前预热所属的催化转化器。在此在实际起动内燃机之前，例如在起动内燃机之前15秒（sec），接通加热催化转化器，以便使催化转化器的温度达到起燃温度（light off-Temperatur）以上，所述起燃温度可以例如为300°C。
为了在冷态起动时加速对催化转化器的加热，在此已知的是在起动内燃机之前将所述内燃机作为空气泵运行，以便实现加热催化转化器到催化转化器上的特别良好的热传导。因此已知的是，除了电加热之外，借助于作为空气泵运行的内燃机来使更大的E-Kat体积升温。
发明内容
本发明所基于的任务在于创造一种开头描述的类型的方法，该方法使得能够在起动内燃机之前特别快速地加热废气净化***。
根据本发明，该任务通过根据专利权利要求1所述的方法来解决。该方法具有以下步骤：
在起动内燃机之前对加热催化转化器进行电加热；
在起动所述内燃机之前作为空气泵运行所述内燃机；
此后起动内燃机；
其中在起动内燃机之前将催化转化器置于催化转化器的起燃温度以上，其方式是内燃机在其空气泵运行期间被控制为使得将空气回吸到燃烧室中和/或将空气抽出到进气道中。
在根据本发明的方法中，从而将电催化转化器加热措施与燃烧发动机催化转化器加热措施相组合。由此实现催化转化器的特别快速且成本低的加热，使得从而实现所排出的有害物质、尤其是NOx的减少。在冷态起动内燃机时实现：缩短催化转化器的所需要的加热时间。
根据本发明实现，在起动内燃机之前，例如在开始喷射之前，将催化转化器置于起燃温度、例如300℃以上，并且如果例如接通喷射，则在加热催化转化器处达到尽可能高的温度。除了加热催化转化器的电加热之外，在控制内燃机处于空气泵运行期间通过附加措施实现相应的温度升高。通过这种方式可以限制电加热功率。
根据本发明实施的燃烧发动机催化转化器加热措施涉及将空气回吸到燃烧室中和/或将空气抽出到进气道中。这些措施优选地通过以下方式被实现，即内燃机在空气泵运行期间被控制为使得在排气阀和进气阀之间得出增加的阀重叠。
现代内燃机当今装备有用于进气和排气凸轮轴的可变阀控制时间。因此可以在催化转化器加热期间设定阀重叠。所述阀重叠引起废气再循环，并且从而引起在冷加热（Kaltheizen）期间的更快速加热。在发动机运行期间，由于燃烧发动机平静运转，阀重叠受到限制。
在催化转化器之前几乎存在着环境压力。在进气管中压力经由内燃机的节流阀被调整。在阀重叠期间，进气***和排气***相互连接。如果内燃机作为空气泵被运行，则可以将排气凸轮轴和进气凸轮轴置于最大调整位置。此外，节流阀可以被调整（节流）为使得在进气管中设定特定的绝对压力。由于进气管中的负压，空气经由燃烧室被回吸到进气管道中。较低的进气管道压力增加节流损失，并且从而增加驱动功率，但也增加进入燃烧室（进气管）中的回吸的空气量。
回吸的空气量与进气***（从节流阀直至进气阀）的容积、进气管中的负压、阀重叠的面积以及进气阀和排气阀处的节流损失以及必要时废气涡轮有关。进气管中的负压越高，被回吸的空气的流速就越高。由此在加热催化转化器处得出良好的热传导。
因此通过适当地控制凸轮轴和节流阀可以将空气的一部分三次引导经过加热催化转化器。从而总体地得出在相同的加热功率的情况下温度升高，所述温度升高例如可以为30%。
为了实现上面提到的目的，因此可以此外在空气泵运行期间进一步关闭内燃机的节流阀和/或在空气泵运行期间降低进气管压力。
另一变型方案在于在空气泵运行期间降低内燃机的转速。
在回吸空气时在加热催化转化器处实现的良好热传导也能实现在加热催化转化器处的非常高的电功率，而无局部过热的风险。
因此，可以单独或一起执行以下燃烧发动机催化转化器加热措施，以便实现特别快速的加热：在开始时燃烧发动机的较小转速，在最初的15秒期间例如600-800转数/分钟，而不是1,000转数/分钟；
通过进一步关闭节流阀，较小的进气管道压力；
更大的阀重叠；
将空气回吸到燃烧室中；
将空气抽出到进气道中；
调整节流阀以便降低进气管道压力来增加回吸的空气量。
优选地利用废气净化***执行根据本发明的方法，所述废气净化***在废气流动方向上首先具有辅助催化转化器并且然后具有加热催化转化器。在此，加热催化转化器优选地用于预热三元催化转化器。
这种辅助催化转化器与加热催化转化器（加热盘）相组合的使用是已知的。所述辅助催化转化器和加热催化转化器是由废气流过的相应的蜂窝体。在此已知的是，如此布置加热催化转化器，使得由废气首先流过所述加热催化转化器，所述废气此后通过辅助催化转化器。
在根据本发明的方法中，现在优选地进行布置，其中废气首先流入辅助催化转化器中并且然后流入加热催化转化器中。这种布置虽然具有缺点，即辅助催化转化器是散热器，由此较晚达到起燃温度并且因此较晚开始有害物质的转变。但是与现有技术相比旋转的布置提供以下优点：即可以在两个点处加热催化转化器***。即内燃机使辅助催化转化器升温，而加热器催化转化器使位于下游的催化转化器（三元催化转化器）升温。
在根据本发明的方法中，不仅在辅助催化转化器处而且在加热催化转化器处都实现改善的加热。尤其是，通过组合式措施（电加热和燃烧发动机加热措施）在起动燃烧发动机之前将辅助催化转化器以及加热催化转化器均置于例如300℃的起燃温度以上。当起动内燃机（开始喷射）时，在加热催化转化器处达到特别高的温度。
本发明此外涉及一种用于执行上面描述的方法的废气净化***。废气净化***优选地在废气流动方向上首先具有辅助催化转化器并且然后具有加热催化转化器。
附图说明
下面结合附图根据实施例详细地阐述本发明。其中：
图1示出废气净化***的大大示意化的图示；和
图2示出具有废气净化***的内燃机的大大示意化的框图。
具体实施方式
在本情况下涉及催化转化器3的快速加热，所述催化转化器例如可以是布置在内燃机6的排气管路4中的三元催化转化器。被构造为电加热式蜂窝体的加热催化转化器2用于快速加热催化转化器3。此外，该***具有同样被构造为蜂窝体的辅助催化转化器1。
与在流动方向上首先布置加热催化转化器并且此后布置辅助催化转化器的现有技术相比，在这里描述的解决方案中，在废气流动方向上首先布置辅助催化转化器1并且然后布置加热催化转化器2，所述加热催化转化器拥有电连接7。因此，废气首先流入辅助催化转化器（Stützkat）1，并且此后流入加热催化转化器（Heizkat）2。这种布置提供以下优点：催化转化器***可以在两个点处被加热。内燃机使辅助催化转化器1升温，并且加热催化转化器2使位于下游的催化转化器（三元催化转化器）升温。
在本情况下涉及尽可能快地使催化转化器达到其起燃温度，以便在起动作为燃烧发动机的内燃机时，催化转化器已经可以执行期望的有害物质转变。为此，将电催化转化器加热措施（借助于加热催化转化器2）与燃烧发动机催化转化器加热措施相组合。相应的操作方式在此在图2中示意性地示出。
如此采取行动使得内燃机作为空气泵被运行直至其起动为止。为此，在关断喷射的情况下，内燃机由电机、例如由皮带式起动发电机牵引，或在P1-P4混合配置中由电动机驱动。在此，除了加热催化转化器2的电加热之外，内燃机6在其空气泵运行期间被控制为使得将空气回吸到燃烧室中和/或将空气抽出到进气道中。这可以通过各种不同的措施单独地或共同地进行，例如通过进一步关闭吸气通道5中的节流阀，通过对排气阀和进气阀进行相应的阀调整，使得得出增加的阀重叠，和/或者通过在内燃机6的空气泵运行期间对所述内燃机6进行转速降低来进行。无论如何，由此实现温度升高，使得总体上实现对催化转化器的快速且成本低的加热。
如果在本实施例中假设催化转化器的起燃温度处于300℃，则尚在起动内燃机之前、例如在起动之前15秒内达到该起燃温度，其中内燃机在该时间间隔中作为空气泵被运行。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于运行布置在内燃机（6）的排气管路（4）中的废气净化***的方法，所述废气净化***具有加热催化转化器（2），用于预热催化转化器（3），以便在起动所述内燃机（6）之前使所述催化转化器达到其起燃温度，所述方法具有以下步骤：
在起动所述内燃机（6）之前对所述加热催化转化器（2）进行电加热；
在起动所述内燃机（6）之前作为空气泵运行所述内燃机（6）；
此后起动所述内燃机（6）；
其中在起动所述内燃机（6）之前将所述催化转化器（3）置于所述催化转化器（3）的起燃温度以上，其方式是所述内燃机（6）在所述内燃机（6）的空气泵运行期间被控制为使得将空气回吸到燃烧室中和/或将空气抽出到进气道（5）中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述内燃机（6）在所述空气泵运行期间被控制为使得在排气阀和进气阀之间得出增加的阀重叠。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述内燃机（6）的和在所述空气泵运行期间的进气管压力被降低。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述内燃机（6）的转速在所述空气泵运行期间被降低。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述内燃机（6）的节流阀在所述空气泵运行期间进一步被关闭。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，利用废气净化***执行所述方法，所述废气净化***在废气流动方向上首先具有辅助催化转化器（1）并且然后具有加热催化转化器（2）。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述加热催化转化器（2）用于预热三元催化转化器。
8.一种用于执行根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法的废气净化***。
9.根据权利要求8所述的废气净化***，其特征在于，所述废气净化***在废气流动方向上首先具有辅助催化转化器（1）并且然后具有加热催化转化器（2）。
CN202080075999.XA 2019-10-30 2020-10-08 用于运行布置在内燃机的排气管路中的废气净化***的方法和废气净化*** Pending CN114641605A (zh)

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