CN114574731A - 用于增材制造轻质构件的铝合金和方法 - Google Patents
用于增材制造轻质构件的铝合金和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114574731A CN114574731A CN202111457894.3A CN202111457894A CN114574731A CN 114574731 A CN114574731 A CN 114574731A CN 202111457894 A CN202111457894 A CN 202111457894A CN 114574731 A CN114574731 A CN 114574731A
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- aluminum alloy
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- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002074 melt spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009718 spray deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims 8
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910003407 AlSi10Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 240000008107 Arenga engleri Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000684 Cobalt-chrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000737 Duralumin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000136257 Poa media Species 0.000 description 1
- -1 TiAl6V4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBXWYZMULLEJSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium vanadium Chemical compound [V][Cr][V][Cr] HBXWYZMULLEJSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010952 cobalt-chrome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000816 inconels 718 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010903 primary nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种由铝、钛、钪和锆和可选的一种、两种或多种其他金属构成的合金，所述合金选自铪、钒、铌、铬、钼、硅、铁、钴、镍和钙。铝合金适合于增材制造用于飞行器的轻质构件。在第一步骤中，将根据本发明的铝合金的粉末通过增材制造，如在L‑PBF法(激光粉末床熔化)中的激光熔化，制造轻质构件前体，所述轻质构件前体因激光熔体的快速凝固而包含呈固熔体形式的钛、钪和锆。在第二步骤中，将轻质构件前体通过在250℃至400℃中的次级相的析出来硬化成轻质构件。获得具有高的强度的3D打印的轻质构件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种铝合金、一种用于利用由这种铝合金构成的粉末增材制造轻质构件的方法和通过所述方法制造的轻质构件。
背景技术
铝合金是对于制造用于飞行器的轻质构件而言重要的材料。飞行器的总重量与降低实现燃料成本的降低，所述总重量的降低与将这些轻质构件装入飞行器中相关联。为此，可用的铝合金必须在飞行安全方面附加地具有高的抗拉强度、延展性、韧性和耐腐蚀性。
在飞行器制造中可使用的铝合金的实例是名称为AA2024、AA7349和AA6061的合金。所述合金除基本金属外包含铝、镁和铜作为主要的合金成分并且还必须或可选地包含锰、锆、铬、铁、硅、钛和/或锌。
含有钪的铝合金是重大的改进，所述铝合金例如能够以产品名称
从APWorks有限公司获得。所述铝合金具有比上文中提及的合金更高的强度、延展性和耐腐蚀性。在所有过渡金属中，钪通过Al3Sc的析出硬化表现出强度的最大提高。然而，由于钪在铝中的低的溶解度(在约660℃下约为0.3重量％)，
必须通过熔体的快速凝固，如熔体纺丝(“melt spinning”)和随后的析出硬化来制造以在铝基质中形成次级的Al3Sc析出。
有关
的更多信息请参阅出版物“
-A unique highstrength and corrosion insensitive AlMgScZr material concept”(A.J.Bosch、R.Senden、W.Entelmann、M.Knüwer、F.Palm，“第11次国际铝合金会议的会议记录：“Aluminum Alloys:Their physical and mechanical properties”，J.Hirsch、G.Gottstein、B.Skrotzki、Wiley-VCH)和“Metallurgical peculiarities in hyper-eutectic AlSc and AlMgSc engineering materials prepared by rapidsolidification processing”(F.Palm、P.Vermeer、W.von Bestebostel、D.Isheim、R.Schneider(出处同前)。
根据图1的表1示出上面给出的铝合金的化学组成，所述铝合金能够用于制造用于飞行器的轻质构件。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种改进的铝合金，其适合于例如在L-PBF法中以足够快的冷却速度进行的增材制造。
所述目的通过根据本发明的铝合金实现。有利的设计方案在下文中描述。
根据第一方面，本发明实现包含如下合金成分的铝合金：
-份额为0.1重量％至15.0重量％的Ti，
-份额为0.1重量％至3.0重量％的Sc，
-份额为0.1重量％至3.0重量％的Zr，
-其余为铝Al和不可避免的杂质。
在合金中添加Ti结合有多个优点。由于不存在蒸气压高或蒸发焓低的金属，如Mg或Zn，LPB-F工艺是稳定的。Ti通过晶粒细化来提高强度，其方式为，聚合的初级Al3X相(X＝Ti、Zr、Sc)析出并且与通过给合金添加Ti而出现的大程度的结构上的过冷共同作用为成核部位。由于在随后的后热处理期间的次级相的析出硬化，强度提高。附加地包含Ti的AlSc合金显示出更好的耐腐蚀性。
Ti在铝合金中不引起如Sc或Zr在室温下的强度如此大程度地增加。在快速凝固期间，大部分的Ti溶解在混晶中。析出物的粗化比预期的要慢。抗蠕变强度(“creepresistance”)增加。
析出物的化学驱动力ΔFch对于Al3Zr而言明显大于针对Al3Ti的情况。在析出物ΔFel中Al3Ti的弹性应变能(“elastic strain energy for precipitation”)防止成核并且比Al3Zr的弹性应变能大7倍。在快速冷却的情况下，最多2重量％的Ti能够强制溶解在铝基质中。
在通过铝合金的L-PBF法(或SLM法(选择性激光熔化法))增材制造轻质构件时Ti的优点是，其蒸气压低或其蒸发焓高。Ti的蒸气压低于基本金属铝的蒸气压。Ti的蒸发焓高于基本金属铝的蒸发焓。因此，与含镁的铝合金相比，在重熔时产生明显更安静的熔池，由此提高工艺稳定性。
Ti确保在凝固期间强烈的结构上的过冷，这导致熔体中有效力的初级成核部位的激活，从而产生晶粒细化。根据霍尔-佩奇，精细的微观结构提高铝合金的强度(根据
强度提高与晶粒尺寸成反比)。
在高温中Zr也已经在熔体中提供有效的成核部位，因为Al3Zr在大约900℃中就已经析出，进而能够通过结构上的过冷被激活。与此相反，Al3Sc仅在固相线温度前一刻才析出。
优选的是，铝合金包含份额为0.5重量％至5.0重量％的Ti、份额为0.2重量％至1.5重量％的Sc和份额为0.2重量％至1.5重量％的Zr。
优选的是，铝合金包含份额为1.0重量％至5.0重量％的，优选份额为1.0重量％至4.0重量％的Ti，份额为0.5重量％至1.0重量％的Sc和份额为0.2重量％至0.8重量％的Zr。
优选的是，铝合金包含一种、两种或更多种金属，所述金属选自铪(Hf)、钒(V)、铌(Nb)、铬(Cr)、钼(Mo)、硅(Si)、铁(Fe)、钴(Co)和镍(Ni)，其中这些元素中的每个元素的份额为
-直至100％的Ti份额，优选最多90％，优选最多70％，更优选最多50％的Ti份额，条件是这些金属的总份额为根据本发明的铝合金的最多15重量％，并且优选最多10重量％，或者
-0.1重量％至2重量％，条件是这些金属的总份额为根据本发明的铝合金的最多15重量％，并且优选最多10重量％。
优选的是，铝合金除了铝和不可避免的杂质之外仅包含蒸发焓比铝更高或蒸气压比铝更低的金属。
优选的是，铝合金包含份额在0.1重量％至5重量％的范围内，优选在0.5重量％至5重量％的范围内，特别优选在0.7重量％至3重量％的范围内的钙(Ca)。钙在激光熔化时形成氧化钙涂层，所述氧化钙涂层防止合金元素发生所不期望的蒸发。
优选的是，铝合金不包含镁和/或锰。
优选的是，铝合金构成合金成分的在上文中所描述的组合。
优选的是，铝合金除了不可避免的杂质之外由Al、Ti、Sc和Zr或Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和在上文提到的金属中的一种、两种或更多种构成。
优选的是，铝合金除了不可避免的杂质之外由Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Cr构成，其中Cr份额处于0.2重量％至3.5重量％，优选0.5重量％至3.0重量％的范围内。
优选的是，铝合金除了不可避免的杂质之外由Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Ni构成，其中Ni份额处于0.2重量％至2.5重量％，优选0.5重量％至2.0重量％的范围内。
优选的是，铝合金除了不可避免的杂质之外由Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Mo构成，其中Mo份额处于0.1重量％至1.3重量％，优选0.5重量％至1.0重量％的范围内。
优选的是，铝合金除了不可避免的杂质之外由Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Fe构成，其中Fe份额处于0.1重量％至2.5重量％，优选0.5重量％至2.0重量％的范围内。
优选的是，铝合金除了不可避免的杂质之外由Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Ca构成，其中Ca份额处于0.1重量％至5重量％，优选在大于0.5重量％至5重量％的范围内，特别优选0.7重量％至3重量％的范围内。
根据第二方面，本发明实现一种用于增材制造轻质构件前体的方法，所述方法包括：
a)将金属熔合成铝合金熔体，
b)冷却铝合金熔体或让铝合金熔体冷却，
b1)在冷却速度为1000K/s至10000000K/s，尤其100000K/s至1000000K/s的快速凝固方法中，例如：熔体纺丝、借助于气体或在水中的粉末雾化、窄带浇铸或喷射成型，以获得凝固的、可能是粉末状的铝合金与以固熔体形式包含在其中的钪；或者
b2)在冷却方法中，以获得凝固的铝合金；
c)将出自步骤b1)或b2)的铝合金粉碎成粉末。
优选的是，在步骤b)或步骤b1)中将冷却速度至少保持在1800K至500K的温度范围内。
如果熔化的铝合金在步骤b)中冷却，那么在冷却速度不过高时，如当将熔体倒入坩埚中时，产生铝基质，其中合金元素Ti、Sc和Zr主要以大的初级析出物的形式存在。当上述铝合金非常快地，如以1000K/s至10000000K/s的速度冷却时，凝固的铝合金包含基本上呈固熔体形式的上述合金元素。初级相的析出物通过快速冷却抑制。熔体冷却得越快，初级析出物的份额就越低。在随后的在例如250℃左右至450℃的温度中的析出硬化中，纳米级的、聚合的Al3X相(X＝Ti、Zr、Sc)被析出，其确保铝合金的强度的大程度的改进。
在步骤e)中在借助于激光束熔化粉末之后引起非常快速的冷却，其中合金元素基本上以固熔体凝固。总体上，所述方法步骤是重熔为所期望的合金。
根据第三方面，本发明实现一种用于由如在上文中所描述的铝合金增材制造轻质构件前体的方法，所述方法包括：
d)由根据本发明的方法的步骤c)中获得的粉末制造粉末床；
e)在粉末局部熔化并且冷却局部熔化的区域或让局部熔化的区域冷却以获得由铝合金与以固熔体的形式获得的钪构成的轻质构件前体的情况下，在粉末床中用激光在激光熔化法中增材制造三维轻质构件前体。
根据第四方面，本发明实现一种用于制造轻质构件的方法，所述方法包括：在通过析出硬化使轻质构件前体硬化的温度中对在上文所描述的方法中获得的轻质构件前体进行热处理。
根据第五方面，本发明实现一种轻质构件前体，其可根据上文所描述的增材制造法获得。
根据第六方面，本发明实现一种轻质构件，其可根据上文所描述的硬化方法获得。
根据第七方面，本发明实现一种如上文所描述的铝合金或根据上文所描述的方法获得的粉末用于通过选择性激光熔化制造轻质构件前体和通过选择性激光熔化和随后的析出硬化来制造轻质构件的用途。
附图说明
下面，根据附图详细阐述实施例。其中示出：
图1示出表1中的用于航空的轻质构件的常用铝合金的化学组成；
图2示出表2中的最重要的合金元素的物理特性；
图3示出与
的组成部分的温度相关的蒸气压；
图4示出与根据本发明的合金的组成部分的温度相关的蒸气压。
具体实施方式
图1在表1中示出用于制造用于航空的轻质构件的铝合金的组成。合金AA2024、AA7349、AA7010和AA6061如硬铝包含镁和铜。硬铝是Alfred Wilms于1906年开发的一种铝合金，对于所述硬铝已知的是，通过析出硬化能够显著提高合金的强度。随着如此实现的强度提高，在航空中可行的是，使用合金形式的铝。
通过给合金添加钪可以进一步显著提高铝的强度，就像
一样。然而，由于钪在室温中在铝中的溶解度较低，在此必须首先在快速凝固工艺、如熔体纺丝中将钪强制溶解在铝中，然后能够在温度在250℃至450℃的范围中时执行析出硬化。
表1中的这两种铝合金AlSi10Mg和
的一个特点是其适用于L-PBF法中的激光熔化。也就是说，这两种合金能够通过增材制造加工成飞行器的轻质构件。
图2在表2中示出不同的合金元素的物理特性。高于铝的合金元素具有比铝更高的蒸发焓。低于铝的合金元素具有比铝更低的蒸发焓。
图3在图表中示出
的合金组成部分的蒸气压的温度相关性。
图4在图表中示出根据本发明的铝合金的蒸气压的温度相关性。
在下文中描述用于制造铝合金、轻质构件前体和轻质构件的方法。
A)用于制造铝合金的方法
实例1粉末状的铝合金的制造
在惰性坩埚中熔化0.75重量％的Sc、0.35重量％的Zr、1.0重量％的Ti和97.9重量％的Al。能够将熔体在进一步加工之前均匀化。
将第一份额的熔体倒入惰性坩埚中，在所述坩埚中所述熔体冷却并硬化。在冷却时析出初级的Al3Sc、Al3Zr和Al3Ti相。所获得的材料被粉碎成粉末，其能够用于在粉末床中进行选择性激光熔化。
在熔体纺丝方法中，将第二份额的熔体倒入旋转的水冷的铜辊上。熔体以1000000K/s的速度冷却以形成带。熔体冷却得快至完全或基本上抑制Al3Sc、Al3Zr和Al3Ti的形成。将带切成短片。
将在这两个冷却方法中获得的合金材料粉碎成粉末，其能够用于粉末床中的选择性激光熔化。
实例2不同钛含量的粉末状的铝合金的制造
重复上述方法，将Ti的份额分别增加到3.0重量％、5.0重量％、10.0重量％和15.0重量％并且相应地减少Al的份额。Sc和Zr的份额保持不变。
实例3含钒的粉末状的铝合金的制造
重复实例1的方法，其中附加地向坩埚中加入2.0重量％的钒，并且Ti、Sc和Zr的份额保持恒定。
实例4含镍的粉末状的铝合金的制造
重复实例1的方法，其中附加地向坩埚中加入1.2重量％的镍，并且Ti、Sc和Zr的份额保持恒定。
实例5含铬钒的粉末状的铝合金的制造
重复实例1的方法，其中附加地向坩埚中加入1.0重量％的钒和2.0重量％的铬，并将钛的份额增加到5重量％。Zr含量保持不变。
B)用于在L-PBF法中制造轻质构件前体的方法
分别将来自上述实例1至5之一的铝合金粉末提供到通过选择性激光熔化进行增材制造的***中以形成粉末床。激光束根据数字信息在三维粉末床上移动，其中粉末床逐渐降低并且涂覆新的粉末层。逐点熔化的铝合金的冷却在此快速地进行，使得钪、锆和钛与铝合金的其他成分无关地并且与粉末是通过正常冷却还是例如以1000000K/s速度快速冷却来制造无关地完全或基本上或主要以固溶体的形式冻结。在扫描过程完成后，将由铝合金构成的构件前体从粉末床中取出。
C)用于制造轻质构件的方法
将在B)中制造的构件前体加热到例如在250℃至450℃，优选300℃至400℃并且更优选325℃至350℃的温度，在所述温度中引起各种Al3X相(X＝Ti、Zr、Sc或单个元素的任何非化学计量的混合物)析出。Al3Ti同样被析出，但与Al3Sc和Al3Zr相比，主要部分的或更大份额的钛保留在固溶体中。
Claims (15)
1.一种铝合金，所述铝合金包含合金成分：
-份额为0.1重量％至15.0重量％的钛(Ti)，
-份额为0.1重量％至3.0重量％的钪(Sc)，
-份额为0.1重量％至3.0重量％的锆(Zr)，
-其余铝(Al)和不可避免的杂质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
所述铝合金包含份额为0.5重量％至5.0重量％的Ti，份额为0.2重量％至1.5重量％的Sc和份额为0.2重量％至1.5重量％的Zr。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
所述铝合金包含份额为1.0重量％至5.0重量％，优选1.0重量％至4.0重量％的Ti，份额为0.5重量％至1.0重量％的Sc和份额为0.2重量％至0.8重量％的Zr。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
所述铝合金包含一种、两种或更多种金属，所述金属选自铪(Hf)、钒(V)、铌(Nb)、铬(Cr)、钼(Mo)、硅(Si)、铁(Fe)、钴(Co)和镍(Ni)，其中这些元素中的每个元素的份额为-直至100％的Ti份额，优选最多90％，优选最多70％，更优选最多50％的Ti份额，条件是这些金属的总份额为根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的铝合金的最多15重量％，并且优选最多10重量％，或者
-0.1重量％至2重量％，条件是这些金属的总份额为根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的铝合金的最多15重量％，并且优选最多10重量％。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
所述合金包含份额为在0.1重量％至5重量％的范围内，优选在大于0.5重量％至5重量％的范围内，特别优选在0.7重量％至3重量％的范围内的钙(Ca)。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
除了铝和不可避免的杂质之外，所述铝合金仅包含蒸发焓比铝更高或蒸气压比铝更低的金属。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
所述铝合金不含镁和/或不含锰。
8.一种铝合金，
其特征在于，
所述铝合金由根据权利要求1所述的合金成分构成。
9.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的铝合金，
其特征在于，
除了不可避免的杂质外，所述铝合金由以下构成：
-Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和根据权利要求4所述的一种、两种或更多种金属；
-Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Cr，其中Cr份额在0.2重量％至3.5重量％的范围内，优选在0.5重量％至3.0重量％的范围内；
-Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Ni，其中Ni份额在0.2重量％至2.5重量％的范围内，优选在0.5重量％至2.0重量％的范围内；
-Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Mo，其中Mo份额在0.1重量％至1.3重量％的范围内，优选在0.5重量％至1.0重量％的范围内；
-Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Fe，其中Fe份额在0.1重量％至2.5重量％的范围内，优选在0.5重量％至2.0重量％的范围内；
-Al、Ti、Sc、Zr和Ca，其中Ca份额在0.1重量％至5重量％的范围内，优选在大于0.5重量％至5重量％的范围内，特别优选在0.7重量％至5重量％的范围内。
10.一种由根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的铝合金增材制造轻质构件前体的方法，所述方法包括：
a)将金属熔合成铝合金熔体；
b)对所述铝合金熔体进行冷却或让所述铝合金熔体冷却；
b1)在冷却速度为1000K/s至10000000K/s，尤其100000K/s至1000000K/s的快速凝固方法中，例如熔体纺丝、借助于气体或在水中的粉末雾化、窄带浇铸或喷射成型，以获得凝固的、可能是粉末状的铝合金与以固熔体形式包含在其中的钪；或者
b2)在冷却方法中，以获得凝固的铝合金；
c)将出自步骤b1)或b2)的铝合金粉碎成粉末。
11.一种由根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的铝合金增材制造轻质构件前体的方法，所述方法包括：
d)由在权利要求10的步骤c)中获得的粉末制造粉末床；
e)在粉末局部熔化并且冷却局部熔化的区域或让局部熔化的区域冷却以获得由铝合金与以固熔体的形式获得的钪构成的轻质构件前体的情况下，在粉末床中用激光在激光熔化法中增材制造三维轻质构件前体。
12.一种制造轻质构件的方法，所述方法包括在通过析出硬化使轻质构件前体硬化的温度中对在根据权利要求11所述的方法中获得的轻质构件前体进行热处理。
13.一种轻质构件前体，所述轻质构件前体能够通过根据权利要求11所述的方法获得。
14.一种轻质构件，所述轻质构件能够通过根据权利要求12所述的方法获得。
15.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的铝合金或能够通过根据权利要求10所述的方法获得的粉末用于通过选择性激光熔化制造轻质构件前体和通过选择性激光熔化和随后的析出硬化来制造轻质构件的用途。
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