CN114552227B - Planar luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention aims to provide a planar luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed, and belongs to the technical field of antennas. According to the antenna, a spherical luneberg lens antenna is compressed into a planar structure through optical transformation, and then a large-space thin-cloth feed array matched with the planar lens structure is optimized through an optimization algorithm, so that excitation amplitudes of the antenna are not changed at different scanning angles in the working process after the antenna is determined to be sparsely distributed, and EIRP indexes in a scanning range are guaranteed; meanwhile, the antenna has the advantages of high gain, low profile and low cost, and has strong engineering practicability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of antennas, and particularly relates to a planar luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed.
Background
With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies such as 5G and low-earth-orbit satellite communication, application scenarios of wireless communication become more and more complex. As an important device in a wireless communication system, the performance requirements of an antenna become higher and higher. In wireless communication scenarios such as 5G and low-orbit satellite communication, there are practical applications such as long-distance communication, beam alignment and small space assembly, and thus the antenna is required to have high gain, fast beam switching and low profile.
The phased array antenna is a beam scanning antenna which is most widely applied in a communication system, and has the capabilities of rapid wide-angle scanning, multi-beam forming, space power synthesis and the like; the antenna achieves the purpose of flexibly controlling beams by controlling the phase of each unit of the array antenna. However, in the millimeter wave band, because the array element spacing is very small, there are problems that there is not enough space to place the Transceiver (TR) components of the array, etc. On the other hand, since the output power of the millimeter wave device is small, the EIRP, which is the ability of the system to transmit signals, is more important. In addition, as the gain increases, the TR channel size increases, and the phased array antenna also has problems of high cost, excessive power consumption, and the like. The above problems make millimeter wave phased arrays not significantly competitive in commercial communication systems where costs are severely limited.
The lens antenna is an antenna that converts a spherical wave radiated from a point source into a plane wave, thereby obtaining a high-gain pencil beam. Compared with a phased array antenna and a parabolic antenna, a lens antenna is widely applied to wireless communication scenes needing high gain due to the advantages of high gain, low cost, easiness in processing and the like. Common lens antennas include curved dielectric lenses, luneberg lenses, fresnel lenses, transmissive array antennas, and the like. The luneberg lens has good high-gain beam scanning performance, but like the curved dielectric lens, the luneberg lens has the problems of large volume, heavy weight, high antenna profile, high processing cost and the like, and the application of the luneberg lens in large-scale commerce is limited.
Based on the above problems, a great number of researchers combine a phased array antenna and a lens antenna, develop research on the lens antenna of phased feed, organically combine the high gain and low cost of the lens antenna with the large-angle rapid electric scanning of the phased antenna, and simultaneously realize continuous and rapid beam scanning by using a small number of TR channels, thereby reducing the system cost and improving the antenna scanning performance. Meanwhile, when the phased array antenna is properly excited, a focusing point far lower than the plane of the phased array can be generated, and the focusing point can be used as a virtual focusing point of the lens antenna; therefore, the section height of the antenna is changed from the distance from the lens to the virtual focus to the distance from the lens to the phased array, so that the section height of the whole antenna is reduced, and the practical engineering application is facilitated.
In the paper of 'Wide-Angle Scanning Lens at 28 GHz Fed by Antenna Array', Zhishu Qu et al organically combines a high-gain low-cost Lens Antenna with a Wide-Angle fast electric Scanning phased Antenna, although the Scanning capability of +/-58 DEG is realized, along with the increase of the Scanning Angle of a 3D medium Lens, the number of units excited by a feed source Array is less, so that the equivalent omnidirectional radiation power (EIRP) of a system index is obviously reduced, and the use requirement of an ultrahigh-gain wireless communication scene is seriously restricted; in the research of phased lens antenna technology, the flexor of the university of electronic science and technology takes EIRP as an optimization target, and the transmission array is irradiated by adopting the full power of a 4 multiplied by 4 phased array to realize the scanning range of +/-15 degrees; however, due to the multilayer structure of the transmission array and the full array arrangement of the feed sources, the number of the 16 TR channels is required to realize beam scanning, and the cost is high.
Therefore, how to design an antenna based on a phased array antenna and a lens antenna to ensure that the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of the antenna does not suddenly change in the working scanning process, and the antenna has the advantages of high gain, low profile and low cost, becomes a research hotspot at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the problems in the background art, the present invention is directed to a planar luneberg lens antenna based on a sparse phased array feed. The antenna compresses the spherical luneberg lens antenna into a planar structure through optical transformation, and optimizes a large-space sparse feed array matched with the planar lens structure by utilizing an optimization algorithm, so that excitation amplitude of the antenna does not change under different scanning angles in the working process after the sparse layout of the antenna is determined; meanwhile, the antenna also has the advantages of high gain, low profile and low cost, and has strong engineering practicability.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a planar luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed comprises a cylindrical planar lens, a feed source antenna and a supporting unit;
the cylindrical planar lens comprises a solid cylindrical lens and a plurality of hollow cylindrical lenses, the hollow cylindrical lenses are sequentially nested on the periphery of the solid cylindrical lens layer by layer, all the cylindrical lenses are concentric, the transverse section lengths of the lenses of all layers are sequentially increased from inside to outside, and the surface of the hollow cylindrical lens on the outermost layer is provided with a protruding structure for being fixedly connected with the supporting unit; the relative dielectric constant of each lens in the cylindrical planar lens is reduced from inside to outside in sequence;
the feed source antenna is positioned right below the cylindrical planar lens and consists of m multiplied by k antenna units arranged in an array;
the supporting unit comprises two supporting rods and a supporting plane, the feed source antenna is arranged on the supporting plane, the two supporting rods are respectively arranged at two ends of the supporting plane, one end of each supporting rod is fixedly connected with the supporting plane, and the other end of each supporting rod is fixedly connected with the cylindrical plane lens;
the m multiplied by k antenna units are arranged in a sparse way, and the height of the supporting rod is set at the same time, so that the excitation amplitude of the antenna units of the planar luneberg lens antenna is not changed in the scanning working process, and the equivalent omnidirectional radiation power is not suddenly reduced.
Further, the maximum length dimension of the feed antenna is smaller than the maximum dimension of the transverse section length of the cylindrical plane lens.
Furthermore, m is more than or equal to 2, and k is more than or equal to 2.
Further, the setting of the relative dielectric constant of each layer of cylindrical lens is performed according to the following steps:
Step 2, compressing the spherical luneberg lens obtained in the step 1 through optical transformation to obtain the transverse section width (diameter), transverse section length and electrical parameters, such as relative dielectric constant, of each layer of cylindrical lens in the cylindrical plane lens consisting of the cylindrical lenses
And relative magnetic permeability
。
Further, the m × k element antenna sparse arrangement settings are obtained by optimization calculation according to a genetic algorithm, and the specific optimization process is as follows:
step 2, randomly generating a density weighted random distribution array B, and calculating F of the random distribution array B according to the evaluation basis calculation method in the step 1; if the value is better than A, replacing the first column in the initial unit antenna distribution array A by the first column of the random distribution array B, then recalculating the F value of the initial unit antenna distribution array A after replacement, and if the value is larger, implementing the replacement and updating the value of F; otherwise, not interchanging;
step 3, repeating the step 2 until all columns of the whole initial unit antenna distribution array A array are replaced to obtain an optimal F value and an updated array A;
step 4, updating all columns of the array B randomly distributed in the step 2 according to a certain variation rate to obtain a new array B;
and 5, repeating the steps 2 to 4 until the iteration times are set, and obtaining the final element antenna sparse arrangement result.
Further, the mutation rate in step 4 is 0.005-0.1.
Further, if the feed antenna is composed of 4 × 4 antenna elements, the specific sparse setting C is:
C=[0 1 1 0; 1 1 1 0; 0 1 1 1; 1 0 1 0]
wherein 0 represents a passive antenna element, i.e. no excitation of the antenna element; reference numeral 1 denotes an active antenna element, which is excited.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the traditional spherical luneberg lens antenna is compressed through optical transformation to obtain a plurality of layers of cylindrical planar luneberg lens structures, and then the sparse array feed source antenna adaptive to the planar luneberg lens is optimized through an optimization algorithm, so that the excitation amplitude is not changed at different scanning angles in the working process of the antenna, and the EIRP index in a scanning range is guaranteed.
2. The plane luneberg lens structure obviously reduces the height of the antenna section, and compared with the spherical luneberg lens, the plane luneberg lens structure also reduces the processing complexity and the processing cost; meanwhile, the antenna array is sparse, the performance of the phased array antenna during full array is met by the minimum number of antenna units, the number of phase shifters and attenuators is effectively reduced, and the cost is obviously reduced on the premise of meeting high gain.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a planar luneberg lens antenna based on a thin-cloth phased array feed according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of optical transformation in the process of transforming a spherical luneberg lens antenna into a planar luneberg lens antenna.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a cylindrical planar luneberg lens after optical transformation.
Fig. 4 is a schematic plan view of a 4 × 4 feed antenna in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a directional diagram of a 4 × 4 feed antenna in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of feeding of a 4 × 4 sparse feed antenna in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a pattern diagram of a 4 × 4 sparse feed antenna in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a directional diagram of a planar luneberg lens antenna based on a sparse array feed in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a scanning pattern of the planar luneberg lens antenna based on the sparse array feed in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following embodiments and accompanying drawings.
A planar Luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed is shown in figure 1, and comprises a cylindrical planar Luneberg lensaFeed source antennabSupporting unitc；
The cylindrical planar lens structureaThe lens comprises a solid cylindrical lens and a plurality of hollow cylindrical lenses, wherein the hollow cylindrical lenses are sequentially nested on the periphery of the solid cylindrical lens layer by layer, all the cylindrical lenses are concentric, the transverse section lengths of the lenses of all layers are sequentially increased from inside to outside, and the surface of the hollow cylindrical lens at the outermost layer is provided with a protruding structure for being fixedly connected with a supporting unit; the relative dielectric constant of each lens in the planar lens structure is reduced from inside to outside in sequence;
the feed source antennabThe antenna unit is positioned right below the planar lens structure and consists of m multiplied by k array-arranged antenna units;
the support unitcThe feed source antenna is arranged on the supporting plane, the two supporting rods are respectively arranged at two ends of the supporting plane, one end of each supporting rod is fixedly connected with the supporting plane, and the other end of each supporting rod is fixedly connected with the cylindrical planar lens;
the m multiplied by k antenna units are arranged in a sparse way, and the height of the supporting rod is set at the same time, so that the excitation amplitude of the antenna units of the planar luneberg lens antenna is not changed in the scanning working process, and the equivalent omnidirectional radiation power is not suddenly reduced.
Example 1
A planar luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed is designed and obtained according to the following steps:
step 2, compressing the spherical luneberg lens antenna obtained in the step 1 into a cylindrical planar lens by using optical transformation, wherein the specific process is as follows:
the spherical luneberg lens antenna is optically transformed as shown in fig. 2 in a rectangular coordinate system, and a cylindrical planar luneberg lens composed of 5 layers of different dielectric materials is obtained after optical transformation as shown in fig. 3.
Step 3, simulating and optimizing the cylindrical plane lens obtained in the step 2 by using electromagnetic simulation software to obtain the optimal height of the cylindrical plane luneberg lens and the electrical parameters of each layer of lens;
the relative dielectric constant of each layer of the 5-layer cylindrical planar luneberg lens in this example was calculated by the following formula,
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
and
is a spherical luneberg lensiElectrical parameters of the layers, H is the Jacobian matrix of optical transformations,
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
for coordinate information of the spherical luneberg lens in the rectangular coordinate system before optical transformation,
coordinate information of the cylindrical plane luneberg lens after optical transformation;
then, optimizing the value of the relative dielectric constant of each layer of the cylindrical plane luneberg lens by utilizing electromagnetic simulation software to ensure that the radiation efficiency of the cylindrical plane luneberg lens is highest; the relative dielectric constant of each layer of the cylindrical planar luneberg lens obtained by optimization in this embodiment is as follows: the first layer 11.8, the second layer 9.8, the third layer 8.1, the fourth layer 5.6 and the fifth layer 4 from inside to outside; the overall height of the cylindrical planar luneberg lens is 10 mm.
And step 4, selecting a phased array antenna as a feed source antenna and working at 29.5GHz, wherein the feed source antenna comprises 4 multiplied by 4 antenna units which are arranged in an array, the distance between every two antenna units is 5.2mm, the schematic plane view of the feed source antenna is shown in fig. 4, and the directional diagram is shown in fig. 5. The method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out sparse optimization on a 4 x 4 array-scale feed source antenna by using a genetic algorithm, wherein the specific process comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, an initial unit antenna distribution array A is randomly generated, a directivity coefficient D and a maximum side lobe level of the initial unit antenna distribution array A are obtained through a directional diagram calculation formula, and an adaptive value F is used as an evaluation basis, wherein F = D-maximum side lobe level;
step 4.2, generating a density weighted random distribution array B, and calculating F of the random distribution array B according to the evaluation basis calculation method in the step 4.1; if the value is better than A, replacing the first column in the initial unit antenna distribution array A by the first column of the random distribution array B, then recalculating the F value of the initial unit antenna distribution array A after replacement, and if the value is larger, implementing the replacement and updating the value of F; otherwise, not interchanging;
4.3, repeating the step 4.2 until all the rows of the whole initial unit antenna distribution array A array are replaced to obtain the optimal F value and the updated array A;
step 4.4, updating all columns of the randomly distributed array B in the step 4.2 according to the variation rate of 0.05 to obtain a new array B;
and 4.5, repeating the steps of 4.2-4.4 until the iteration times are set, and obtaining the final sparse feed source antenna.
Fig. 6 shows a schematic feed diagram of each antenna element in the optimized feed antenna, where 0 denotes that the antenna element is not fed, and 1 denotes that the antenna element is fed.
The sparse phased array pattern is shown in fig. 7. Compared with fig. 5, the main lobe gain and the beam width are basically consistent, which shows that the sparse feed antenna can achieve the effect of uniform array distribution when the lens radiates normally.
step 5.1, adjusting the distance between the feed source antenna and the planar lens to enable the normal gain of the whole antenna to be maximum;
step 5.2, determining an initial value of a feed source phase when a wave beam points to the direction (theta, phi) by utilizing phase conjugation, wherein the initial value comprises a pitch angle theta epsilon (-15 degrees to minus 15 degrees), and an azimuth angle phi epsilon (0 degrees to 360 degrees);
step 5.3, taking the initial value of the phase of the feed source as an excitation phase, and obtaining a gain value corresponding to a scanning angle by using simulation software; adjusting parameters of the initial phase value, recording gain change at the angle, if the gain value is increased, updating the corresponding feed phase, otherwise, not updating; until the feeding phase corresponding to the maximum gain value is obtained.
The resulting planar luneberg lens antenna pattern based on sparse phased array feeding is shown in fig. 8, and the scanning pattern is shown in fig. 9. As can be seen from fig. 8, the planar luneberg lens antenna based on the sparse phased array feed has a gain of 28dBi in the normal direction; FIG. 9 shows that the lens antenna has a gain of 25.1dBi at a scan angle of 15; in the scanning process, the sparse arrangement of the antenna units is not changed, and the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of the system is only related to the change of the antenna gain. In the invention, because the gain change is not large in the antenna scanning process, the EIRP of the system can not be suddenly changed.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, any feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise; all of the disclosed features, or all of the method or process steps, may be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive features and/or steps.
Claims (6)
1. A planar luneberg lens antenna based on sparse phased array feed is characterized by comprising a cylindrical planar lens, a feed source antenna and a supporting unit;
the cylindrical planar lens comprises a solid cylindrical lens and a plurality of hollow cylindrical lenses, the hollow cylindrical lenses are sequentially nested on the periphery of the solid cylindrical lens layer by layer, and all the cylindrical lenses are concentric; the transverse section lengths of all layers of lenses are sequentially increased from inside to outside, and the surface of the hollow cylindrical lens at the outermost layer is provided with a protruding structure for fixedly connecting with the supporting unit; the relative dielectric constant of each lens in the cylindrical planar lens is reduced from inside to outside in sequence;
the feed source antenna is positioned right below the cylindrical planar lens and consists of m multiplied by k antenna units which are arranged in an array manner;
the supporting unit comprises two supporting rods and a supporting plane, the feed source antenna is arranged on the supporting plane, the two supporting rods are respectively arranged at two ends of the supporting plane, one end of each supporting rod is fixedly connected with the supporting plane, and the other end of each supporting rod is fixedly connected with the cylindrical plane lens;
the m multiplied by k antenna units are arranged in a sparse way, and the height of the supporting rod is set at the same time, so that the excitation amplitude of the antenna units of the planar luneberg lens antenna is not changed in the scanning working process; the setting of the m multiplied by k unit antenna sparse cloth is obtained by optimization calculation according to a genetic algorithm, and the specific optimization process is as follows:
step 1, randomly generating an initial unit antenna distribution array A, and obtaining a directivity coefficient D and a maximum side lobe level of the initial unit antenna distribution array A by adopting a directional diagram calculation formula, wherein F = D-the maximum side lobe level, and F is an evaluation basis;
step 2, randomly generating a density weighted random distribution array B, and calculating F of the random distribution array B according to the evaluation basis calculation method in the step 1; if the value is better than A, replacing the first column in the initial unit antenna distribution array A by the first column of the random distribution array B, then recalculating the F value of the initial unit antenna distribution array A after replacement, and if the value is larger, implementing the replacement and updating the value of F; otherwise, not interchanging;
step 3, repeating the step 2 until all columns of the whole initial unit antenna distribution array A array are replaced to obtain an optimal F value and an updated array A;
step 4, updating all the rows of the array B randomly distributed in the step 2 according to the variation rate of 0.005-0.1 to obtain a new array B;
and 5, repeating the steps 2 to 4 until the iteration times are set, and obtaining the final element antenna sparse arrangement result.
2. The planar luneberg lens antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the maximum length dimension of said feed antenna is less than the maximum dimension of the transverse cross-sectional length of the cylindrical planar lens.
3. The planar luneberg lens antenna as recited in claim 1, wherein m is 2 and k is 2.
4. The planar luneberg lens antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the relative permittivity of each cylindrical lens is set by the steps of:
step 1, optimizing a spherical luneberg lens antenna which meets performance indexes through electromagnetic simulation, and determining the number of layers and the diameter of the spherical luneberg lens and the electrical parameters of each layer of dielectric material;
and 2, compressing the spherical luneberg lens obtained in the step 1 through optical transformation to obtain the transverse section width, the transverse section length and the electrical parameters of each layer of cylindrical lens in the cylindrical planar lens consisting of the cylindrical lenses.
5. The planar luneberg lens antenna as recited in claim 4, wherein the electrical parameter comprises the relative permittivity
And relative magnetic permeability
。
6. The planar luneberg lens antenna of claim 1, wherein if the feed antenna is comprised of 4 x 4 antenna elements, then the specific spreading setting C is:
C=[0 1 1 0; 1 1 1 0; 0 1 1 1; 1 0 1 0]
wherein 0 represents a passive antenna element, i.e. no excitation of the antenna element; reference numeral 1 denotes an active antenna element, which is excited.
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