CN114496340A - Radiographic image screen based on Cherenkov effect - Google Patents
Radiographic image screen based on Cherenkov effect Download PDFInfo
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- CN114496340A CN114496340A CN202210072627.2A CN202210072627A CN114496340A CN 114496340 A CN114496340 A CN 114496340A CN 202210072627 A CN202210072627 A CN 202210072627A CN 114496340 A CN114496340 A CN 114496340A
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011416 infrared curing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013076 target substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-OUBTZVSYSA-N Cobalt-60 Chemical compound [60Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005466 cherenkov radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000342 Monte Carlo simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a radiographic image screen based on a Cherenkov effect, and provides a scheme for an energy card threshold ultra-fast radiographic imaging technology. The image screen based on the Cerenkov effect comprises a conversion target and a light guide array; the conversion target is arranged on the light incidence side of the light guide array, and the distance between the conversion target and the light guide array is within 2 mm; the light guide array has high transparency and a light guide image transmission function, and mainly comprises a plurality of light guides which are arranged, wherein the light guides are made of irradiation-resistant optical materials with high optical transparency, and black anti-crosstalk layers are coated among the light guides; the core diameter of the light guide is 0.5 to 1 mm.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of high-energy ray imaging, and particularly relates to a radiation image screen based on a Cherenkov effect, which is mainly used for gamma or X-ray and electron beam imaging, in particular to an ultrafast radiation image conversion screen with an energy threshold characteristic.
Background
With the development of high energy density physical devices, the intensity of the high energy density physical devices is higher and higher, and the duration of the high energy density physical devices is shorter and shorter, for example, in the ultra-fast gamma ray devices and inertial confinement fusion devices under construction, the duration of the physical processes is often in ns magnitude or even in sub-ns magnitude, rays with different energies reflect different action mechanisms, and the diagnosis of morphological parameter evolution of the radiation region of the device and the differentiation of the action mechanisms of different physical processes through the ultra-fast ray imaging technology are important means which cannot be lacked. Meanwhile, due to the complex radiation effect, low-energy scattering background is formed by radiation in a source region under the scattering effect with an environmental medium, interference is formed on obtaining effective images, and target images with higher quality can be obtained by applying effective energy threshold detection.
At present, a scintillator is mostly used for ray detection imaging as a radiation conversion screen, most scintillators respond to various energy rays, but the time response is not fast enough, mostly more than ns magnitude, and a certain slow decay time component exists. The Cherenkov conversion body has ultra-fast time response capability (hundreds of ps grade) and energy threshold characteristics, and can be used for radiographic imaging of a specific energy section. However, due to the low luminous efficiency of the cerenkov effect, the thickness of the cerenkov radiator is usually increased to improve the detection efficiency and the light output, and the increase of the thickness of the cerenkov radiator reduces the spatial resolution of the image.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a radiographic image screen based on a Cherenkov effect, and provides a scheme for an energy card threshold ultra-fast radiographic imaging technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the image screen based on the Cerenkov effect is mainly suitable for MeV energy ray imaging and comprises a conversion target and a light guide array; the conversion target is arranged on the light incidence side of the light guide array, and the distance between the conversion target and the light guide array is within 2 mm; the light guide array has high transparency and a light guide image transmission function, and mainly comprises a plurality of light guides which are arranged, wherein the light guides are made of irradiation-resistant optical materials with high optical transparency, and black anti-crosstalk layers are coated among the light guides; the core diameter of the light guide is 0.5-1 mm; the thickness x of the converted target is determined by the following formula:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
the energy loss rate of electrons in the conversion target material is determined; e is the charge of the electron, v is the velocity of the electron; m is0Is the electron static mass; n, Z are the atomic number and atomic number per unit volume of the conversion target material, respectively; e is the electron energy; β ═ v/c; i is the average excitation and ionization potential of the atoms of the conversion target substance.
Further, the thickness of the light guide array is 3 cm-5 cm.
Further, the plurality of light guides are cured by a thermal infrared curing glue to form an array.
Further, the light guide array is disposed inside an outer package made of a light and high-hardness material.
Further, the outer package is blackened and frosted.
Further, the external package is made of an aluminum material.
Furthermore, the conversion target is made of beryllium, and the thickness of the conversion target is 2 mm; the conversion target is made of organic glass, and the thickness of the conversion target is 3-5 mm
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the radiographic image screen provided by the invention has an energy threshold characteristic, can image radiographic images of specific energy segments or interested energy segments, and reduces interference of background scattering low-energy rays on imaging.
2. Compared with the existing scintillator image screen, the radiation image screen provided by the invention has the advantages of short luminescence duration time, faster response time capability, hundreds of picoseconds magnitude and no slow component decay time.
3. The radiation image screen adopts the radiation-resistant light guide array, and is suitable for being used in a high-intensity ray environment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a radiographic screen based on the Cerenkov effect according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the arrangement of the light guide array of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a quartz fiber array image screen under test according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the actually measured luminescence performance of the quartz fiber array image screen 4 on the cobalt 60 gamma ray source according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an imaging result of a tungsten block resolution card actually measured on a quartz fiber array image screen 4 on a cobalt 60 gamma ray source according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the time response waveform of the quartz fiber array image screen 4 measured by a pulsed electron beam of less than 10ps in the embodiment of the present invention.
Reference numerals are as follows: the device comprises a 1-conversion target, a 2-light guide array, a 21-light guide, a 3-external package, a 4-quartz fiber array image screen, a 5-cobalt source, a 6-collimator, a 7-shield, an 8-tungsten block resolution card, a 9-reflector and a 10-CCD camera.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only for explaining the technical principle of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The invention provides a radiographic image screen based on a Cerenkov effect, which is realized based on an optical waveguide principle and is a thick array type Cerenkov image conversion screen. The radiographic screen is mainly composed of a conversion target 1, a photoconductive array 2 and an outer package 3. For incident charged particle beams, the conversion target 1 can be used as an energy primary threshold, for ray bundles, the conversion target 1 can form a secondary charged particle beam image, and the charged particle image meeting certain threshold energy is transported in the light guide array 2 to generate a Cherenkov optical image, so that the Cherenkov optical image is collected and processed by a CCD camera at the rear end. The radiographic image screen provided by the invention has ultra-fast time response and energy threshold characteristics, and can be used for measuring radiographic images of specific energy sections and diagnosing ultra-fast time resolution radiographic images.
The radiographic image is converted into an acquirable transmitted visible light image based on the cerenkov effect created by the transport of charged particles in the material. According to the Cerenkov effect, the group velocity of the charged particles in the medium exceeds the light velocity in the medium, and then Cerenkov light radiation is generated, namely, only the charged particles which are larger than a certain energy threshold value can generate Cerenkov light in the material, and the energy threshold value is related to the refractive index of the material. High-energy rays (such as gamma rays) can generate secondary charged particles due to the action of the high-energy rays and a medium, and the high-energy rays can also realize Cerenkov-based optical radiation imaging. It is known from the optical waveguide theory that only light rays satisfying the transmission critical angle in the optical waveguide can be transmitted to form so-called bound light rays, and under the constraint of the waveguide, the transmission of an optical image with certain spatial resolution capability can be realized. Therefore, the problem of insufficient imaging detection efficiency can be solved by combining the Cherenkov radiation principle and the optical waveguide principle, and energy threshold imaging of rays is realized; meanwhile, the duration of the Cerenkov luminescence is extremely short, so that the method has ultra-fast response capability.
According to the principle, the radiographic screen based on the Cherenkov effect mainly comprises two parts, wherein the first part is the charged particle conversion target 1 at the front end, and the second part is the image array detector serving as a Cherenkov radiation conversion body.
The design of the conversion target 1 calculates the energy and angular distribution of electrons according to the gamma ray and matter compton scattering formulas (1) to (3):
in the formula, EeIs the energy of the recoil electron; erIs the energy of the incident gamma ray; m is0Is the electron static mass; c is the speed of light in vacuum;
is the scattered electron bounce angle; theta is the scattering angle of the scattering gamma;
a differential cross section for the interaction of gamma rays with the conversion target; z is the atomic number of the target material; a ═ Er/m0c2；r0Is a classical electron radius;
through an energy loss formula (4) of the action of fast electrons and substances, the relation between the electron emission efficiency and the thickness can be calculated, and the thickness x of the conversion target 1 when the maximum electron yield is emitted is determined;
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
the energy loss rate of electrons in the conversion target material; e is the charge of the electron, v is the velocity of the electron; n, Z are the atomic number and atomic number per unit volume of the conversion target material, respectively; e is the electron energy; β ═ v/c; i is the average excitation and ionization potential of the atoms of the conversion target substance.
Beryllium is used as a commonly used conversion target, the gamma of MeV energy is simulated by combining the theory with Monte Carlo method simulation software (MCNP), when the thickness of the beryllium target is about 2mm, the conversion efficiency of the generated secondary electrons is optimal, and if organic glass is used, the conversion efficiency is preferably 3 mm-5 mm.
For the design of the image array detector, the light guide array 2 with high transparency is selected, and has high irradiation resistance, and the single light guide 21 is used as a pixel to integrally form an array image screen. The current glass material of the optical light guide 21, which has a high transparency, has a refractive index of about 1.4, corresponding to a minimum energy threshold of about 0.2MeV for the electrons that generate the cerenkov radiation. The image screen of the invention is mainly suitable for MeV energy ray imaging. For gamma rays with MeV energy, according to the theoretical formulas (1) to (4), a Monte Carlo method is combined, and large-scale ray particle transport software MCNP simulation is used, so that the space distribution and imaging space resolution characteristics of secondary electrons transported in the optical glass can be obtained. According to the simulation result, the diameter of the single-pixel light guide 21 is 0.5-1 mm, the thickness of the light guide array 2 is 3-5 cm, and the result of comprehensive optimization of spatial resolution and detection efficiency can be realized.
For charged particle beams, the conversion target 1 can also be used as a card threshold medium, and the loss law of different materials (usually metal materials, copper, aluminum and the like can be adopted) on electrons with different energies can be calculated and given by the formula (4) so as to determine the type and size of the materials.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the radiographic screen based on the cerenkov effect of the present invention mainly includes a conversion target 1, a photoconductive array 2, and an outer package 3. For a charged particle beam, the conversion target 1 can be used as a primaryThe card threshold may or may not be used, and is not limited to use as necessary. The conversion target 1 needs to be tightly attached to the light guide array 2 to reduce the influence of the space dispersion of the emergent charged particle beam on the space resolution of the whole image screen. The light guide array 2 comprises a plurality of light guides 21, the light guides 21 being selected of a material of high optical transparency, depending on the specific energy threshold requirements (speed of electrons)
c is the speed of light in vacuum and n is the refractive index of the material), the optical light guide material of the desired refractive index is selected. The material of light guide array 2 is selected to be radiation-resistant optical material to reduce the effect of the light guide 21 material on the degradation of optical transparency to radiation. The parameters of the light guide array 2 are selected according to the selection principles specified above. The outer cladding layer of the single-pixel light guide 21 in the light guide array 2 needs to be coated with black, so that optical signal crosstalk between the light guides 21 is reduced, and meanwhile, the light guides 21 and the light guides 21 are cured by thermal infrared curing glue to form the array. The whole array screen external packaging 3 is made of a light material with high hardness, and particularly, an aluminum material can be selected. To reduce image background stray light, the outer packaging 3 material needs to be blackened and frosted, and both blackened and frosted.
When the image screen based on the Cherenkov effect detects and images, an incident source is a charged particle beam or the charged particle beam is generated by the ray beam through a conversion target 1, the charged particle is transported in a light guide array 2 to generate Cherenkov light, and an optical image is formed; the energy threshold of the ray beam for generating the Cherenkov light is determined by a formula of the Cherenkov effect and a physical process of generating secondary charged particles by the ray, and the universal ray and substance action principle is met.
The imaging experiment of fig. 3 was used to examine the feasibility of the radiographic image screen of the present invention based on the cerenkov effect. The experimental system comprises a quartz optical fiber array image screen 4, a cobalt source 5, a collimator 6, a shielding body 7, a tungsten block resolution card 8, a reflector 9 and a CCD camera 10, wherein a cobalt 60 radiation gamma ray source is adopted in the experiment, the radiation source is emitted through a collimation hole, the quartz optical fiber array image screen 4 is placed at a certain distance from the gamma source, a 3mm organic material plate is placed to be attached to the incident surface of the optical fiber array screen to serve as a conversion target 1, the whole input surface of the array image screen is uniformly irradiated by rays, and after an optical image output by the array screen is reflected by the reflector 9, the image acquisition and recording are carried out by the CCD camera 10 coupled with a lens. In order to reduce the direct irradiation and spatial scattering of the CCD camera 10 by the rays, the array screen and the periphery of the CCD camera 10 are shielded by lead bricks except for the ray incidence channel.
Fig. 4 shows the experimental results of the present invention, showing the uniform luminous output of the image screen. A tungsten block distinguishing card 8 is placed at the incident surface of the image screen, the tungsten block distinguishing card 8 is tightly attached to the incident end surface of the image screen, gamma rays penetrate through the tungsten block distinguishing card 8 and are incident on the image screen, due to the fact that the transmitted rays are different in intensity, a gray image similar to the tungsten block distinguishing card 8 is formed on the image screen, and the image formed by the tungsten block distinguishing card 8 through the image screen under the irradiation of the gamma rays is shown in figure 5, and it is indicated that the application ray imaging is feasible.
Fig. 6 shows the time response waveform of the quartz fiber array image screen 4 measured by the pulsed electron beam with a wavelength less than 10ps, which includes various responses of the array screen, the photodetector, the transmission cable, etc., but the half-width is still less than 1ns, which means that the light emitting duration is shorter for the single quartz array screen.
Claims (7)
1. A radiographic screen based on the cerenkov effect, characterized in that: mainly suitable for MeV energy ray imaging, comprising a conversion target (1) and a light guide array (2);
the conversion target (1) is arranged on the light incidence side of the light guide array (2), and the distance between the conversion target and the light guide array (2) is within 2 mm;
the light guide array (2) has high transparency and a light guide image transmission function, and mainly comprises a plurality of light guides (21) which are arranged, wherein the light guides (21) are made of radiation-resistant optical materials with high optical transparency, and a black anti-crosstalk layer is coated between the light guides (21); the core diameter of the light guide (21) is 0.5-1 mm;
the thickness x of the conversion target (1) is determined by the following formula:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
the energy loss rate of electrons in the conversion target material; e is the charge of the electron, v is the velocity of the electron; m is0Is the electron static mass; n, Z are the atomic number and atomic number per unit volume of the conversion target material, respectively; e is the electron energy; β ═ v/c; i is the average excitation and ionization potential of the atoms of the conversion target substance.
2. The cerenkov-effect-based radiographic screen of claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the light guide array (2) is 3 cm-5 cm.
3. The cerenkov-effect-based radiographic screen of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of light guides (21) are cured using a thermal infrared curing glue to form an array.
4. The cerenkov-effect-based radiographic screen of claim 1, wherein: the light guide array (2) is arranged inside an outer package (3) made of a light and stiff material.
5. The Cerenkov effect-based radiographic screen of claim 4, wherein: the outer package (3) is blackened and frosted.
6. The Cerenkov effect-based radiographic screen of claim 5, wherein: the external package (3) is made of an aluminum material.
7. The cerenkov-effect-based radiographic screen of claim 6, wherein: the conversion target (1) is made of beryllium, and the thickness of the conversion target is 2 mm; the conversion target (1) is made of organic glass, and the thickness of the conversion target is 3-5 mm.
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