CN114391462B

CN114391462B - Method for efficiently utilizing water of asparagus

Info

Publication number: CN114391462B
Application number: CN202210077574.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 黄玲; 叶鹏盛; 盛玉珍; 韦树谷; 赖佳; 代顺冬; 张骞方; 曾华兰; 刘勇; 何炼; 华丽霞; 蒋秋平
Original assignee: Industrial Crop Research Institute
Current assignee: Industrial Crop Research Institute
Priority date: 2022-01-24
Filing date: 2022-01-24
Publication date: 2023-01-10
Anticipated expiration: 2042-01-24
Also published as: CN114391462A

Abstract

The invention discloses an asparagus water high-efficiency utilization method, which comprises the following steps: the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulbus disc is determined according to the age of the asparagus, the drip irrigation tape is paved on two sides of the bulbus disc, the position of the segments is determined according to different slopes of the field, and the dripping time of the segments with different slopes is controlled in a segmented mode, so that accurate irrigation is achieved, and water consumption is saved. The method can promote the growth speed of roots, control the humidity around the bulb disc, reduce the disease rate of root rot by 10 percent, promote the roots to grow to the periphery, increase the number of the roots by 18.9 percent and improve the yield by 23.9 percent. In addition, the invention can prolong the service life of the drip irrigation belt and the degradable ground fabric, reduce half of the cost and save water resources by 42 percent in seasonal water shortage periods according to the actual gradient of the field in the mountainous area. Therefore, the method has practical application value in the asparagus management of open field and greenhouse planting.

Description

Method for efficiently utilizing water of asparagus

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to an efficient water utilization method for asparagus.

Background

Asparagus officinalis L.is a perennial herb of the Asparagus genus of the family Asparagus. The bulb dish is the peculiar structure of asparagus, and gradually expands at the joint of the young stem and the primary root to form the bulb dish. The upper part of the bulb plate is protruded, a large number of bulblets are grown, the lower part of the bulb plate takes roots, the part of the tissue connecting roots and stems of asparagus is gradually enlarged along with the increase of the age of the asparagus, and the upper part of the bulb plate is grown with differentiated tender stem primary buds which are in the same shape as scales, so the bulb plate is called as a bulb plate. The bulbil grows upwards to form a stem, the tissue in which the bulbil grows forms a root towards the side, the whole root system grows to the periphery at 360 degrees, the root system is distributed and grows in a radial shape and extends outwards to form a calamus shape. Therefore, the distribution of the asparagus roots for more than two years can form a large spherical net within the range of 15-40 cm below the ground level.

Root rot occurs in all asparagus cultivation areas in China, and the yield of a lot of asparagus production areas is reduced due to serious root rot, and even seeds are damaged individually. Asparagus root rot is a fungal disease caused by complex dip-dyeing of a plurality of Fusarium (Fusarium spp.) of Fusarium of the subphylum moniliformes, acnes. Low-lying terrain and high underground water level, and is favorable for diseases. The affected part is characterized in that young stems germinate less and weak at the early stage, roots or underground stem discs of the affected part at the later stage are rotten, the young stems do not germinate, the damaged part is not damaged by germs, the number of the young stems germinates is large, and the young stems are also relatively thick. Generally, the more developed the asparagus root system, the bigger the bulb dish and the higher the yield.

The asparagus is generally transplanted in spring 4-6 months, and the row spacing of the asparagus is 130-150 cm, and the planting spacing is 25-35cm. Before planting, ditching the soil with the width of 40cm and the depth of 50cm, and applying organic fertilizer. Generally, the first year of field planting is not harvested, the second year begins to harvest, and the 3 rd year enters into the full-bearing period. The asparagus is collected in the spring and summer of 2-5 months each year. Because the water content in the asparagus tender stem reaches more than 92 percent, the asparagus stops growing when the water content of the soil in a soil layer of 5-20cm is reduced to 7.5-18 percent, and the yield of the fresh asparagus harvested in the month is only about 10 percent of the normal yield when the water content of the soil reaches 35.5 percent. It can be seen that water is the basis for asparagus growth and is also the basic condition for high and stable yield. Due to the influence of global warming, especially the problem of seasonal drought in early spring in a large range in recent years is serious, and the yield of fresh asparagus is seriously influenced. Although the problem of water shortage is solved by using a drip irrigation water and fertilizer integrated technology in the asparagus planting process, the water resource generally stored in production is limited, and the prior art mainly has the following technical problems:

(1) At present, a drip irrigation tape is not arranged according to the development characteristic that the growth of the asparagus bulbil is gradually enlarged along with the growth of the age of the asparagus, and the drip irrigation tape is too close to the bulbil, so that the water permeability of roots is weakened, and the growth speed of the roots is influenced. Meanwhile, the humidity around the bulb tray is overhigh for a long time, so that infected germs are easy to breed at the wound on the bulb tray after the tender stem is harvested, and the diseases such as root rot and the like are aggravated.

(2) The existing drip irrigation method does not follow the characteristics that the root system grows to the periphery at 360 degrees, is distributed in a radial shape and extends outwards, a single drip irrigation tape is only laid on one side, drip irrigation holes are distributed in a concentrated mode, and the root is concentrated to one side of the drip irrigation tape due to the fact that the water of the root is distributed to the water, so that the root system is not beneficial to growing to the periphery, and the yield is influenced.

(3) The existing drip irrigation method directly places the drip irrigation tape on the soil surface without making small ditches and covering with a covering object, so that the moisture is quickly volatilized, the drip irrigation tape is easy to age after being exposed under burning sun for a long time, and the utilization efficiency of water resources and agricultural materials is not high.

(4) One drip irrigation tape controls one row of asparagus according to the actual gradient of a mountain field, so that the water dripping amount of a downhill is larger than that of an uphill, the water resource is unreasonably utilized, and waste is caused.

Therefore, a method for efficiently utilizing the moisture of the asparagus is still needed at present, and the problems in the asparagus planting process are solved.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the inventor finds that the distance between a drip irrigation belt and a bulbil is determined according to the age of the asparagus with different ages, a small ditch is formed for laying double drip irrigation belts, the drip irrigation belts are covered with degradable ground cloth, the water yield of a dripper is calculated according to the gradient of a field block so as to reasonably set a section switch on the drip irrigation belt, the dripping time of different gradients is controlled in sections, the accurate management of the efficient utilization of the moisture of the asparagus can be realized, the water of the asparagus is saved by 42%, the service lives of the drip irrigation belts and the grass-proof ground cloth can be prolonged, the agricultural cost and the weeding cost are reduced, meanwhile, the root growth can be promoted, the occurrence of root rot is prevented, and the yield and the quality of the asparagus are improved. Specifically, the present invention includes the following.

The invention provides an asparagus moisture high-efficiency utilization method, which comprises the following steps:

(i) Determining the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulb tray according to the age of the asparagus;

(ii) Laying drip irrigation belts on two sides of the bulb disc; and

(iii) According to the different slopes of field piece in order to confirm the position of segmentation to the dripping time of segmentation control different slopes, thereby realize accurate irrigation water conservation volume of using water.

According to the asparagus moisture high-efficiency utilization method, preferably, in the step (i), the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulb dish of the asparagus is determined according to the formula Y =7.58+1.04R, wherein Y represents the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulb dish, and R represents the radius of the bulb dish.

According to the asparagus moisture high-efficiency utilization method, preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: and additionally placing the drip irrigation tape at a position which is about 65-75cm away from the center of the bulb dish for drip irrigation at a fixed time, so that the field water capacity is 70-80%.

According to the method for efficiently utilizing the moisture of the asparagus, the drip holes of the drip irrigation zone are preferably separated by 15-25cm, more preferably 18-22cm, and even more preferably 19-21cm.

According to the method for efficiently utilizing the moisture in the asparagus provided by the invention, in the step (ii), a placing groove capable of accommodating the drip irrigation tape is preferably formed.

According to the asparagus moisture high-efficiency utilization method, preferably, the drip irrigation tape is covered with a film or cloth material made of degradable materials.

According to the method for efficiently utilizing the moisture of the asparagus, the drip holes of the drip irrigation tapes positioned on the two sides of the bulb dish are preferably arranged in a staggered mode.

According to the method for efficiently utilizing the water content of the asparagus, preferably, in the step (iii), the position of a dripper of the average water volume is determined and a section switch is arranged according to the actual gradient of the field in the mountainous area and the position of the dripper of the drip irrigation tape away from the main water pipe.

According to the asparagus water high-efficiency utilization method, the water dropping amount is preferably calculated by using a formula Z =3.734m-1.706n +98.629, the position of a dripper with the average water amount is determined, a sectional switch is arranged on the drip tape at the position, and the water dropping time is controlled in two sections, wherein Z represents the water dropping amount of the dripper at different positions, m represents the distance between the dripper position and a main pipe, and n represents the gradient of the dripper position.

According to the asparagus moisture high-efficiency utilization method, preferably, under the non-uniform gradient, the dripping time is controlled in three or more sections according to the slope section.

The invention also provides application of the asparagus water high-efficiency utilization method in management of the asparagus planted in the open field and the greenhouse.

The method of the present invention has the following excellent effects:

(1) The invention determines the distance between the drip irrigation zone and the center of the bulbil according to the growing age of the asparagus, accurately positions the drip irrigation, can promote the growth speed of the roots, controls the humidity around the bulbil and reduces the disease rate of the root rot by 10 percent.

(2) The invention determines the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulbil according to the growing age of the asparagus, and simultaneously lays double drip irrigation tapes, namely 1 drip irrigation tape is respectively paved on two sides of the bulbil to promote the roots to grow to the periphery, so that the number of the roots is increased by 18.9 percent, and the yield is increased by 23.9 percent.

(3) The invention covers the drip irrigation belt with the degradable ground fabric, reduces the volatilization of water, prevents the rain wash in summer, can slow down the degradation speed by the grass-proof ground fabric arranged on the drip irrigation belt, plays a role in saving water and preventing grass, can prolong the service life of the drip irrigation belt and the degradable ground fabric by one time, and reduces the cost by half.

(4) The invention opens the small ditch to place the drip irrigation tape in the ditch, shortens the distance of the water reaching the root system, reduces the volatilization of the water on the soil surface and saves the irrigation water. Meanwhile, the water yield of the dripper is calculated according to the actual slope of the mountain field, the sectional position is determined, the dripping time of different slopes is controlled in a sectional mode, and the water resource is saved by 42% in the seasonal water shortage period.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the difference between the conventional cultivation conditions and the underground part growth of annual asparagus cultivated by the method of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows the difference between the conventional cultivation conditions and the underground growth of the biennial asparagus cultivated by the method of the invention with high efficiency and energy saving.

FIG. 3 shows the difference between the conventional cultivation conditions and the underground growth of the three-year old asparagus cultivated by the method of the invention.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control. Unless otherwise indicated, "%" is percent by weight.

In the present invention, the variety of asparagus is not particularly limited, and the varieties of asparagus that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to: UC800, UC72, UC157, gland, jing Lu No. 1, french full male asparagus, apollo, guanjun, fengdai No. 1, and Fengdai No. 2.

In the invention, the bamboo shoot age of the asparagus refers to the growth years of the asparagus after field planting.

In the invention, the bulb dish is a special structure of asparagus, and gradually expands at the joint of the young stem and the primary root to form the bulb dish.

In the method, the drip irrigation tape is placed in the middle of two rows of asparagus, the asparagus is preferably drip-irrigated at the frequency of drip irrigation for 1 time every 1 month with a certain distance away from the center of the bulb dish, and the water capacity in the field is 70-80% after each drip irrigation.

In the method of the present invention, the width and depth of the groove for placing the drip tape are not particularly limited, and may be adjusted according to the diameter of the drip tape.

In the method of the present invention, the material for covering the drip irrigation tape is not particularly limited, and a film material or cloth made of an environmentally friendly material is preferably used. Examples of such environmentally friendly materials include, but are not limited to: degradable ground fabric, crop straw or degradable film and the like.

In the present invention, the formula Z =3.734m-1.706n +98.629 for calculating the amount of water dropped is calculated according to the control group of Table 2. For example, the amount of dripped water is calculated for drippers arranged at a fixed distance along the slope, for example, the amount of dripped water is measured for, for example, 6min for drippers arranged uniformly every 1m or 1.5m, then the average amount of water is calculated, the position of the dripper corresponding to the average amount of water is determined, and a section switch is arranged at the position.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other steps or operations, such as further optimization and/or improvement of the methods described herein, may be included before, after, or between steps (i) - (iii) as long as the objectives of the present invention are achieved. For example, deep ditches can be further opened along the periphery of the asparagus field, and a reservoir is dug and built in a low-lying position of a field block, so that the problem of irrigation water sources in seasonal water shortage periods is solved.

Example 1

The experimental procedures used in the following examples are all conventional procedures unless otherwise specified.

In this example, the influence of the distance between the drip irrigation zone and the center of the bulb dish on the underground part and the yield is mainly studied, as follows.

The asparagus is of the Green variety and is cultivated in a greenhouse. Transplanting in 2018, 5 months and 25 days, wherein the row spacing is 1.5 meters, and the plant spacing is 0.3 meter. The management of each treatment room is the same except that the distance between the drip irrigation zone and the center of the bulb dish is different. The regression formula Y =7.58+1.04R is used to determine the drip irrigation tape to bulb dish center distance (Y) based on the bulb dish radius (R), while the drip irrigation tape is placed on the bulb dish in conventional planting as a control. Three replicates of each treatment were performed. The diameter of the bulb dish, the number of roots, the diameter of the roots, the yield in the second and third years, the rate of root rot, and the like were investigated for each of the 20 treated plants. The results show that the diameter of the bulb dish of the asparagus is 14 percent larger than that of the control in the first year of growth, the roots are increased by 16.5 percent, and the roots are divergently grown to the periphery after the asparagus is treated by the novel method (as shown in figures 1 to 3). In the next year of asparagus growth, after the asparagus is treated by the method, the diameter of the bulb dish is 12.6 percent larger than that of the control, the roots are increased by 18.0 percent, the yield is increased by 22.3 percent, and the plant disease rate of root rot is reduced by more than 10 percent. In the third year of asparagus growth, after the asparagus is treated by the method, the diameter of the bulb dish is 7.0 percent larger than that of the control, the roots are increased by 15.4 percent, the yield is increased by 23.1 percent, and the plant disease rate of root rot is reduced by about 15 percent.

TABLE 1 influence of the distance between the drip irrigation zone and the bulb dish on the underground part and yield

Example 2

The embodiment researches the influence of the formation of the small ditches and the covering of the degradable ground cloth on the drip irrigation belt on the water consumption of drip irrigation, and concretely comprises the following steps.

The asparagus is cultivated in a greenhouse facility. Three-year-old asparagus was selected as the experimental material. Two experimental sites were selected. The asparagus is cultivated in rows along the downhill direction, and the drip irrigation belts are respectively laid on the two sides of the asparagus rows. The diameter of the drip irrigation tape is 1.6cm, and the distance between two holes is 20cm. Comparison: the drip tape is directly placed on the soil surface and is not covered by the degradable ground fabric. And (3) processing: the drip tape is placed in the small ditch and covered with degradable ground cloth. Other management between 2 treatments and controls was consistent. The water holding capacity in the field is always kept between 70 percent and 80 percent. The time for picking the bare bamboo shoots and the time for picking the bamboo shoots by remaining the mother stems of the asparagus all the year is generally about 210 days, the time for not picking the bamboo shoots is 95 days, and the time for hibernation is about 60 days. The water requirement is the largest during the bamboo shoot picking period, the control needs to be drip-irrigated once every 5 days, and the treatment is drip-irrigated once every 6 days. The drip irrigation time and water amount of each control and treatment are equal. In 210 days of bamboo shoot picking, the control needs to be irrigated for 42 times, the treatment needs to be irrigated for 35 times, and the control needs to treat 17 percent more water.

Example 3

The embodiment researches the influence of the section switch arranged on the drip tape on the water consumption of drip irrigation with different gradients, and concretely comprises the following steps.

The asparagus is No. 1 Jing Green, and is planted in a greenhouse. Three-year-old asparagus was selected as the experimental material. Each experimental greenhouse is 6 meters wide and 50 meters long. A uniform long downhill slope of 15 deg.. Cultivating asparagus in rows along the downhill direction, planting 4 rows of asparagus in each greenhouse, respectively paving drip irrigation belts on two sides of the asparagus rows, and arranging 2 rows of comparison and 4 drip irrigation belts in each greenhouse; the same 4 drip tapes were also laid for 2-line treatment. The diameter of the drip irrigation tape is 1.6cm, and the distance between two holes is 20cm. The switch of each row is arranged on the water outlet pipe of the slope top of the experimental land, and the pressure intensity of the water outlet pipe of the slope top of the drip irrigation zone is 0.1mpa. Comparison: only one switch on a water outlet pipe on the top of the slope controls the water consumption of the asparagus in the whole row; and (3) processing: only one switch on the water outlet pipe at the top of the slope controls the water consumption of the asparagus in the whole row; a dish with the diameter of 16cm and the height of 2.5cm is used for receiving the dripping amount of the drippers, a measuring cylinder is used for measuring the actual dripping amount of the drippers with the interval of 1 meter when the drippers uniformly grow downhill within 6 minutes, meanwhile, a gradiometer is used for measuring the gradient of the position, the average value is calculated, a switch is installed at the position where the gradient is reduced by about half, and the dripping time is controlled in two sections; other management between treatment and control was consistent. The results show that at the 25.5 meter ramp the ramp decreases from a maximum of 12.5 to 6.4 and the water volume also approaches an average of 195ml. Thus, the processing group positions the switch in this position. The ratio of the water dropping quantity of the uphill segment above the position to the downhill segment is 3692 ≈ 6000.6, and if the water quantity of the downhill segment is 1, the uphill segment is 0.6. 60 minutes is needed when the water capacity of the field is 70% -80% in the downward slope section, and 100 minutes is needed when the water capacity of the field is 70% -80% in the upward slope section of the control group. The total water consumption of the control group is 0.6X 100+100=160. The time of 60 minutes is also needed when the water capacity of the field is between 70 and 80 percent in the downhill section before the middle switch of the treatment group is not closed, and at the moment, the middle switch is closed and only the uphill section drips. The ratio of the water drop to the downhill section at this time is 4982. Therefore, the water dropping amount 60 x 0.6=36 in the first 60 minutes of the uphill section of the treatment group, and the water dropping amount is only 30 minutes after the intermediate switch is closed, so that the field water holding capacity (24/0.8 = 30) same as that of the downhill section can be achieved. Therefore, the total water consumption of the control group is 100+60=160, the total water consumption of the treatment group is 60+60=120, and the water consumption of the treatment group is 25% lower than that of the control group.

TABLE 2 Water dropping amount of control group (6 min)

Table 3 shows the amount of dripping (6 min) in the upper half of the treatment group after the intermediate switch was closed.

TABLE 3 amount of dripping water in upper half section after the intermediate switch is turned off

Importing the data into SPSS, and obtaining a regression equation by using a linear regression function in a regression function of the SPSS: z =3.734m-1.706n +98.629, Z represents the dripping amount of the dripper at different positions, m represents the distance between the dripper position and the main pipe, and n represents the gradient of the dripper position. As can be seen from Table 4, the decision coefficient of the regression model obtained by analysis is up to 0.858, which indicates that the fitting accuracy of the model is high.

As can be seen from Table 5, the Significance values for m and n are both less than 0.01, indicating that the water output of the emitters at different positions on the drip tape is related to the distance and slope of the emitters from the main water outlet pipe.

TABLE 4Z regression ANOVA TABLE

TABLE 5 estimation and verification of Z regression parameters

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.

Claims

1. An asparagus moisture high-efficiency utilization method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(i) Determining the distance between a drip irrigation tape and the center of a bulb dish, and determining the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulb dish of the asparagus according to the formula Y =7.58+1.04R, wherein Y represents the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the center of the bulb dish, and R represents the radius of the bulb dish;

(ii) Laying drip irrigation belts on two sides of the bulb disc; and

(iii) Determining the segmented position according to different slopes of a field, and controlling the water dripping time with different slopes in a segmented manner, so that accurate irrigation water saving is achieved, wherein the position of a dripper with the average water amount is determined and a segmented switch is arranged according to the actual slope of the field in a mountainous area and the position of the dripper of a drip irrigation zone away from a main water pipe, the water dripping amount is calculated by using a formula Z =3.734m-1.706n +98.629, the position of the dripper with the average water amount is determined under the uniform slope, the segmented switch is arranged on the drip irrigation zone at the position, and the water dripping time is controlled in two segments, wherein Z represents the water dripping amount of the dripper at different positions, m represents the distance between the position of the dripper and the main water pipe, and n represents the slope of the position of the dripper;

the method further comprises the following steps: and additionally placing the drip irrigation tape at a position 65-75cm away from the center of the bulb dish for drip irrigation at a fixed time, so that the field water capacity is 70-80%.

2. The method for efficiently utilizing asparagus moisture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drip irrigation zone drip holes are separated by a distance of 15-25 cm.

3. The method for efficiently utilizing asparagus moisture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drip holes of the drip irrigation tapes positioned at the two sides of the bulb dish are staggered.

4. The method for efficiently utilizing asparagus moisture as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (ii), a placement groove capable of accommodating the drip irrigation tape is further formed.

5. The method for efficiently utilizing asparagus moisture according to claim 4, wherein the drip irrigation tape is covered with a film or cloth material made of a degradable material.

6. The method for efficiently utilizing asparagus moisture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dripping time is controlled in three or more stages according to the slope section under the non-uniform slope.